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34-544: The Lycoming O-360 is a family of four-cylinder , direct-drive, horizontally opposed , air-cooled , piston aircraft engines . Engines in the O-360 series produce between 145 and 225 horsepower (109 to 168 kW), with the basic O-360 producing 180 horsepower. The engine family has been installed in thousands of aircraft, including the Cessna 172 , Piper Cherokee /Archer, Grumman Tiger , and many home-built types. It has

68-510: A 361-cubic-inch (5.92-liter) displacement and 5.125 and 4.375 in (130.2 and 111.1 mm) bore and stroke . Data from Type Certificate Data Sheet E-286 Related lists Four-cylinder Piston engines are often categorized by their cylinder layout, valves and camshafts. Wankel engines are often categorized by the number of rotors present. Gas turbine engines are often categorized into turbojets, turbofans, turboprops and turboshafts. Piston engines are usually designed with

102-853: A factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 2000 hours or twelve years. O-360 family engines are also widely used in airboats , most notably in the Hurricane Aircats used by the US Army during the Vietnam War . The first O-360 certified was the A1A model, certified on 20 July 1955 to United States CAR 13 effective March 5, 1952 as amended by 13-1 and 13-2. The Lycoming IO-390 is an O-360 which has had its cylinder bore increased by 3 ⁄ 16 inch (4.76 mm), developing 210 hp (157 kW). The O-360 family of engines comprises 167 different models with 12 different prefixes. All have

136-404: A fight. Boxer engines have low vibration, being they are the only common configuration that has no unbalanced forces, regardless of the number of pairs of cylinders. Boxer engines therefore do not require either a balance shaft or counterweights on the crankshaft to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts. However, a rocking couple is present, since each cylinder is slightly offset from

170-499: A low centre of mass , low vibration, suitability for shaft drive, and equal cooling of the cylinders (for air-cooled engines). The most common design of flat engine for motorcycles is the boxer-twin, beginning with the 1905 Fée flat-twin engine, manufactured by the Light Motors Company, which was the first production motorcycle engine. BMW Motorrad have a long history of boxer-twin motorcycles, beginning in 1923 with

204-404: A narrow V angle which allows a single cylinder block and cylinder head . These engines use a single cylinder head so are technically a straight engine with the name "VR" coming from the combination of German words “Verkürzt” and “Reihenmotor” meaning “shortened inline engine”. Flat engines (also known as "horizontally-opposed" engines) have the cylinders arranged in two banks on either side of

238-413: A short length, low centre of mass and suitability for air cooling (due to the well-exposed, large-surface-area cylinders and cylinder heads, and their short length). Compared with the more common straight engines , flat engines have better primary balance (resulting in less vibration); however, the disadvantages are increased width and the need to have two cylinder heads. Compared with V engines –

272-430: A single crankshaft. Boxer engines are a subtype of flat engines where opposing pistons move in and out in tandem. Types of flat engines include: W engines have the cylinders in a configuration in which the cylinder banks resemble the letter W, in the same way those of a V engine resemble the letter V. Types of W engines include: W engines using twin "VR" engine banks are technically a V8 engine. These engine banks use

306-406: A single cylinder head so are technically a straight bank with the name "VR" coming from the combination of German words “Verkürzt” and “Reihenmotor” meaning “shortened inline engine”. Radial engines have cylinders mounted radially around a central crankcase. Rotary engines have a similar configuration, except that the crankshaft is fixed and the cylinders rotate around it. (This is different from

340-707: A Δ when viewed along the axis of the main-shaft. An example of this type of layout is the Napier Deltic . Wankel engines (sometimes called 'rotary engines') can be classified based on the number of rotors present. Most production Wankel engines have two rotors, however engines with one, three and four rotors have also been produced. Wankel engines can also be classified based on whether they are naturally aspirated or turbocharged . Most Wankel engines are fueled by petrol, however prototype engines running on diesel and hydrogen have been trialed. Gas turbine engines— mostly used for aircraft— are usually separated into

374-504: Is essentially two V engines joined by a common crankshaft. A majority of these were existing V-12 engines converted into an X-24 configuration. The Swashplate engine with the K-Cycle engine is where pairs of pistons are in an opposed configuration sharing a cylinder and combustion chamber. A Delta engine has three (or its multiple) cylinders having opposing pistons, aligned in three separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in

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408-400: Is similar to a flat engine in that pairs of pistons are co-axial but rather than sharing a crankshaft, instead share a single combustion chamber per pair of pistons. The crankshaft configuration varies amongst opposed-engine designs. One layout has a flat/boxer engine at its center and adds an additional opposed-piston to each end so there are two pistons per cylinder on each side. An X engine

