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62-465: The engine has two BorgWarner turbochargers positioned between the two cylinder heads in a "hot-V" configuration . The fuel injection system uses Bosch's new piezo-electric direct fuel injectors that deliver five squirts of fuel per combustion cycle. The M176 engines are mostly assembled by machine with some components assembled by technicians at Untertürkheim manufacturing centre outside Stuttgart. The M177 and M178 are individually assembled by

124-425: A p − R s tan ⁡ a s ) + w t Q A ρ ( R t tan ⁡ a t − R p tan ⁡ a p ) + w s Q A ρ ( R s tan ⁡

186-1025: A s − R t tan ⁡ a t ) − P L {\displaystyle \rho (S_{\mathrm {p} }{\dot {w_{\mathrm {p} }}}+S_{\mathrm {t} }{\dot {w_{\mathrm {t} }}}+S_{\mathrm {s} }{\dot {w_{\mathrm {s} }}})+\rho {\frac {L_{\mathrm {f} }}{A}}{\dot {Q}}=\rho (R_{\mathrm {p} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {p} }^{2}+R_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}+R_{\mathrm {s} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {s} }^{2}-R_{\mathrm {s} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {p} }w_{\mathrm {s} }-R_{\mathrm {p} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {t} }w_{\mathrm {p} }-R_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}w_{\mathrm {s} }w_{\mathrm {t} })+w_{\mathrm {p} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\rho (R_{\mathrm {p} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {p} }}-R_{\mathrm {s} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {s} }})+w_{\mathrm {t} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\rho (R_{\mathrm {t} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {t} }}-R_{\mathrm {p} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {p} }})+w_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\rho (R_{\mathrm {s} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {s} }}-R_{\mathrm {t} }\tan {a_{\mathrm {t} }})-P_{L}} where A simpler correlation

248-399: A basic fluid coupling the theoretical torque capacity of a converter is proportional to r N 2 D 5 {\displaystyle r\,N^{2}D^{5}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the mass density of the fluid (kg/m ), N {\displaystyle N} is the impeller speed ( rpm ), and D {\displaystyle D}

310-404: A design feature that eases the process of inspection and repair, but adds to the cost of producing the converter. In high performance, racing and heavy duty commercial converters, the pump and turbine may be further strengthened by a process called furnace brazing , in which molten brass is drawn into seams and joints to produce a stronger bond between the blades, hubs and annular ring(s). Because

372-510: A licensing agreement with Nanjing Motor Works of Beijing . Following the consolidation, in 1987, Borg-Warner Corporation ceased to exist as a result of a series of complex financial transactions, although a new company of the same name (still BorgWarner Corporation) continued the business. At the same time, Borg-Warner Automotive Inc. became a subsidiary of the new mother company, Borg-Warner Corporation, later known as Borg-Warner Security Corporation. Around 1990, BorgWarner's transfer case technology

434-589: A lock-up function to rigidly couple input and output and avoid the efficiency losses associated with transmitting torque by fluid flow when operating conditions permit. By far the most common form of torque converter in automobile transmissions is the hydrodynamic device described above. There are also hydrostatic systems which are widely used in small machines such as compact excavators . There are also mechanical designs for torque converters, many of which are similar to mechanical continuously variable transmissions or capable of acting as such as well. They include

496-529: A manufacturer of engineering and products for inverters, electric components, and power electronics. In July 2023, BorgWarner spun off its fuel parts and aftermarket segments as part of a plan to focus on its electric vehicle drivetrain business. The newly created standalone company PHINIA, which took over the fuel parts and aftermarket segments, publicly trades on the New York Stock Exchange . BorgWarner Inc., together with its subsidiaries,

558-603: A performance upgrade kit for AMG GT. The kit increases the output to 588 kW (799 PS; 789 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 1,000 N⋅m (738 lb⋅ft) at 1,750-4,500 rpm. List of Mercedes-Benz engines BorgWarner BorgWarner Inc. is an American automotive and e-mobility supplier headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan . As of 2023, the company maintains production facilities and sites at 92 locations in 24 countries, and generates revenues of US$ 14.2 billion, while employing around 39,900 people. The company

