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64-469: Lunar New Year is the beginning of a new year based on lunar calendars or, informally but more widely, lunisolar calendars . Lunar calendars follow the lunar phase while lunisolar calendars follow both the lunar phase and the time of the solar year . The event is celebrated by numerous cultures in various ways at diverse dates. The better-known celebrations include new years based on the (lunisolar) Chinese calendar and Tibetan calendar of East Asia ;

128-491: A full moon took place each month: In the second half of the 13th century the famous ruler Drogön Chögyal Phagpa introduced the system of counting the month by ordinal numbers, the so-called Hor "Mongolian" month: All these systems of counting or naming months were used up to modern times. There are three different types of days ( zhag ), the khyim zhag , the tshes zhag and the nyin zhag . The first two of these days are astronomical days. The time needed for

192-741: A happy new year. In Book of the Later Han Volume 27, 吴良 , a county officer was recorded going to his prefect's house with a government secretary, toasting to the prefect and praising the prefect's merit. Chinese New Year is the grandest ancient traditional festival in China, commonly known as "Guo Nian". This festival means the beginning of spring and the arrival of the new year. The customs of Chinese New Year include sticking Spring Festival couplets, buying New Year's goods, and having family dinner together. The earliest references to Korean New Year are found in 7th-century Chinese historical works,

256-768: A large Nisg̱a'a presence like Vancouver After a decade of advocating for its inclusion by China and also other countries in Asia, the United Nations unanimously passed a resolution at its headquarters in December 2023, to recognize Lunar New Year (based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar), as a floating holiday, at the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly . This means that starting in 2024, UN bodies are encouraged to avoid holding meetings during that day, marking Lunar New Year as

320-678: A lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice (rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes). Some Lunar New Year celebrations, such as in Korea and Vietnam, generally fall on the same day as the Chinese celebration in late January or February, due to being based on the Chinese calendar or a variation of it. However, celebration customs and holiday durations may differ. Lunisolar New Year celebrations of other cultures such as Burmese , Cambodian , Lao , Sri Lankan , and Thai people are based on

384-558: A mandatory public school holiday. Hobiyee , also spelled Hoobiyee , Hobiiyee and Hoobiiyee , is the new year of the Nisg̱a'a people, celebrated in February or March. It signifies the emergence of the first crescent moon and begins the month Buxw-laḵs. Celebrations of Hobiyee are done by Nisg̱a'a wherever they are located, but the largest celebrations are in Nisg̱a'a itself and in areas with

448-698: A seasonally based calendar before the Buddha Shakyamuni 's Kalachakra calendar system, a blend of both the Indian zodiac and Chinese zodiac systems, was incorporated. The Tibetan calendar is the basis of the Mongolian calendar , and the first day of Losar also aligns with the third Mongolian (Hor) month in other almanacs. Every month, certain dates in the Tibetan calendar have special significance for Tibetan Buddhist practices. , as do certain months of

512-591: Is a misnomer, as it refers to both celebrations based on a lunar calendar as well as a lunisolar calendar . The Islamic New Year (also called the Hijri New Year or 1   Muharram ) is determined by the Islamic calendar , a purely lunar calendar that ignores the solar cycle that is used to reset lunisolar calendars. Lunar New Year celebrations in East and Central Asia, such as Chinese New Year , are based on

576-442: Is associated with two consecutive years, first in its male aspect, then in its female aspect. For example, a male Earth- Dragon year is followed by a female Earth- Snake year, then by a male Iron- Horse year. The sex may be omitted, as it can be inferred from the animal. The element-animal designations recur in cycles of 60 years (a Sexagenary cycle ), starting with a (male) Wood- Rat year. These large cycles are numbered,

640-515: Is commonly used as a translation by people of non-Chinese backgrounds. Chinese New Year is the official name of the celebration and holiday in some countries such as Singapore , Brunei , and Malaysia . However, the celebration has officially been known as "Spring Festival" (春节/春節 chūnjié) in China since the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 when the previous name, "Yuandan" (The First Day),