442-414: Is the boxer engine configuration, in which the pistons of each opposed pair of cylinders move inwards and outwards at the same time. The other configuration is effectively a V engine with a 180-degree angle between the cylinder banks: in this configuration each pair of cylinders shares a single crankpin, so that as one piston moves inward, the other moves outward. The first flat engine (Benz Contramotor)

476-539: The BMW R32 Several motorcycles have been produced with flat-four engines, such as the 1938–1939 Zündapp K800 and the 1974–1987 Honda Gold Wing . In 1987, the Honda Gold Wing engine was upsized to a flat-six design. When used in cars, advantages of flat engines are a low centre of mass (which improves the handling of the car), short length, low vibration and suitability for air cooling (due to

510-487: The Subaru EE engine became the world's first passenger car diesel boxer engine. This engine is a turbocharged boxer-four with common rail fuel injection. Ferrari used flat-twelve engines for various Formula One cars in the 1970s. A road car flat-twelve engine (using a 180-degree V12 configuration) was used for the 1973-1984 Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer , 1984-1996 Ferrari Testarossa and their derivatives. Toyota uses

544-601: The Subaru Leone (1971–1994), Subaru Legacy (1989-present) and Subaru Impreza (1992–present). The front half-shafts come out of a front differential that is part of the gearbox. A rear driveshaft connects the gearbox to the rear half-shafts. The traditional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is relatively uncommon for cars with flat engines, however some examples include the Toyota 86 / Subaru BRZ (2012–present), Jowett Javelin (1947–1953), Glas Isar (1958–1965) and

578-486: The Tatra 11 (1923–1927). The first flat engine was produced in 1897 by German engineer Karl Benz . Called the kontra engine, it was a boxer-twin design. Early uses of flat engines in cars include the 1900 Lanchester 8 hp Phaeton boxer-twin, the 1901 Wilson-Pilcher boxer-four, the 1904 Wilson-Pilcher 18/24 HP boxer-six and the 1903 Ford Model A , the 1904 Ford Model C and the 1905 Ford Model F . In 1938,

612-689: The Volkswagen Beetle (then called the "KdF-Wagen") was released with a rear-mounted flat-four engine. This Volkswagen air-cooled engine was produced for many years and also used in the Volkswagen Type 2 (Transporter, Kombi or Microbus), the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia sports car and the Volkswagen Type 3 compact car. A water-cooled version, known as the Wasserboxer , was introduced in 1982 and eventually replaced

646-623: The Wankel engine configuration described below.) Radial and rotary engine designs were widely used in early aircraft engines . U engines consist of two separate straight engines (complete with separate crankshafts) joined by gears or chains. Most U engines have four cylinders (i.e. two straight-two engines combined), such as square four engines and tandem twin engines . Similar to U engines, H engines consist of two separate flat engines joined by gears or chains. H engines have been produced with between 4 and 24 cylinders. An opposed-piston engine

680-444: The cylinders in lines parallel to the crankshaft . It is called a straight engine (or 'inline engine') when the cylinders are arranged in a single line. Where the cylinders are arranged in two or more lines (such as in V engines or flat engines ), each line of cylinders is referred to as a 'cylinder bank'. The angle between cylinder banks is called the 'bank angle'. Engines with multiple banks are shorter than straight engines of

714-528: The 1930s and 1940s. During World War II, a boxer-twin engine called the "Riedel starter" was used as a starter motor/mechanical APU for the early German jet engines, such as the Junkers Jumo 004 and BMW 003 . Designed by Norbert Riedel , these engines have a very oversquare stroke ratio of 2:1 so that they could fit within the intake diverter, directly forward of the turbine compressor. Flat engines offer several advantages for motorcycles including

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748-502: The Pearse monoplane (which would later become one of the first aircraft to achieve flight) was powered by a flat-twin engine. Amongst the first commercially-produced aircraft to use a flat engine was the 1909 Santos-Dumont Demoiselle range of aeroplanes, which was powered by boxer-twin engines. Several boxer-four engines have been produced specifically for light aircraft. A number of manufacturers produced boxer-six aircraft engines during

782-446: The air-cooled versions. The majority of sports cars throughout Porsche's history are powered by flat engines, beginning with its first car; the 1948-1965 Porsche 356 used an air-cooled boxer-four engine. Also using boxer-four engines were the 1969-1976 Porsche 914 , the 1965-1969 Porsche 912 and the 2016-present Porsche Boxster/Cayman (982) . The Porsche 911 has exclusively used boxer-six engines from its introduction in 1964 until