620-790: A plan to focus on its electric vehicle drivetrain business, BorgWarner has been operating in the following business segments: air management, e-propulsion and drivetrain. The company develops and manufactures products for conventional gas, hybrid and electric vehicles. The company manufactures and sells these products worldwide, primarily to original equipment manufacturers of light vehicles ( passenger cars , sport-utility vehicles , Vans and light trucks ), but also to OEMs of commercial vehicles ( medium-duty trucks , heavy-duty trucks and buses ), and off-highway vehicles (agricultural and construction machinery and marine applications). BorgWarner has also been supplying its products to tier-one vehicle systems suppliers. BorgWarner has close links with

682-425: A rotating driven load. In a vehicle with an automatic transmission , the torque converter connects the prime mover to the automatic gear train, which then drives the load. It is thus usually located between the engine's flexplate and the transmission. The equivalent device in a manual transmission is the mechanical clutch . A torque converter serves to increase transmitted torque when the output rotational speed

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744-565: A three-speed automatic transmission (the ' Ford-O-Matic '), along with Holley brand Borg & Beck Carburetors . Studebaker and Ford initiated long-term cooperations in regard to the newly developed technologies. The company's automotive sales reached over $ 200 million at the time. As the 1950s continued, BorgWarner expanded its operations, establishing Borg & Beck do Brasil South America and setting up new facilities in Simcoe , Ontario , and Letchworth (England) . The English facility

806-430: A vehicle with an automatic transmission is stopped at a traffic signal or in traffic congestion while still in gear). A torque converter cannot achieve 100 percent coupling efficiency. The classic three element torque converter has an efficiency curve that resembles ∩: zero efficiency at stall, generally increasing efficiency during the acceleration phase and low efficiency in the coupling phase. The loss of efficiency as

868-426: A wider range of torque multiplication. Such multiple-element converters are more common in industrial environments than in automotive transmissions, but automotive applications such as Buick 's Triple Turbine Dynaflow and Chevrolet 's Turboglide also existed. The Buick Dynaflow utilized the torque-multiplying characteristics of its planetary gear set in conjunction with the torque converter for low gear and bypassed

930-565: Is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1987. The company operates manufacturing facilities in Europe, the Americas and Asia and is an original equipment supplier to most major automotive OEM in the world. In 2022, BorgWarner employed around 52,000 people and generated revenues of US$ 15.8 billion. Frédéric Lissalde has been CEO of BorgWarner Inc. since August 1, 2018. Since the spin-off of its fuel parts and aftermarket segments in 2023 as part of

992-622: Is due to the presence of the stator (even though rotating as part of the assembly), as it always generates some power-absorbing turbulence. Most of the loss, however, is caused by the curved and angled turbine blades, which do not absorb kinetic energy from the fluid mass as well as radially straight blades. Since the turbine blade geometry is a crucial factor in the converter's ability to multiply torque, trade-offs between torque multiplication and coupling efficiency are inevitable. In automotive applications, where steady improvements in fuel economy have been mandated by market forces and government edict,

1054-553: Is low. In the fluid coupling embodiment, it uses a fluid, driven by the vanes of an input impeller, and directed through the vanes of a fixed stator, to drive an output turbine in such a manner that torque on the output is increased when the output shaft is rotating more slowly than the input shaft, thus providing the equivalent of an adaptive reduction gear . This is a feature beyond what a simple fluid coupling provides, which can match rotational speed but does not multiply torque. Fluid-coupling–based torque converters also typically include

