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70-406: Lunda Norte is populated by Chokwe , Lunda , and other ethnical groups. Ernesto Muangala is the current governor of the province. Lino dos Santos, Deolinda Odia Paulo Satula Vilarinho and Ângêlica Nené Curita Ihungo are the deputy governors for Technical and Infrastructure Services, Economic Sector Area and Political and Social Sector Area respectively. An ethnographic museum located in the province

140-648: A Bantu ethnic group of Central and Southern Africa . They are found primarily in Angola , southwestern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa to Lualaba), and northwestern parts of Zambia . There are two distinct seasons that occur in the Chokwe region: a rainy season between October and April, and a dry season for the remainder of the year. This weather had a huge impact on village life;

210-413: A hamba (s.) (pl. mahamba), which is a spirit of an ancestor or nature spirit for which a cult is dedicated to. When it comes to mahamba, the Chokwe represent them as trees, as pieces of termite mounds, as simplified figurines, and by masks. Prayers, sacrifices, and offerings are sent to these representations of these spirits in return for protection within everyday life and comfort them if any follower of

280-458: A makishi as well and can cause infertility in women, sickness in men, or unsuccessful hunting if it is displeased. The last ritual mask that the Chokwe use is the Pwo (woman) or Mwana Pwo (girl) mask, which closely resemble portraits, and it is a mask that is hamba by nature and is only for its owner. This mask is primarily used to represent a mature woman who has proven her fertility by having

350-452: A band of triangles that decorates the mask, which is called yenge, representing the Gaboon viper and its triangular designs on its back. When it comes to masquerades, the masquerader is always the owner and will wear the chiefs floor-length skirt and will also carry the sword or a rifle, similar to the makishi wa Cikunza masquerader. The Cihongo mask , originally called Cimyanji , is

420-445: A belief that by spitting into the ritual mask that they are about to put on, it is considered a purification, an offering, and also a way of presenting a request to the ancestorial spirit. Another reason for the spitting is that it is also said to gain the trust of the spirits protection against any evil possessions as well as eliminate them. The Chokwe have many masks surrounding rituals. There are three categories of ritual masks that

490-436: A child, however, it may also represent a girl and the hope of having an offspring. This mask is performed by a male masquerader who grants fertility to the spectators during his performance of the mask. Once the dancer of the mask passes, these masks are also buried as if they were a person. The traditional religious beliefs of the Chokwe center around ancestor spirits worship. In groups where chiefs exist, they are considered

560-455: A component, dissolved in turpentine or sometimes blended with linseed oil or tung oil ; modeling waxes can also use beeswax as a component; pure beeswax can also be used as an organic surfboard wax . Beeswax blended with pine rosin is used for waxing , and can serve as an adhesive to attach reed plates to the structure inside a squeezebox . It can also be used to make Cutler's resin , an adhesive used to glue handles onto cutlery knives. It

630-422: A couple of months to a year and initiates are not allowed to return to the village or approach women or members that are not initiated until they are graduated. Within the initiation process, elders will educate the initiates on Chokwe religion, sexuality, crafts, and tradition. Once they graduate, they are considered to be "reborn" into the Chokwe society. The female initiation is called ukule . This encompasses

700-457: A dance mask, and it is a very well-known mask among the Chokwe community. This mask represents the spirit of the wealthy and is worn by the chief, his son, and his nephew. It is believed that back in ancient times, this mask was used as a tool for justice and could accuse spectators of crimes that were ultimately punishable by death. Similar to the Cinkunza , this mask is a hamba and can also be

770-514: A family or a village. The chiefdoms of the 18th- and 19th-century eventually began to decline due to smallpox and other diseases, which disrupted large regions of central Angola. Both chiefs and village groups are found in the Chokwe culture. Villages consist of company compounds with square huts or circular grass-houses with a central space that serves as the meeting place for the villagers. When it comes to village courts, most Chokwe territories have at least three types of legal organizations:

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840-437: A lion because it represents power and regal qualities that the chief wants to associate himself with. A chief may also associate himself with bats as symbols of authority, which suggest to the people that the chief can fly at night and be conscious of everything happening within his territory. A diviner may keep the fur of genets (nocturnal wildcats) which suggests that they have the ability to move at night as well as discover

