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72-549: a U.S. Army version of Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP first version of the German Stahlhelm steel helmet See also [ edit ] M1915 (disambiguation) M1917 (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

144-564: A landing on Batan Island (not to be confused with Bataan Peninsula ), 120 miles (190 km) off the north coast of Luzon, on 8 December 1941 by selected naval infantry units. Landings on Camiguin Island and at Vigan , Aparri , and Gonzaga in northern Luzon followed two days later. Two B-17s attacked the Japanese ships offloading at Gonzaga. Other B-17s with fighter escort attacked the landings at Vigan. In this last coordinated action of

216-1070: A "Greater East Asia War" in which their Southern Expeditionary Army Group seized sources of raw materials in Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies while the Combined Fleet neutralized the United States Pacific Fleet . Five years earlier, in 1936, Captain Ishikawa Shingo, a hard-liner in the Imperial Japanese Navy , had toured the Philippines and other parts of the Southeast Asia, noting that these countries had raw materials Japan needed for its armed forces. This helped further increase their aspiration for colonizing

288-421: A battalion of the 45th Infantry (PS), and the 1st Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of 155 mm guns and one 2.95 inch (75 mm) mountain gun . The Philippine 71st Infantry Division served as a reserve and could be committed only on the authority of MacArthur. The South Luzon Force , under Brigadier General George M. Parker Jr. , controlled a zone east and south of Manila . Parker had

360-403: A mobile defense against any attempt by airborne units to seize the field. Four U.S. Coast Artillery Corps regiments guarded the entrance to Manila Bay , including Corregidor Island . Across a narrow 3 kilometre (2 mi) strait of water from Bataan on Corregidor was Fort Mills , defended by batteries of the 59th and 60th Coast Artillery Regiments (the latter an anti-aircraft unit), and

432-675: A mortar battalion. An unusually strong group of combat engineer and bridging units was included in the 14th Army's support forces. For the invasion, the Third Fleet was augmented by two destroyer squadrons and a cruiser division of the Second Fleet , and the aircraft carrier Ryūjō from the 1st Air Fleet . The Philippines Force consisted of an aircraft carrier, five heavy cruisers , five light cruisers , 29 destroyers , two seaplane tenders , minesweepers and torpedo boats. Combined army and navy air strength allocated to support

504-536: A paramilitary survey force, operated in Manila with the ship USC&GSS Research . News reached the Philippines that an attack on Pearl Harbor was in progress at 02:20 local time on 8 December 1941. FEAF interceptors had already conducted an air search for incoming aircraft reported shortly after midnight, but these had been Japanese scout planes reporting weather conditions. At 03:30, Brigadier General Richard Sutherland , chief of staff to MacArthur, heard about

576-622: A part of the Mindanao Force. USAFFE's Reserve Force , under MacArthur's direct control, was composed of the Philippine Division, the 91st Division (PA), and headquarters units from the PA and Philippine Department, positioned just north of Manila. The 192nd and 194th Tank Battalions formed the separate Provisional Tank Group, also under MacArthur's direct command, at Clark Field / Fort Stotsenburg , where they were positioned as

648-438: A removable APX telescopic sight for direct fire, and a quadrant sight for indirect fire. In U.S. service, each gun was assigned an ammunition limber, which carried 14 boxes containing 16 rounds of ammunition each as well as tools and accessories. The gun and its limber were normally together towed by a single horse or mule, but were manhandled forward if contact with the enemy was expected. U.S. high explosive ammunition for

720-499: A superior force, with the testament of their occupation of China, but they did not get what they wanted. Under Terauchi's command were four corps-equivalent armies, comprising ten divisions and three combined arms brigades, including the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army . Operations against the Philippines and Malaya were to be conducted simultaneously when Imperial General Headquarters ordered. The invasion of