1116-564: Is one of the 25 largest automotive suppliers in the world . Borg-Warner Corporation was formed out of several disparate manufacturers in the United States and abroad in 1928: Morse Equalizing Spring Company (industrial producer of automotive timing chains ), Borg & Beck , Marvel-Schebler, Long Manufacturing (manufacturer of automobile radiators ), Warner Gear (producer of manual transmissions ) and Mechanics Universal Joint (producer of transmissions). Morse Equalizing Spring Company

1178-409: Is prevented by the one-way stator clutch . Unlike the radially straight blades used in a plain fluid coupling, a torque converter's turbine and stator use angled and curved blades. The blade shape of the stator is what alters the path of the fluid, forcing it to coincide with the impeller rotation. The matching curve of the turbine blades helps to correctly direct the returning fluid to the stator so

1240-416: Is provided by Kotwicki. A fluid coupling is a two-element drive that is incapable of multiplying torque, while a torque converter has at least one extra element—the stator—which alters the drive's characteristics during periods of high slippage, producing an increase in output torque. In a torque converter there are at least three rotating elements: the impeller, which is mechanically driven by

1302-440: Is the diameter ( m ). In practice, the maximum torque capacity is limited by the mechanical characteristics of the materials used in the converter's components, as well as the ability of the converter to dissipate heat (often through water cooling). As an aid to strength, reliability and economy of production, most automotive converter housings are of welded construction. Industrial units are usually assembled with bolted housings,

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1364-584: The Buick Dynaflow and Chevrolet Turboglide could produce more). Specialized converters designed for industrial, rail, or heavy marine power transmission systems are capable of as much as 5.0:1 multiplication. Generally speaking, there is a trade-off between maximum torque multiplication and efficiency—high stall ratio converters tend to be relatively inefficient around the coupling speed, whereas low stall ratio converters tend to provide less possible torque multiplication. The characteristics of

1426-491: The Buick Dynaflow automatic transmission was a non-shifting design and, under normal conditions, relied solely upon the converter to multiply torque. The Dynaflow used a five-element converter to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle. Although not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, many automotive converters include a lock-up clutch to improve cruising power transmission efficiency and reduce heat. The application of

1488-719: The Indianapolis 500 . In the NTT IndyCar Series , BorgWarner's EFR (Engineered for Racing) turbocharger has been fitted in all participating vehicles in each season since 2012. Since 1936, the company has also appeared as the sponsor of the Borg-Warner Trophy , which serves as an annual prize for the winner of the Indianapolis 500. In 2017, BorgWarner became an international partner of SOS Children's Villages . This entails flagship projects around

1550-422: The prime mover ; the turbine, which drives the load ; and the stator, which is interposed between the impeller and turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. The classic torque converter design dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under any condition, hence the term stator . In practice, however, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch , which prevents

1612-752: The 2005 takeover of a majority stake in Beru AG (named after the founders Behr & Ruprecht), a supplier of diesel cold-start technology, sensors, electronics and ignition technology based in Ludwigsburg , Germany. In 2006, BorgWarner acquired the European transmission and engine control product lines from Eaton Corporation in Monaco ; in 2009, the ignition technology (EcoFlash) from Etatech Inc.; and in 2010, Spanish Dytech Ensa, expanding BorgWarner's operations in exhaust gas recirculation technologies. This

1674-785: The M177 engines in the DB11 V8 and DB11 Volante (2017–) , Vantage (2018–) , DBX (2021–) and DB12 (2023–) . In late 2019, the 48V system used in the M176 was added to the M177 engines for extra performance, improved fuel consumption, and reduced emission output. The M178 is the second variation in the family, geared toward higher performance and motorsport. The 340 and 375 kW (462 and 510 PS; 456 and 503 hp) versions were introduced in Mercedes-AMG GT (C190). The power has been upgraded several times. Brabus offers PowerXtra B40S-800,

1736-399: The clutch locks the turbine to the impeller, causing all power transmission to be mechanical, thus eliminating losses associated with fluid drive. A torque converter has three stages of operation: The key to the torque converter's ability to multiply torque lies in the stator. In the classic fluid coupling design, periods of high slippage cause the fluid flow returning from the turbine to