910-404: A member of the cult that is dedicated to that spirit. The cimbanda induces a possession to happen within the victim and will rub white clay over the body, which symbolizes innocence, as medicine to rid the spirit. This is only known to be successful when the victim lets out a final scream, believing to be the hamba leaving through the victim's mouth. A purification ceremony is performed after

980-442: A product for human use may come from cappings cut off the cells in the process of extraction, from old comb that is scrapped, or from unwanted burr comb and brace comb removed from a hive. Its color varies from nearly white to brownish, but most often is a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region, and the type of flowers gathered by the bees. The wax from the brood comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from

1050-404: A professional woodcarver. Many pieces that are used among the royal chiefs depict the chiefs themselves, as well as royal ancestors and female royal figures. There are many pieces depicting royalty, such as sculptural figures, stools, thrones, spears, scepters, staffs, pipes, snuff mortars (tobacco mortars), ceremonial axes, whistles, jewelry, combs, containers, and horns. When the Chokwe use

1120-443: Is a fragrant solid at room temperature. The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white. Beeswax is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds . Beeswax has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F). If beeswax is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs. The flash point of beeswax is 204.4 °C (399.9 °F). When natural beeswax

1190-470: Is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis . The wax is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees , which discard it in or at the hive. The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive . Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols . Beeswax has been used since prehistory as

1260-427: Is believed that they are warning their owners about invisible beings. Baboons are favored because they behave just like humans and have families. The Chokwe believe that the aardvark and scaly anteater are in contact with the ancestors of the underworld since these animals live underground. The Chokwe name for the pangolin is nkaka , which is the same word for grandfather. A recurring issue in foreign academic circles

1330-456: Is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular. At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)). An approximate chemical formula for beeswax is C 15 H 31 COOC 30 H 61 . Its main constituents are palmitate , palmitoleate , and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols , with

1400-668: Is further recommended for the making of other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church . Beeswax is also the candle constituent of choice in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Refined beeswax plays a prominent role in art materials both as a binder in encaustic paint and as a stabilizer in oil paint to add body. Beeswax is an ingredient in surgical bone wax , which is used during surgery to control bleeding from bone surfaces; shoe polish and furniture polish can both use beeswax as

1470-441: Is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after chewing and being contaminated with pollen by the hive worker bees, becoming progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis . The wax scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick, and about 1100 are needed to make a gram of wax. Worker bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells. For

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1540-568: Is known for its varying hues, strong honey fragrance, and a hard yet pliable feel. In 2020, world production of beeswax was 62,116 tonnes , led by India with 38% of the total. Candle-making has long involved the use of beeswax, which burns readily and cleanly, and this material was traditionally prescribed for the making of the Paschal candle or "Easter candle". Beeswax candles are purported to be superior to other wax candles, because they burn brighter and longer, do not bend, and burn cleaner. It

1610-611: Is the origins of various artworks contained museums abroad. Some efforts have been undertaken to return the artworks to the suspected source. An example of this is the return of six objects to the National Museum of Dundo in northeastern Angola, where they were initially believed to have been lost. Overall, eleven objects have been identified as being part of the Dundo collection and have been successfully returned to Angola. The Chokwe believed in many different spirits, including

1680-418: Is to express respect for the influential rank of the owner on top of the messages that are behind the carvings. The Chokwe incorporate images of animals within their artwork. Some images include birds, bats, rabbits, baboons, lions, aardvarks, and pangolins (anteaters), as well as domestic dogs and pigs. Furs, feathers, claws, beaks, and bones are used to decorate divination costumes. A chief may be called

1750-478: Is used as a coating for cheese ; by sealing out the air, protection is given against spoilage (mold growth). Beeswax may also be used as a food additive E901 , in small quantities acting as a glazing agent , which serves to prevent water loss, or used to provide surface protection for some fruits. Soft gelatin capsules and tablet coatings may also use E901. Beeswax is also a common ingredient of natural chewing gum. The wax monoesters in beeswax are poorly hydrolysed in