704-578: Is equal to the solar year . The 15th century Phukpa calendar is the main Tibetan calendar, and the Karma Kagyu's Tsurluk calendar is also in current use. The Tibetan New Year celebration is Losar ( Tibetan : ལོ་གསར་ , Wylie : lo-gsar ), which falls either in the months of February or March in the Gregorian calendar . During the Tibetan Empire period, the Tibetan calendar was

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768-699: Is observed according to the local lunisolar calendar and is influenced by Indian Hindu traditions. The following Southeast Asian Lunar New Year celebration is observed according to the local lunisolar calendar and is influenced by Islamic traditions. Malaysia is a multi-cultural country. The three dominant ethnic groups in Malaysia are the Malays , the Chinese , and the Indians . Each group has its unique culture and traditional festivals. Public holidays are declared on

832-515: Is one tithi ( tshes zhag , "lunar day"). The lengths of such lunar days vary considerably due to variations in the movements of the Moon and Sun. Thirty lunar days form one lunar or synodic month ( tshes zla ), the period from new moon to new moon. This is equal to the time needed for the Moon to elongate 360 degrees from the Sun (sun to sun). The natural day ( nyin zhag ) is defined by Tibetans as

896-514: Is the first day of the month. Some are based on the first sighting of the lunar crescent , such as the Hijri calendar observed by most of Islam. Alternatively, in some lunisolar calendars, such as the Hebrew calendar and Chinese calendar , the first day of a month is the day when an astronomical new moon occurs in a particular time zone. In others, such as some Hindu calendars , each month begins on

960-467: Is to add an additional month every second or third year. Some lunisolar calendars are also calibrated by annual natural events which are affected by lunar cycles as well as the solar cycle. An example of this is the lunisolar calendar of the Banks Islands , which includes three months in which the edible palolo worms mass on the beaches. These events occur at the last quarter of the lunar month, as

1024-789: The Book of Sui and the Old Book of Tang , containing excerpts of celebrations during the New Year in the Silla Kingdom for Korean calendar , which was influenced by the Tang dynasty 's calendar system . Korea's own record of new year celebration is found in Samguk yusa ( Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms ), compiled in the 13th century. Under the rule of 21st King of Silla, new year

1088-590: The Buddhist calendar and occur in mid-April. Although "Lunar New Year" does not accurately describe Chinese New Year or other lunisolar calendar based traditions, it has been promoted by people from some Asian countries, especially in Vietnam and South Korea , leading to a rise in its use. In the United States of America , Lunar New Year is strongly associated with Chinese Americans and "Chinese New Year"

1152-582: The Chinese zodiac with the Buffalo and Cat, respectively. However, it is noteworthy that the Tết Nguyên Đán (Spring Festival) which is celebrated in late January or in the first half of February coincides with the onset of Spring in the regions of northern Vietnam and parts of southern China where the ancient Laos–Thailand kingdom of Âu Lạc and some regions of the Baiyue people are located. The celebration marks

1216-812: The Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate, and special exhibits. One of the key celebrations is the Chinese New Year parade with floats and fireworks taking place along the streets in Chinatown, Manhattan , the largest Lunar New Year parade outside Asia. In June 2015, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday, in September 2023, New York State made Lunar New Year

1280-624: The Ming and Qing Dynasties were preserved in Taiwan, Most of these traditional customs were Chinese traditional customs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, in modern day, there can be more of a focus on visiting Buddhist or Taoist temples with extended family members. There are also notable variations to the food that is eaten during this time, such as the consumption of pineapple cakes and other products derived from pineapples or daikon since

1344-583: The Uyghurs based their dates on the Chinese calendar , and the Mongols and Tibetans adopted the Uyghur calendar, Tibetan and Mongolian New Year can either coincide with the Chinese New Year, or take place around one month later. The history of the Chinese New Year festival can be traced back to more than 4000 years ago. Before the new year celebration was formed, ancient Chinese gathered around and celebrated at

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1408-548: The solar year . In purely lunar calendars, which do not make use of intercalation, the lunar months cycle through all the seasons of a solar year over the course of a 33–34 lunar-year cycle (see, e.g., list of Islamic years ). A lunisolar calendar was found at Warren Field in Scotland and has been dated to c. 8000 BC , during the Mesolithic period . Some scholars argue for lunar calendars still earlier— Rappenglück in