1798-473: The company employed around 10,000 people. It also produced its one-millionth T-5 manual transmission that year, while continuing its consolidation. During this time, Warner Gear was renamed Transmission Systems, Borg & Beck was renamed Clutch Systems, and Marvel-Schebler became known as Control Systems. Additionally, the company opened sales offices in Frankfurt , São Paulo , Seoul , and Tokyo and signed

1860-542: The company to PowerDrive Systems. In 2017, BorgWarner took over UK-based Sevcon Inc. , which produces microprocessor controls for electric vehicles. Further, the company invested in Autotech Ventures, a venture capital fund, to gain access to startups involved in ground transportation. This was followed by a cooperation with Plug and Play as well as Franklin Venture Partners in 2018, representing

1922-468: The converter at cruising speeds, unlocking when the throttle was floored for quick acceleration or as the vehicle slowed. This feature was also present in some Borg-Warner transmissions produced during the 1950s. It fell out of favor in subsequent years due to its extra complexity and cost. In the late 1970s lock-up clutches started to reappear in response to demands for improved fuel economy, and are now nearly universal in automotive applications. As with

Mercedes-Benz M176/M177/M178 engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-400: The converter enters the coupling phase is a result of the turbulence and fluid flow interference generated by the stator, and as previously mentioned, is commonly overcome by mounting the stator on a one-way clutch. Even with the benefit of the one-way stator clutch, a converter cannot achieve the same level of efficiency in the coupling phase as an equivalently sized fluid coupling. Some loss

2046-401: The energy being applied to the impeller by the prime mover. This action causes a substantial increase in the mass of fluid being directed to the turbine, producing an increase in output torque. Since the returning fluid is initially traveling in a direction opposite to impeller rotation, the stator will likewise attempt to counter-rotate as it forces the fluid to change direction, an effect that

2108-485: The field of power electronics, software and calibration capabilities, as well as other products. In 2021, the company acquired five additional companies in the field of electric vehicle services. This included German-based battery manufacturer Akasol in the same year and in 2022, Santroll Automotive Components and Rhombus Energy Solutions. In December 2022, BorgWarner had acquired the Swiss-based company Drivetek AG,

2170-428: The first turbine, using only the second turbine as vehicle speed increased. The unavoidable trade-off with this arrangement was low efficiency and eventually these transmissions were discontinued in favor of the more efficient three speed units with a conventional three element torque converter. It is also found that efficiency of torque converter is maximum at very low speeds. As described above, impelling losses within

2232-456: The fluid's kinetic energy will be lost due to friction and turbulence, causing the converter to generate waste heat (dissipated in many applications by water cooling). This effect, often referred to as pumping loss, will be most pronounced at or near stall conditions. In modern designs, the blade geometry minimizes oil velocity at low impeller speeds, which allows the turbine to be stalled for long periods with little danger of overheating (as when

2294-410: The impeller to oppose the direction of impeller rotation, leading to a significant loss of efficiency and the generation of considerable waste heat . Under the same condition in a torque converter, the returning fluid will be redirected by the stator so that it aids the rotation of the impeller, instead of impeding it. The result is that much of the energy in the returning fluid is recovered and added to

2356-419: The latter can do its job. The shape of the blades is important as minor variations can result in significant changes to the converter's performance. During the stall and acceleration phases, in which torque multiplication occurs, the stator remains stationary due to the action of its one-way clutch. However, as the torque converter approaches the coupling phase, the energy and volume of the fluid returning from

2418-439: The market segment of turbochargers , through the acquisition of Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch AG , a German maker of turbochargers and turbomachinery. Later on, the company was renamed to 3K-Warner Turbosystems GmbH. In March 1999, BorgWarner increased its operations in the turbocharger business with the purchase of Kuhlman Corporation. Kuhlman consisted of three main businesses, two of which were sold off later in 1999. The third unit