1820-428: Is used in lip balm , lip gloss , hand creams , salves, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow , blush, and eye liner . Beeswax is also an important ingredient in moustache wax and hair pomades , which make hair look sleek and shiny. In oil spill control, beeswax is processed to create Petroleum Remediation Product (PRP). It is used to absorb oil or petroleum-based pollutants from water. Beeswax

1890-624: Is used in Eastern Europe in egg decoration; it is used for writing, via resist dyeing , on batik eggs (as in pysanky ) and for making beaded eggs. Beeswax is used by percussionists to make a surface on tambourines for thumb rolls. It can also be used as a metal injection moulding binder component along with other polymeric binder materials. Beeswax was formerly used in the manufacture of phonograph cylinders. It may still be used to seal formal legal or royal decree and academic parchments such as placing an awarding stamp imprimatur of

1960-539: Is visited by many tourists. During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) many civilians were killed in the clashes between National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). Diamond mining operations were also affected. Many landmines laid during the civil war are still present in the province. Leprosy and elephantiasis are major diseases which affect

2030-407: The mukanda circumcision ritual and is referenced as a grasshopper which is known for its procreative powers therefore symbolizing fertility. The headdress of this mask and all its material and decorations represent the horns of an antelope, which symbolize power and virility. In one hand of the masquerader, he carries a mukwale sword or a rifle and in the other hand, he carries a citete branch and

2100-403: The mukwale sword and once the goat or rooster is sacrificed, it is then hung around a pole of the hut that is in the center of the village. Since this mask is the largest out of them all, it has wings at its side that are said to represent the black stork ( khumbi ), and the sawtooth pattern that decorates the mask is associated with "the viper of the stork" The makishi wa Cikungu mask has

2170-466: The Chokwe as soldiers to counterattack the new colonial influence acting against the old political powers. Once the Chokwe people had weaponry, however, they overthrew the Lunda nobles and enslaved foreign tribesmen on their own plantations following the second half of the 19th-century and the early decades of the 20th. The slaves sourced from other ethnic groups of Africa became a prized possession sought by

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2240-410: The Chokwe distinguish between; the cikungu or makishi wa mwanangana mask, which represents the chief's ancestors and is only brought out on special occasions, the makishi a ku mukanda, this mask plays a role in the mukanda initiation, and the makishi a kuhangana , which is a dance mask and is primarily kept and performed by the owners. The makishi wa Cikunza is a mask that is associated with

2310-421: The Chokwe farm, areas around the village are cleared at the beginning of the dry season where they will grow corn, cassava, and millet. Along with sweet potatoes, pumpkins, tomatoes, okra, and in certain areas, rice, beans, and peanuts. They also raise cattle, goats, pigs, and chickens, however, they only eat these animals on special occasions, such as wedding feasts. The Chokwe have separate initiation camps for

2380-479: The Chokwe farmed, hunted, fished, and built houses according to the changing of the seasons. The Chokwe people have many different forms of artwork and many extant examples are kept in museums abroad. Estimated to be about 1.3 million, their language is usually referred to as Chokwe (or Kichokwe , Tshokwe), a Bantu language in the Benue-Congo branch of Niger-Congo family of languages. Many also speak

2450-449: The Chokwe have come to develop cultural traditions that are reflected in the art that is created within the community. Many types of crafts such as masks honor and figuratively "contain" the spirits of the Chokwe ancestors. When it comes to carvings on useful objects, the carvings are typically done by laymen. Chairs that are carved on commission by professional woodcarvers, songi , also produce cult objects, however, not every village has

2520-431: The Chokwe people figure into the plotline of Donna Leon 's 14th Commissario Guido Brunetti mystery novel, Blood From a Stone (2005). Chokwe Lumumba , the former Republic of New Afrika leader who became mayor of Jackson, Mississippi in 2013, adopted his first name from the Chokwe people. His son, Chokwe Antar Lumumba , was elected mayor of Jackson in 2017. Beeswax Beeswax (also known as cera alba )