816-425: The crankshaft with no offset. When a straight engine is mounted at an angle, it is sometimes called a "slant engine". Types of straight engines include: V engines (also known as "Vee engines") have the cylinders aligned in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft. Types of V engines include: VR5 and VR6 engines are very compact and light, having

850-482: The first uses of a turbocharger in a mass-produced automobile. The Subaru EA engine was introduced in 1966 and began Subaru 's line of boxer-four engines that remain in production to this day. Most of Subaru's models are powered by a boxer-four engine in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged form. A print ad for the 1973 Subaru GL coupe referred to the engine as "quadrozontal". The company also produced boxer-six engines from 1988 to 1996 and 2001–2019. In 2008,

884-440: The following categories: Flat engine#Boxer engine A flat engine is a piston engine where the cylinders are located on either side of a central crankshaft . Flat engines are also known as horizontally opposed engines , however this is distinct from the less common opposed-piston engine design, whereby each cylinder has two pistons sharing a central combustion chamber. The most common configuration of flat engines

918-451: The most common layout for engines with six cylinders or more – flat engines again have a lower centre of mass, and, for six-cylinders, better primary balance; the disadvantage is again their being wider. The most common usages of flat engines are: Most flat engines use a "boxer" configuration, where each pair of opposing pistons move inwards and outwards at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before

952-406: The other member of its pair due to the distance between the crankpins along the crankshaft. An alternative configuration for flat engines is as a 180-degree V engine , which has been used on most twelve-cylinder flat engines. In this configuration, each pair of pistons shares a crankpin , this being simpler than the boxer configuration, where each piston has its own separate crankpin. In 1902,

986-615: The present. In 1997, the Porsche 911 switched from being air-cooled to water-cooled. Porsche flat-eight engines were used in various racing cars throughout the 1960s, such as the 1962 Porsche 804 Formula One car and the 1968-1971 Porsche 908 sports car. A flat-twelve engine was also produced by Porsche for the 1969-1973 Porsche 917 sports car. Chevrolet used a horizontally opposed air-cooled 6 cylinder engine in its Corvair line during its entire production run from 1960 to 1969 in various applications and power ratings, including one of

1020-685: The same size, and will often have better engine balance characteristics, resulting in reduced engine vibration and potentially higher maximum engine speeds. Most engines with four or less cylinders use a straight engine layout, and most engines with eight cylinders or more use a V engine layout. However, there are various exceptions to this, such as the straight-eight engines used by various luxury cars from 1919-1954, V4 engines used by some marine outboard motors, V-twin and flat-twin engines used by motorcycles and flat-four engines used by various cars. Straight engines (also known as "inline engines") have all cylinders aligned in one row along

1054-605: The short length of flat engines, locating a flat engine outside of the car's wheelbase results in minimal overhang. Therefore, many cars with flat engines have used a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout . Examples include the flat-twin BMW 600 (1957–1959) and BMW 700 (1959–1965); the flat-four Tatra 97 (1936–1939), Volkswagen Beetle (1938–2003) and Porsche 356 (1948–1965); and the flat-six Chevrolet Corvair (1959–1969), Porsche 911 (1963-present), and Tucker 48 (1947–1948). The opposite layout, front-engine front-wheel drive ,

Lycoming O-360 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-478: The well exposed, large surface area, cylinder heads and short length). However the larger width of flat engines (compared with the more common inline and V layouts) is a drawback, particularly when the engine is located between the steered wheels. Flat engines were used by various automobile manufacturers – mostly with a boxer-four design – up until the late 1990s. Since then, only Porsche and Subaru have remained as significant manufacturers of flat engines. Due to

1122-457: Was also common for cars with flat engines. Examples include the Citroën 2CV (1948–1990), Panhard Dyna X (1948–1954), Lancia Flavia (1961–1970), Citroën GS (1970–1986), Alfa Romeo Alfasud (1971–1989) and Subaru Leone (1971–1994). Subaru have been producing cars with a front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout powered by flat engines (mostly boxer-four engines) since 1971. Examples include

1156-526: Was built in 1897 by Karl Benz . Flat engines have been used in aviation, motorcycle and automobile applications. They are now less common in cars than straight engines (for engines with fewer than six cylinders) and V engines (for engines with six or more cylinders). Flat engines are more common in aircraft, where straight engines are a rarity and V engines have almost vanished except in historical aircraft. They have even replaced radial engines in many smaller installations. The advantages of flat engines are

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