2480-520: The nearly universal use of a lock-up clutch has helped to eliminate the converter from the efficiency equation during cruising operation. The maximum amount of torque multiplication produced by a converter is highly dependent on the size and geometry of the turbine and stator blades, and is generated only when the converter is at or near the stall phase of operation. Typical stall torque multiplication ratios range from 1.8:1 to 2.5:1 for most automotive applications (although multi-element designs as used in

2542-573: The next several years, came the introduction of the Model T-50 five-speed transmission and continuously variable transmissions for commercial vehicles. Further, expansion took place with new plants in Arkansas and New York . BorgWarner also diversified into several other industries, while its automotive division remained contributing upwards of 50 percent of BorgWarner's total revenue. In 1979, BorgWarner's overall sales topped $ 2.7 billion. This

Mercedes-Benz M176/M177/M178 engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-523: The pendulum-based Constantinesco torque converter , the Lambert friction gearing disk drive transmission and the Variomatic with expanding pulleys and a belt drive. Torque converter equations of motion are governed by Leonhard Euler 's eighteenth century turbomachine equation : The equation expands to include the fifth power of radius; as a result, torque converter properties are very dependent on

2666-429: The power band of the engine more quickly. Highway vehicles generally use lower stall torque converters to limit heat production, and provide a more firm feeling to the vehicle's characteristics. A design feature once found in some General Motors automatic transmissions was the variable-pitch stator, in which the blades' angle of attack could be varied in response to changes in engine speed and load. The effect of this

2728-415: The second and third Silicon Valley initiative for BorgWarner in the field of mobility and propulsion technologies. Subsequently, in 2019, BorgWarner acquired Rinehart Motion Systems, AM Racing, as well as set up the joint venture Romeo Systems, Inc., expanding existing activities in electric vehicle applications . With the acquisition of Delphi Technologies in 2020, BorgWarner expanded its operations in

2790-3817: The size of the device. Mathematical formulations for the torque converter are available from several authors. Hrovat derived the equations of the pump, turbine, stator, and conservation of energy. Four first-order differential equations can define the performance of the torque converter. I i ω i ˙ + ρ S i Q ˙ = − ρ ( ω i R i 2 + R i Q A tan ⁡ α i − ω s R s 2 − R s Q A tan ⁡ α s ) Q + τ i {\displaystyle I_{i}{\dot {\omega _{i}}}+\rho S_{i}{\dot {Q}}=-\rho (\omega _{i}R_{i}^{2}+R_{i}{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{i}}-\omega _{\mathrm {s} }R_{\mathrm {s} }^{2}-R_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{\mathrm {s} }})Q+\tau _{i}} I t ω t ˙ + ρ S t Q ˙ = − ρ ( ω t R t 2 + R t Q A tan ⁡ α t − ω i R i 2 − R i Q A tan ⁡ α i ) Q + τ t {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {t} }{\dot {\omega _{\mathrm {t} }}}+\rho S_{\mathrm {t} }{\dot {Q}}=-\rho (\omega _{\mathrm {t} }R_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}+R_{\mathrm {t} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{\mathrm {t} }}-\omega _{i}R_{i}^{2}-R_{i}{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{i}})Q+\tau _{\mathrm {t} }} I s ω s ˙ + ρ S s Q ˙ = − ρ ( ω s R s 2 + R s Q A tan ⁡ α s − ω t R t 2 − R t Q A tan ⁡ α t ) Q + τ s {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {s} }{\dot {\omega _{\mathrm {s} }}}+\rho S_{\mathrm {s} }{\dot {Q}}=-\rho (\omega _{\mathrm {s} }R_{\mathrm {s} }^{2}+R_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{\mathrm {s} }}-\omega _{\mathrm {t} }R_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}-R_{\mathrm {t} }{\frac {Q}{A}}\tan {\alpha _{\mathrm {t} }})Q+\tau _{\mathrm {s} }} ρ ( S p w p ˙ + S t w t ˙ + S s w s ˙ ) + ρ L f A Q ˙ = ρ ( R p 2 w p 2 + R t 2 w t 2 + R s 2 w s 2 − R s 2 w p w s − R p 2 w t w p − R t 2 w s w t ) + w p Q A ρ ( R p tan ⁡