792-763: The Battle of the Philippines ( Filipino : Labanan sa Pilipinas ) or the Fall of the Philippines , was the invasion of the American territory of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan and the defense of the islands by United States and the Philippine Armies during World War II . The Japanese launched the invasion by sea from Taiwan , over 200 miles (320 km) north of the Philippines, and from Palau to

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864-483: The Solomon Islands , buying time for the U.S. Navy to make plans to engage the Japanese at Guadalcanal instead of much further east. Japan's conquest of the Philippines is often considered the worst military defeat in U.S. history. About 23,000 American military personnel and about 100,000 Filipino soldiers were killed or captured. The Japanese planned to occupy the Philippines as part of their plan for

936-465: The Third Fleet , supported by the land-based aircraft of 11th Air Fleet of Vice Admiral Nishizo Tsukahara . The 14th Army had two first-line infantry divisions, the 16th (Susumu Morioka) and 48th Divisions ( Yuitsu Tsuchihashi ), to invade and conquer Luzon, and the 65th Brigade as a garrison force. The Formosa-based 48th Division, although without combat experience, was considered one of

1008-403: The U.S. Army Air Forces , and by three Army National Guard units, including its only armor, two battalions of M3 light tanks . These units, the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment (an antiaircraft unit), 192nd Tank Battalion , and 194th Tank Battalion , drew troops from New Mexico , Wisconsin , Illinois , Ohio , Kentucky , Minnesota , Missouri , and California . After reinforcement,

1080-805: The United States Army 's Philippine Department . General Douglas MacArthur was recalled from retirement by the War Department and named commander of USAFFE on 26 July 1941. MacArthur had retired in 1937 after two years as military advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth and accepted control of the Philippine Army, tasked by the Filipino government with reforming an army made up primarily of reservists lacking equipment, training and organization. On 31 July 1941,

1152-447: The 104-pound (47 kg) gun and recoil mechanism, and the 84-pound (38 kg) trails, each of which could be carried by two soldiers. Some were equipped with a gun shield . The breech-block of the gun was essentially a smaller version of that fitted to the well-known French 75 gun. The guns could be crewed by two soldiers, a loader and an aimer, and had a maximum rate of fire of around 35 rounds per minute. They were equipped with

1224-440: The 16th Army temporarily attached to the invasion force to permit the 14th Army to use all its troops on Luzon. Meanwhile, Hart withdrew most of his U.S. Asiatic Fleet from Philippine waters following Japanese air strikes that inflicted heavy damage on U.S. naval facilities at Cavite on 10 December. Only submarines were left to contest Japanese naval superiority, and the commanders of these, conditioned by prewar doctrine that held

1296-403: The 20th (four), 21st (two), and 3rd (six) Squadrons attacked the strafers but with little success, losing at least four of their own. The FEAF lost half its planes in the 45-minute attack and was all but destroyed over the next few days, including a number of the surviving B-17s lost to takeoff crashes of other planes. The 24th Pursuit Group flew its last interception on 10 December, losing 11 of

1368-427: The 34th PS at Del Carmen never received its orders to protect Clark Field and did not launch. The 20th PS, dispersed at Clark, was ready to take off but did not receive orders from group headquarters. Instead a line chief saw the incoming formation of Japanese bombers and the section commander, 1st Lt. Joseph H. Moore , ordered the scramble himself. Even though tracked by radar and with three U.S. pursuit squadrons in

1440-448: The 40 or so P-40s it sent up, and the surviving P-35s of the 34th PS were destroyed on the ground at Del Carmen. That night FEAF combat strength had been reduced to 12 operable B-17s, 22 P-40s, and 8 P-35s. Fighter strength fluctuated daily until 24 December, when USAFFE ordered all its forces into Bataan. Until then P-40s and P-35s were cobbled together from spare parts taken from wrecked airplanes, and still crated P-40Es were assembled at