1472-547: The Ü-Tsang king Drogön Chögyal Phagpa , in the second half of the 13th century. A distinct Tibetan calendar was developed in 1284 by the lineage of the Gyalwang Karmapas, the Tsurphu tradition calendar. This Tsurluk calendar is based on the 3rd Karmapa , Rangjung Dorje's astrological treatise called The Compendium of Astrology (Tib. rtsis kun bsdus pa ), a treatise from which many later treatises authored by

1536-585: The (lunisolar) Buddhist and Hindu calendars of Southeast and South Asia ; and the (lunar) Islamic calendar and the (lunisolar) Jewish calendar that originated in the Middle East . The determination of the first month of a new lunar or lunisolar year varies by culture. The Lunar New Year is an event celebrated by billions of people across the world on the first new moon of their calendar. Although often referred to as "Lunar New Year" in English, this

1600-519: The Chinese New Year and Hari Raya Aidilfitri festivals. Lunar New Year is officially known as "Chinese New Year" in Singapore. It is celebrated in Singapore primarily by members of the Chinese diaspora , the Peranakans as well as their descendants, who make up three-quarters of the population. They include those who are Hokkien , Cantonese and Teochew from southeastern China; Hainanese from

1664-636: The Chinese lunisolar calendar used in East Asia . The two most common lunar new year celebrations in India are Diwali , and Gudi Padwa/Ugadi/Puthandu. Diwali typically falls in October or November, and Gudi Padwa/Ugadi/Puthandu typically falls in April. In ancient times, the sun's entry into Aries coincided with the equinox. However, due to the earth's axial precession , the sidereal year is slightly longer than

1728-632: The Emperor Triệu Đà . The Chinese brought with them their own policies, cultures, and traditions. The Lunar New Year was passed to the Vietnamese people and has stayed relatively intact through the centuries, despite uneasy and often hostile relations between the two countries. The main difference between the Chinese and Vietnamese calendars is that the Vietnamese zodiac replaces the Ox and Rabbit in

1792-602: The Lunisolar New Year based on the Chinese calendar . While commonly referred to as "Lunar New Year" in the Western world , it is actually a Lunisolar New Year. Japan observes the Solar New Year . Tibetans and Mongols celebrate the Lunisolar New Year in February or early March, based on the closely related Tibetan calendar . Chinese Mongols celebrate Tsagaan Sar according to Chinese calendar. Because

1856-541: The Tibetan calendar year when the anniversaries of events from Shakyamuni Buddha 's life correspond, such as Saga Dawa of the Tibetan fourth month. There were different traditions of naming years ( Tibetan : ལོ་ , Wylie : lo ) in Tibet. From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles. The 60-year cycle is known as the Vṛhaspati cycle and was first introduced into Tibet by an Indian Buddhist by

1920-519: The beginning of a change of Tibet's calendar. This tantra references the Indian astronomical calendar system with its calculations that follow the progression of the constellations - the five planets, and the sun and moon eclipses. As the original teachings of the Kalacakra were taught by the Buddha himself, two hundred years later, the Kalacakra calendar was officially adopted as an Tibetan calendar by

1984-614: The beginning of a new planting season, particularly rice. There is also the historical legend of the origin of bánh chưng , which started on the occasion of Tết . All early written records of the country have been destroyed through the millennia by numerous invasions from various groups. Vietnamese New Year can also be traced back to the Lý dynasty (1009 AD – 1226 AD). Vietnamese people often celebrated their Tết holiday by painting tattoos on themselves, drinking rice liquor, eating betel nuts, and making bánh chưng , as well as pickled onions. During

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2048-430: The celebration was recorded by stating "The starting day of the first month, is called 'Zheng Ri'. I bring my wife and children, to worship ancestors and commemorate my father." Later he wrote: "Children, wife, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren all serve pepper wine to their parents, make their toast, and wish their parents good health. It's a thriving view." People also went to acquaintances' homes and wished each other