2852-436: The stator from counter-rotating with respect to the prime mover but allows forward rotation. Modifications to the basic three element design have been periodically incorporated, especially in applications where higher than normal torque multiplication is required. Most commonly, these have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators, each set being designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. For example,

2914-830: The technicians in "one man, one engine" principle at the AMG manufacturing centre in Affalterbach . The M176 version debuted in 2015 for the Mercedes-Benz G 500/G 550 and G 500 4x4. In 2019, M176 was equipped with EQ Boost mild hybrid 48V electrical system, producing additional output 16 kW (22 PS) and 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) of torque. This mild hybrid system was fitted to GLE 580 4MATIC and GLS 580 4MATIC. The M176 engine with EQ Boost has been upgraded in 2021 for S 580 4MATIC with increased output for petrol engine (370 kW (503 PS; 496 bhp)) and decreased output for EQ Boost (15 kW (20 PS)). The M177

2976-427: The torque converter must be carefully matched to the torque curve of the power source and the intended application. Changing the blade geometry of the stator and/or turbine will change the torque-stall characteristics, as well as the overall efficiency of the unit. For example, drag racing automatic transmissions often use converters modified to produce high stall speeds to improve off-the-line torque, and to get into

3038-475: The torque converter reduce efficiency and generate waste heat. In modern automotive applications, this problem is commonly avoided by use of a lock-up clutch that physically links the impeller and turbine, effectively changing the converter into a purely mechanical coupling. The result is no slippage, and virtually no power loss. The first automotive application of the lock-up principle was Packard 's Ultramatic transmission, introduced in 1949, which locked up

3100-428: The turbine will gradually decrease, causing pressure on the stator to likewise decrease. Once in the coupling phase, the returning fluid will reverse direction and now rotate in the direction of the impeller and turbine, an effect which will attempt to forward-rotate the stator. At this point, the stator clutch will release and the impeller, turbine and stator will all (more or less) turn as a unit. Unavoidably, some of

3162-431: The world each year, in which both the company's management and selected employees participate. Pedersen, Jay P.; Grant, Tina (2000). International directory of company histories (32 ed.). St James Press . ISSN 1557-0126. Torque converter A torque converter is a device, usually implemented as a type of fluid coupling , that transfers rotating power from a prime mover , like an internal combustion engine , to

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3224-567: Was Schwitzer, Inc., a maker of heavy-duty steel fuel tanks, fan drives, and turbochargers for diesel engines, which was later on incorporated in 3K-Warner. In 2005, BorgWarner's world headquarters was moved from Chicago to the metro Detroit area. Further, between 2006 and 2014, the organization invested in new production facilities, including in South Korea, France, Germany, China, Hungary, Poland, India, Brazil, Portugal, Mexico and Thailand. It also acquired several other companies. This included

3286-593: Was due in part to its continuing improvement of the T-4 and T-5 manual transmissions and its production of new, lightweight Transfer cases . BorgWarner also restructured itself by selling Morse Industrial and its automotive service parts divisions in 1981. Three years later, the company consolidated its automotive operations under the umbrella of the Borg-Warner Automotive Inc. Sales for the newly named automotive conglomerate topped $ 1 billion in 1984 and

3348-538: Was followed by the acquisition of Sweden -based Haldex Traction Systems , known for the Haldex clutch , a multi-plate wet clutch used in four-wheel-drive passenger cars. In 2014, BorgWarner took over German-based Gustav Wahler GmbH & Co. KG, a manufacturer of exhaust gas recirculation valves and pipes as well as coolant control valves, and in 2015, Remy International, Inc. , a producer of rotating electrical components, combining it with TorqTransfer Systems and renaming