2590-484: The Chokwe people used slaves to raid their neighbors for exportable ivory stockpiles, as well as to counter the raids by militarized Arab-Swahili gangs seeking these ivory stockpiles and tribute payments. The Chokwe are regionally notable for their crafts work, including baskets, pottery, mask carvings, statues, stools, and other handicrafts. The artwork include utilitarian objects, but often integrates Chokwe mythologies, oral history, and spiritual beliefs. For example,

2660-589: The Chokwe. In the upper Zambezi river and Kasai regions particularly, they were once a victim of well-armed Portuguese or Belgian raids from the West and Arab-Swahili raids from east (such as by Tippu Tip also known as Hamad bin Muhammad el Murjebi ); later, the Chokwe people joined the violence and victimized others by capturing and shipping out a substantial number of captured slaves for financial gains, as well as purchasing and keeping slave women in their own homes from

2730-527: The South. Many of these ethnic groups have historical links to the Chokwe as well as sharing many traditions and speaking similar languages. The Chokwe were once one of the twelve clans constituting the Lunda Empire in 17th- and 18th-century Angola . Initially employed by Lunda nobles, the tribe split off from the Lunda oligarchy following a series of civil disputes, including refusal to pay tributes to

2800-636: The United States, as the demand for workers elsewhere such as in South America the Caribbean continued; Swahili-Arabs, Omani , and other colonial plantation markets persist(ed), feeding an economy of smuggled slaves. European explorers who visited the Chokwe villages in early 20th-century reported that a majority of the women there were slaves in polygamous households and likely acted as a cause behind their population boom. In certain regions,

2870-437: The boys and for the girls. The males enter initiation camps at puberty; this process is called mukanda . An enclosure is built in a private place in the woods that is away from the village and this is where all the initiates will be circumcised. The initiates remain within the vicinity of the camp until the end of the initiation process where they will be under supervision of caretakers, or vilombola . This initiation may last for

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2940-410: The camp itself and the related events through which young women pass into adulthood. Women are initiated individually, unlike mukanda where they are initiated as a group, and require individual education that will prepare them for marriage shortly after the initiation ends. The camp is built on the outskirts of the village and consists of a cone-shaped grass hut, similar to the ones in the village, where

3010-456: The center of the yard and is a place where visitors are received and where men meet. Some other structures that can be found within a Chokwe village are storage rooms and kitchens, which are both built right next to the houses. The Chokwe houses are made from mud bricks that are sun-dried and can either be bought or made at home in wooden molds. Bunches of thick grass are used as the roof with extra layers of thinner grass placed on top. Since

3080-405: The chief or a wealthy family. A Chokwe village is where relatives of the village headman, or chief, lives with their families. The Chokwe have their houses set up in a large circle with an open courtyard in the center. One of the most common features of a Chokwe village is the chota shelter. This shelter is cone-shaped made from freestanding wooden poles with a grass roof. The shelter is built in

3150-540: The colonial era of the 19th and 20th centuries, both from Europeans to the west and the Swahili-Arabs to the east, the Chokwe mounted a reactionary-military insurrection and expanded further into northern Angola, Congo, and West Zambia. The Portuguese had virtually no contact with the Chokwe until the 1830s, when the Chokwe began trading wax , rubber and ivory . Eventually, the Portuguese brought an end to

3220-432: The cult has angered them or there was a dispute that happened among the descendants. There are two distinct mahamba that the Chokwe differentiate between. The mahamba makulwana, these are the spirits who represent the ancestors and who are represented by two termite mounds, and the mahamba yipwiya , which is the parasitic spirit, or a malevolent spirit, and can become attached to a person through possession. Sometimes,

3290-457: The dominance of the Chokwe in the regions of northern Angola, Congo, and Zambia. Reacting to this changing status quo, civil unrest amongst the Chokwe grew into violence; by 1961, a war broke out in Angola, which ultimately ended in 1975 when the Portuguese left the country. Although war between the Portuguese came to an end, civil wars between the many different communities of Angola lingered due to

3360-480: The entry into adulthood by men and women. The Chokwe build ancestral shrines where they place sculptures, objects, and artifacts. These objects that are placed within the ancestral shrines are meant to contain or represent the spirits as well as serve as a point of contact between the living and the spiritual forces. These shrines, called kachipango, the Chokwe will invoke, or call, their ancestral spirits. A Chokwe statue, Chokwe body carvings, blood diamonds, and