2112-534: The day after the full moon. The length of each lunar cycle varies slightly from the average value. In addition, observations are subject to uncertainty and weather conditions. Thus, to minimise uncertainty, there have been attempts to create fixed arithmetical rules to determine the start of each calendar month. The best known of these is the Tabular Islamic calendar : in brief, it has a 30-year cycle with 11 leap years of 355 days and 19 years of 354 days. In

2176-459: The eighth floating holiday that is observed by UN staff internationally. Lunar calendar Since each lunation is approximately 29 + 1 ⁄ 2  days, it is common for the months of a lunar calendar to alternate between 29 and 30 days. Since the period of 12 such lunations, a lunar year , is 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 34 seconds (354.36707 days), purely lunar calendars are 11 to 12 days shorter than

2240-470: The end of harvest in autumn. However, the celebration is not Mid-Autumn Festival , during which Chinese gathered with family and worship the moon. In the Classic of Poetry , a poem written during Western Zhou (1045 BC – 771 BC), by an anonymous farmer, described how people cleaned up millet stack-sites, toasted to guests with mijiu , killed lambs and cooked the meat, went to their master's home, toasted to

2304-615: The ending day of a year to expel illness in Qin (state) . Later, after Qin unified China and the Qin dynasty was founded, the ritual was continued. It evolved to cleaning up houses thoroughly in the preceding days of Chinese New Year. The first mentioning of the celebration of the start of a new year was recorded in Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). In the book Simin Yueling ( 四民月令 ), written by Eastern Han's agronomist and writer Cui Shi ( 崔寔 ),

2368-405: The first Drukchu kor cycle started in 1024. The cycles were counted by ordinal numbers , but the years within the cycles were never counted but referred to by special names. The structure of the drukchu kor was as follows: Each year is associated with an animal and an element , similar to the Chinese zodiac . Animals have the following order: Elements have the following order: Each element

2432-425: The first cycle starting in 1024. Therefore, 2005 roughly corresponds to the (female) Wood- Rooster year of the 17th cycle. The first year of the sixty-year cycle of Indian origin (1027) is called rab-byung (same name as the designation of the cycle) and is equivalent to the (female) fire- Rabbit year. Three relatively modern notations of cardinal numbers are used for Tibetan years. On Tibetan banknotes from

2496-430: The first half of the 20th century cardinal numbers can be seen, with year 1 in 255 CE, which is a reference to the legendary 28th Emperor of Tibet , Thothori Nyantsen . Since the second half of the 20th century another year notation has been used, where the year of, for example, 2024 CE coincides with the Tibetan year of 2151. This relatively modern year notation is referred to as Bö Gyello ( bod rgyal lo ). In this era

2560-491: The first year is 127 BCE, dated to the legendary progenitor of the Yarlung dynasty , Nyatri Tsenpo . In Tibetan calendars of the second half of the 20th century and on Tibetan coins cardinal year numbers are found with the indication of raplo , where the first year coincides with the first year of the rabjyung -cycle, that is 1027. Rab lo 928, for example, is the year of 1954 on the western Gregorian calendar . During

2624-623: The five elements to describe patterns of events. The Indian and Chinese systems were joined by the Buddha 's teachings found within the Sutra Avatamsakra and the Tantra Kalachakra to develop the Tibetan astrological calendar. Beginning in the 12th century, the years were named after the 12 animals common in the Chinese zodiac . The translation of the Kalachakra Tantra in the late 11th century CE marked

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2688-489: The island province of Hainan ; Hakka , a migrant group spread out all over China. The Peranakans have been in the region for over 400 years and also have mixed Malay and European ancestry. Each ethnic group has its own set of traditions, as well as creating new ones incorporating elements from other cultures like Malays and Indians. The earliest celebration of the Lunar New Year in Vietnam is presumed by some to be brought by

2752-788: The latter is a homophone for "good fortune" in Hokkien . In the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, including Okinawa Prefecture and the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture , people traditionally celebrate Lunar New Year on the first day of the lunar calendar . While not a nationally acknowledged holiday, the celebration holds great importance for the local communities, fostering a sense of cultural identity and connection to their unique heritage. These South Asian traditional lunisolar celebrations are observed according to