1512-439: The 81st on Cebu and Negros , and the 101st on Mindanao . In January a fourth division, the 102nd , was created on Mindanao from the field artillery regiments of the 61st and 81st Divisions acting as infantry (they had no artillery pieces), and the 103rd Infantry of the 101st Division. The 2nd Infantry of the Philippine Army's 1st Regular Division and the 2nd Battalion of the U.S. 43rd Infantry (Philippine Scouts) were also made

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1584-538: The 91st and 92nd Coast Artillery Regiments (Philippine Scouts) of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays . The 59th CA acted as a supervisory unit for the batteries of all units positioned on Forts Hughes , Drum , Frank , and Wint . The majority of the forts had been built circa 1910–1915 and, except for Fort Drum and Battery Monja on Corregidor, were unprotected against air and high-angle artillery attack except by camouflage. The USAFFE's aviation arm

1656-518: The American 34th Infantry from the 8th Infantry Division in the United States to the Philippine Division, accompanied by two field artillery battalions to create a pair of complete regimental combat teams , was actually underway when war broke out. The deployment ended with the troops still in the United States, where they were sent to defend Hawaii instead. The United States Asiatic Fleet and 16th Naval District , based at Manila, provided

1728-523: The Far East Air Force, U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports ( Oigawa Maru and Takao Maru ), the cruiser Naka , and the destroyer Murasame , and sank minesweeper W-10 . Early on the morning of 12 December the Japanese landed 2,500 men of the 16th Division at Legazpi on southern Luzon, 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest American and Philippine forces. The attack on Mindanao followed on 19 December using elements of

1800-600: The First World War, the guns saw widespread use with both French and United States forces and were designated the 37mm M1916 in U.S. service. In combat they were found to be wanting, and it was found their intended task of destroying gun emplacements was better done by mortars. As well as infantry use, the guns were also fitted to the M1917 light tank , the first mass-produced U.S. tank. These tanks entered service too late for World War I, and none ever saw action. During

1872-630: The Japanese Air Force." He quotes Major General Emmett O'Donnell Jr. , then a major in charge of the B-17s sent to Mindanao, as concluding that the first day was a "disorganized business" and that no one was "really at fault" because no one was "geared for war." The attitude is not inline with his superiors, the United States Secretary of War Stimson 's recommendation was that, “all practical steps should be taken to increase

1944-703: The Japanese Army's best units, was specially trained in amphibious operations, and was given the assignment of the main landing in Lingayen Gulf . The 16th Division, assigned to land at Lamon Bay , was picked as one of the best divisions still available in Japan and staged from the Ryukyus and Palau . The 14th Army also had the 4th and 7th Tank Regiments, five field artillery battalions, five anti-aircraft artillery battalions, four antitank companies, and

2016-561: The Marines at Cavite and Olongapo Naval Stations into its understrength ranks. An initial plan to divide the 4th into two regiments, mixing each with a battalion of Philippine Constabulary, was discarded after Howard showed reluctance, and the 4th was stationed on Corregidor to augment the defenses there, with details detached to Bataan to protect USAFFE headquarters. Additionally the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ,

2088-422: The PA 41st and 51st Infantry Divisions and the 2nd Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of the 86th Field Artillery Regiment (PS). The Visayan–Mindanao Force under Brigadier General William F. Sharp comprised the PA 61st , 81st , and 101st Infantry Divisions , reinforced after the start of the war by the newly inducted 73rd and 93rd Infantry Regiments. The 61st Division was located on Panay ,

2160-531: The Philippine Air Depot. Clark Field was abandoned as a bomber field on 11 December after being used as a staging base for a handful of B-17 missions. Between 17 and 20 December, the 14 surviving B-17s were withdrawn to Australia. Every other aircraft of the FEAF was destroyed or captured. No formal investigation took place regarding this failure as it occurred in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. After