3430-458: The exorcism is executed by throwing everything that the victim has come into contact with into a bush or river, and the victim is then initiated into the cult. Most of the masks are painted in three basic colors, black, red, and white, and are typically made from vegetable fibers and pieces of cloth and paper. When it comes to wearing a Chokwe ritual mask, there are certain qualifications that must be met beforehand. Chokwe masqueraders have

3500-532: The first plastic, as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, as a polish for wood and leather, for making candles , as an ingredient in cosmetics and as an artistic medium in encaustic painting . Beeswax is edible, having similarly negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for food use in most countries and in the European Union under the E number E901. However, due to its inability to be broken down by

3570-437: The guts of humans and other mammals , so they have insignificant nutritional value. Some birds, such as honeyguides , can digest beeswax. Beeswax is the main diet of wax moth larvae. The use of beeswax in skin care and cosmetics has been increasing. A German study found beeswax to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly ), when used according to its protocol. Beeswax

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3640-407: The hidden intentions of evildoers because a few features of the genet is that it is fast and a shy creature. People of the Chokwe community believe that the genet is able to vanish with invisibility so anyone who owns the fur of it can become invisible from others. The Chokwe believes that dogs also are able to see things that are invisible to humans. When the people are asleep and the dogs howl, it

3710-517: The honeycomb because impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb. Due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use. The leftovers are called slumgum , and is derived from old breeding rubbish (pupa casings, cocoons, shed larva skins, etc.), bee droppings, propolis, and general rubbish. The wax may be clarified further by heating in water. As with petroleum waxes, it may be softened by dilution with mineral oil or vegetable oil to make it more workable at room temperature. Beeswax

3780-441: The human digestive system, it has insignificant nutritional value. Beeswax is formed by worker bees , which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7. The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, these glands gradually begin to atrophy . The new wax

3850-455: The initiates sleep and spend their evenings. To prepare an initiate's body for birth, an elder scars her abdomen and lower back by cutting and flaring the skin and applying ashes into the wound. At the end, the initiate's body is painted with linear designs. She proceeds to walk in a procession through the village where she will perform dances that she learned during her initiation as well as receive gifts from relatives and neighbors. Over time,

3920-412: The job of the mask is to seek out those who need to be circumcised and lead them to the bush where the circumcision ritual will occur as well as protect the circumcised boys during the ritual. The makishi wa Cikungu mask is the largest Chokwe mask and belongs to the mwanangana and resembles the chief's ancestors. The owner of this mask, the mwanangana , will make sacrifices of a goat or rooster with

3990-564: The market due to the presence of various suppliers, making it difficult to distinguish authentic from fake variants. Adulterated beeswax often contains paraffin and other toxic additives, posing potential health risks and lacking the genuine honey-scented aroma of pure beeswax. The fake counterparts, typically in pellet form, feel smooth, sticky, and greasy, reflecting the presence of added paraffin. To identify fake beeswax, consumers are advised to pay attention to color, scent, feel, and texture. Genuine beeswax, sourced organically from beekeepers,

4060-440: The mythical-cultural hero Chibinda Ilunga who married a Lunda woman and took over power is an often-sculpted figure. The Cikungu art personifies the collective power of Chokwe's ancestors, while Mwana po figurines depict the guardians of fertility and procreation. The Ngombo figurines have been traditionally a part of divining spirits who are shaken to tell causes of illness, misfortune, infertility, and other problems faced by

4130-613: The official languages of their countries: English in Zambia , French in Democratic Republic of Congo , and Portuguese (as first or second language) in Angola. The Chokwe have many neighbors that consist of the Lunda, Pende, Mbangani, and Kete to the North; Minungu, Lwena, Luchazi, Mbwela, and Mbundato the East; Holo, Mbundu, Imbangala, Songo, and Ovimbundu to the West; and the Kwanyama to