2816-493: The local lunisolar calendars. They are influenced by Indian tradition, which marks the system of lunar months in a solar sidereal year . A separate solar new year also exists for those Indian regions which use solar months in a solar sidereal year. The following are influenced by the Tibetan calendar : Various lunar calendars continue to be used throughout India in traditional and religious life. However, they are different from

2880-519: The long term, it is accurate to one day in about 2,500 solar years or 2,570 lunar years. It also deviates from observation by up to about one or two days in the short term. The algorithm was introduced by Muslim astronomers in the 8th century to predict the approximate date of the first crescent moon, which is used to determine the first day of each month in the Islamic lunar calendar . Most calendars referred to as "lunar" calendars are in fact lunisolar calendars . Their months are based on observations of

2944-478: The lunar cycle, with periodic intercalation being used to restore them into general agreement with the solar year. The solar " civic calendar " that was used in ancient Egypt showed traces of its origin in the earlier lunar calendar, which continued to be used alongside it for religious and agricultural purposes. Present-day lunisolar calendars include the Chinese , Korean , Vietnamese , Hindu , Hebrew and Thai calendars. The most common form of intercalation

3008-574: The lunar day number 1 ( tshes gcig ) may be followed by a Tuesday with the lunar day number 1 ( tshes gcig ). In other words, it happens quite often that certain dates do not appear in the Tibetan almanac and certain dates occur twice. But there are no natural days or week days that occur twice or which are omitted. The days of the week ( Tibetan : གཟའ , Wylie : gza' ) are named for astronomical objects . Nyima "Sun", Dawa "Moon" and Lhakpa "Mercury" are common personal names for people born on Sunday, Monday or Wednesday respectively. During

3072-571: The marks on a c.  17,000  year-old cave painting at Lascaux and Marshack in the marks on a c.  27,000  year-old bone baton—but their findings remain controversial. Scholars have argued that ancient hunters conducted regular astronomical observations of the Moon back in the Upper Palaeolithic . Samuel L. Macey dates the earliest uses of the Moon as a time-measuring device back to 28,000–30,000 years ago. Lunar and lunisolar calendars differ as to which day

3136-416: The master, and cheered for long lives together, in the 10th month of an ancient solar calendar , which was in autumn. The celebration is believed to be one of the prototypes of the Chinese New Year. The first dated Chinese new year celebration can be traced back to Warring States period (475 BC – 221 AD). In Lüshi Chunqiu , an exorcistic ritual called "Big Nuo ( 大儺 )" was recorded being carried out in

3200-469: The mean Sun to pass through one of the twelve traditional signs of the zodiac (the twelve khyim ) is called khyim zla (solar month). One-thirtieth of one solar month ( khyim zla ) is one khyim zhag , which might be called a zodiacal day, because there is no equivalent name in Western terminology. The time needed by the Moon to elongate 12 degrees from the Sun and every 12 degrees thereafter

3264-406: The name of Chandranath and Tsilu Pandit in 1025 CE. The first cycle is the rabjyung ( Tibetan : རབ་བྱུང༌། , Wylie : rab byung ) cycle. The first year of the first rabjyung cycle started in 1027. This cycle was adopted from India. The second cycle was derived from China and was called Drukchu kor ( Tibetan : དྲུག་ཅུ་སྐོར། , Wylie : drug cu skor , Sanskrit Vrhaspati ). The first year of

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3328-423: The period from dawn to dawn. Strictly speaking, the months appearing in a Tibetan almanac, called by us Tibetan calendar months, are not the same as lunar or synodic months ( tshes zla ), which can begin and end at any time of day. In Tibetan, there is no special term for a calendar month containing whole days. These calendar months are just called zla ba (month). A Tibetan calendar month normally starts with

3392-477: The period of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (1442 AD – 1497 AD), Tết was considered a significant festival in Vietnam. Lucky money is also given on Lunar New Year. Lunar new year celebrations that originated in the Middle East fall on other days: Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week-long Lunar New Year celebration. The festivities include cultural festival, music concert, fireworks on

3456-480: The reproductive cycle of the palolos is synchronized with the moon. Tibetan calendar The Tibetan calendar ( Tibetan : ལོ་ཐོ , Wylie : lo-tho ), or the Phukpa calendar , known as the Tibetan lunar calendar , is a lunisolar calendar composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months , each beginning and ending with a new moon . A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average Tibetan year