3410-642: Was formed as another joint venture in Japan to build automatic transmissions. The following year, BorgWarner acquired the Massachusetts -based Nu-Era Gear and developed the Model 45 automatic transmission. Marvel-Schebler expanded by merging with Tillotson Carburetor in 1971. In 1973, BorgWarner introduced its full-time, four-wheel drive (4WD) transfer cases, while a new manufacturing site opened in Ireland . Over

3472-666: Was introduced for heavy duty and all-wheel drive models from General Motors . The company also developed the new 1354 transmission model for Ford Explorers and Ranger trucks, while the 'touch drive' model was installed in all F-series trucks. In the early 1990s, Ford signed another sole-source agreement for the rest of the decade. Meanwhile, the T-56 six-speed manual transmission became standard in Chrysler's Viper sportscar and new Ford Mustangs , and international operations were expanded in Japan and China. In 1993, Borg-Warner Automotive Inc.

3534-696: Was introduced, with Chrysler and 11 other automakers purchasing the transmissions. BorgWarner Automotive Service Parts Division was also founded in the 1930s, and in 1936, the company commissioned a sterling silver trophy for the Indianapolis 500 (the Borg-Warner Trophy ). In 1937, Stieber Rollkupplung GmbH (the predecessor to BorgWarner GmbH) was founded in Munich in 1937. In the prewar 1940s, BorgWarner created its Spring Division (to supply automatic transmission parts), began working on transfer cases, and soon directed its attention to World War II production needs. In 1950, it developed its first lock-up torque converter ,

3596-589: Was soon producing Warner Gear's overdrive units and the Model D.G. automatic transmission. Marvel-Schebler was developing fuel injection systems , while BorgWarner developed a line of paper-related wet friction components. Later on, BorgWarner acquired Coote & Jurgenson, an Australian transmission producer for cars and tractors in 1957. Three years later, Brummer Seal Company was merged into BorgWarner's Spring Division. In 1962, BorgWarner expanded into Mexico , and into Asia with two Japanese joint ventures (NSK-Warner and Tsubakimoto-Morse). In 1969, Aisin-Warner

3658-578: Was spun-off from Borg-Warner Security Corporation and became an independent company. In June 1996, BorgWarner acquired three automotive operations (Holley Automotive, Coltec Automotive, and Performance Friction Products) from Coltec Industries Inc. The acquired businesses were manufacturers of a range of products, including air induction systems, throttle bodies, electric air pumps , and oil pumps . In December 1996, BorgWarner sold its North American manual transmission business to Mexico-based Transmisiones y Equipos Mecanicos S.A. de C.V. In 1998, BorgWarner entered

3720-638: Was the first variation released in the Mercedes-AMG C63. In contrast to the M178, this version of the engine uses wet-sump lubrication. In the C63 and GLC63 applications, the turbos are single-scrolled, whereas in E63 and S63 are twin-scrolled and different exhaust manifold. The twin-scroll application also features cylinder deactivation. As part of the agreement with Mercedes-AMG since 2013, Aston Martin installs

3782-441: Was the oldest forerunner, founded in 1880. In the next decade, Warner Gear was one of the first automotive suppliers to develop its own synchromesh transmission – the 'synchronizer' – a device that made a manual transmission's gear teeth mesh together with ease for smooth shifting, making synchromesh transmissions broadly available; Morse Chain brought out its first roller chain; and BorgWarner's self-contained overdrive transmission

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3844-484: Was to vary the amount of torque multiplication produced by the converter. At the normal angle of attack, the stator caused the converter to produce a moderate amount of multiplication but with a higher level of efficiency. If the driver abruptly opened the throttle, a valve would switch the stator pitch to a different angle of attack, increasing torque multiplication at the expense of efficiency. Some torque converters use multiple stators and/or multiple turbines to provide

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