4200-418: The parasitic spirit can be foreign and can be one of the most dangerous because they can cause illnesses and they are also one of the most difficult mahamba to please. When an illness is caused by a mahamba , there can be a lengthy ritual process that can be performed in order to treat the victim of the illness. A cimbanda, which is a man, or a woman, who was exorcised from the same spirit and then became

4270-471: The profits of their craft work. As the demand and financial returns of slave trade to the colonial markets grew, many slaves were captured or otherwise passed through the Chokwe controlled territory. They would allow the movement of slave men to continue west towards the ports in cooperation with the Portuguese, while women were often kept. This practice continued long after slavery was banned in Europe and

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4340-570: The province. The province of Lunda Norte contains ten municipalities ( Portuguese : municípios ): The province of Lunda Norte contains the following communes ( Portuguese : comunas ); sorted by their respective municipalities: Up to 1991, the official name was Provincial Commissioner. 8°17′S 19°36′E  /  8.283°S 19.600°E  / -8.283; 19.600 Chokwe people The Chokwe people , known by many other names (including Kioko , Bajokwe , Chibokwe , Kibokwe , Ciokwe , Cokwe or Badjok ), are

4410-467: The ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH 3 (CH 2 ) 29 O-CO-(CH 2 ) 14 CH 3 to cerotic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 24 COOH, the two principal constituents, being 6:1 . Beeswax can be classified generally into European and Oriental types. The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European beeswax, and higher (8–9) for Oriental types. The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature gas chromatography . Beeswax faces challenges in

4480-599: The representative of god Kalunga or Nzambi, therefore revered and called Mwanangana or "overseer of the land." There is sometimes perceived to be a spiritual connection between works of arts such as handicrafts and carved objects and ancestors, as well as god Kalunga or Nzambi. With the colonial era, Chokwe converted to Christianity en masse yet the original beliefs were retained to produce a syncretism of beliefs and practices. They have, for example, continued their spirit-rituals from pre-Christian era, as well maintained their elaborate rites-of-passage ceremonies particularly to mark

4550-497: The resulting power vacuum . This ended in a peace agreement that did not end the fighting completely. Chokwe, Lunda, Lwena/Luvale, Luchazi, Ovimbundu, and Mbunda chiefs all share common ancestry which can be traced back to the Lunda migrations in the sixteenth century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Chokwe found themselves divided between those who ended up as slaves, and those who bought and kept slaves of their own from within and abroad. The Lunda nobles of Angola employed

4620-514: The sitting king. Their trading and resources brought them relative wealth in comparison with other neighboring tribes. By 1900, the Chokwe had overthrown the Lunda kingdom (also called the Mwata Yanvo ) altogether. With this, the Chokwe language and sociopolitical influence began to dominate northeastern Angola and the other 11 tribes of the former Lunda kingdom. As the conflicts escalated during

4690-408: The term "throne", it is used to speak of carved chairs and joined square stools. This is because these Chokwe chairs and stools express power and prestige that their owners possess, the keepers of social order. The thrones alone, stand as symbols of order and power. When referring to a carved stool or chair that belongs to a chief, headman, or an important elder, it is referred to as ngunja , because it

4760-442: The university upon completion of postgraduate degrees. Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The three main types of beeswax products are yellow, white, and beeswax absolute. Yellow beeswax is the crude product obtained from the honeycomb, white beeswax is bleached or filtered yellow beeswax, and beeswax absolute is yellow beeswax treated with alcohol. In food preparation, it

4830-414: The village courts, the chiefs' courts, and the district courts. Village courts consist of chiefly male elders that oversee cases involving land ownership, family quarrels, theft, and disputes in which witchcraft is suspected. The Chokwe are traditionally a matrilineal society, but where the woman moves to live with her husband's family after wedding. Polygyny has been a historic practice usually limited to

4900-740: The wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F). The book Beeswax Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of beeswax is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey. Another study estimated that one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax can store 24 to 30 kg (53 to 66 lb) of honey. Sugars from honey are metabolized into beeswax in wax-gland-associated fat cells . The amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined, but according to Whitcomb's 1946 experiment, 6.66 to 8.80 kg (14.7 to 19.4 lb) of honey yields one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax. Beeswax as

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