3520-417: The subsequent Karmapas and by Jamgon Kongtrul the Great evolved. The Tsurluk calendar is still overseen by Tsipa Gelek Dhargay, at the 17th Karmapa , Ogyen Trinley Dorje's seat in Rumtek , Sikkim, India. In 1447, a Tibetan astrologer Phukpa Lhündrub Gyatso composed an astrological treatise called The Oral Teachings of Pundarika (Tib. pad dkar zhal lung ). His work founded the Phukpa calendar which

3584-402: The term tshes together with a cardinal number, it happens that certain numbers or dates (the corresponding tithi) do not occur at all ( chad ) or appear twice ( lhag ). The tithi are counted from 1 to 30 and it can happen that a Monday with the lunar day number 1 ( tshes gcig ) is followed by a Tuesday with the moon day number 3 ( tshes gsum ). On the other hand, a Monday with

3648-427: The three important festivals celebrated by the Malays, Chinese, and Indians, namely Hari Raya Puasa , Chinese New Year and Deepavali respectively. As timing of these three important festivals fluctuates due to their reliance on the lunar calendars, they occasionally occur close to one another—every 33 years to be exact. Malaysians has named this phenomenon Kongsi Raya (Gongxi Raya), a Malaysian portmanteau, denoting

3712-446: The time of the Tibetan Empire (7th – 9th century) Tibetan months ( Tibetan : ཟླ་བ་ , Wylie : zla ba , THL : dawa ) were named according to the four seasons: From the 12th century onwards each month has been named by the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac : With the introduction of the calendar of the Kalacakratantra in the second half of the 11th century, months were also named via lunar mansions within which, roughly speaking,

3776-403: The time of the Tibetan Empire , the twelve months were named according to the four seasons of the year, and the year started in spring. Tibetans historically used the Indian astrological system, Tib. kar rtsis , that divided the days into rhythms defined by the elements and the constellations, and later used a Chinese astrological system, Tib. byung rtsis , which focuses on twelve animals and

3840-526: The tropical year, causing the dates to gradually drift apart. Today, the sun's entry into Aries occurs around 18 April, according to astronomical definitions. Some traditional calendars are still marked by the sun's actual movements while others have since been fixed to the Gregorian calendar. The sun's entry into Aries is known as meṣa saṅkrānti in Sanskrit , and is observed as Mesha Sankranti and Songkran in South and South-east Asian cultures. The following Southeast Asian Lunar New Year celebration

3904-487: The week day or natural day ( gza' or nyin zhag ) in which the first tithi ( tshes zhag ) ends. A Tibetan calendar month normally ends with the week day or natural day ( gza' or nyin zhag ) in which the 30th tithi ( tshes zhag ) ends. In consequence, a Tibetan calendar month ( zla ba ) comprises 29 or 30 natural days. In the sequence of natural days or week days, there are no omitted days or days that occur twice. But since these days are also named by

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3968-487: Was assigned to the first day of the Gregorian calendar. Chinese people outside China refer to it as both Lunar New Year as well as Chinese New Year. Since at least the mid-2010s, there has been criticism in the United States regarding the use of the term "Chinese New Year" in an official capacity, particularly by Korean and Vietnamese people. Some American politicians have avoided using the term "Chinese New Year" in preference for "Lunar New Year". Most of East Asia celebrates

4032-420: Was celebrated in 488 AD. Then celebration of Korean New Year have continued to Goryeo and Joseon . By the 13th century, Korean New Year was one of the nine major Korean festivals that included ancestral rites, according to the Korean historical work, the Goryeosa . As opposed to red envelopes, Korean New Year tends to involve white envelopes. While there is little recorded history of when Lunar New Year

4096-512: Was first observed in Taiwan , it is known that the indigenous population had other ceremonies and did not originally celebrate the festival. It was likely first celebrated by the Hakka or Hoklo populations that migrated from now part of mainland China to the island during the 17th century. Due to Taiwan's population being mostly Han Chinese , its Lunar New Year celebration is very similar to that of mainland China, especially in regards to traditions. In addition, some Lunar New Year's customs during

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