2232-620: The Philippine Department had 22,532 troops assigned, approximately half of them Filipino. MacArthur recommended the reassignment of department commander Major General George Grunert in October 1941 and took command himself. The main component of the department was the U.S. Army Philippine Division , a 10,500-man formation that consisted mostly of Philippine Scouts (PS) combat units. The Philippine Department had been reinforced between August and November 1941 by 8,500 troops of

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2304-499: The Philippines had four objectives: Terauchi assigned the Philippines invasion to the 14th Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma . Air support of ground operations was provided by the 5th Air Group, under Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata , which was transferred to Formosa from Manchuria . The amphibious invasion was conducted by the Philippines Force under Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi , using

2376-652: The Philippines were augmented by the arrival of the six PT boats of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three . Likewise, the China Yangtze Patrol gunboats also became part of the Philippine naval defenses: USS  Asheville , USS  Mindanao , USS  Luzon , USS  Oahu , and USS  Quail . In December 1941, the naval forces were augmented by the schooner USS  Lanikai . The U.S. 4th Marine Regiment , stationed in Shanghai since

2448-460: The Philippines. The Southern Expeditionary Army was created on 6 November 1941, commanded by General Hisaichi Terauchi , who had previously been minister of war. It was ordered to prepare for war in the event that negotiations with the United States did not succeed in peacefully meeting Japanese objectives. They also included the condition of America's acceptance of their position in the Pacific as

2520-797: The Pockets, enabled the Americans and Filipinos to hold out for four more months. After the Japanese failure to penetrate the Bataan defensive perimeter in February, the Japanese conducted a 40-day siege. The crucial large natural harbor and port facilities of Manila Bay were denied to the Japanese until May 1942. While the Dutch East Indies operations were unaffected, this heavily hindered the Japanese offensive operations in New Guinea and

2592-676: The TRP was the Mark II HE shell with a projectile weighing 0.67 kilograms (1.5 lb) and a TNT bursting charge of 27.2 grams. The French Army used the Obus explosif Mle1916 HE round with a projectile weighing 0.555 kilograms (1.22 lb) and a bursting charge of 30 grams. Captured rounds of this type were designated Sprgr 147(f) by the German military in World War II . During

2664-742: The United States, Britain and the Netherlands, many countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific began to prepare for the possibility of war. By December 1941, the combined defense forces in the Philippines were organized into the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), which included the Philippine Army 's 1st Regular Division, 2nd ( Constabulary ) Division, and 10 mobilized reserve divisions , and

2736-541: The World War I M1917 Enfields equipping the PA, of which there were adequate numbers, but the War Department denied the request because of production difficulties. The divisions had only 20% of their artillery requirements, and while plans had been approved to significantly reduce this gap, the arrangements came too late to be implemented before war isolated the Philippines. By contrast, the Philippine Division

2808-524: The air, when Japanese bombers of the 11th Kōkūkantai attacked Clark Field at 12:40, they achieved tactical surprise. Two squadrons of B-17s were dispersed on the ground. Most of the P-40s of the 20th PS were preparing to taxi and were struck by the first wave of 27 Japanese "Nell" bombers; only four of the 20th PS P-40Bs managed to take off as the bombs were falling. A second bomber attack (26 "Betty" bombers) followed closely, then escorting Zero fighters strafed

2880-517: The area while the bombers landed at Clark Field between 10:30 and 10:45, then dispersed to their revetments for servicing. The 17th Pursuit Squadron, based at Nichols Field , also landed at Clark and had its aircraft refueled while its pilots ate lunch, then put its pilots on alert shortly after 11:00. All but two of the Clark Field B-17s were on the ground. At 11:27 and 11:29, the radar post at Iba Field detected two incoming raids while

2952-493: The attack from a commercial radio broadcast. At 05:00 Brereton reported to USAFFE headquarters where he attempted to see MacArthur without success. He recommended to Sutherland that FEAF launch bombing missions against Formosa in accordance with Rainbow 5 war plan directives from which an attack was likely to come. Brereton was further made aware of an attack against the USS ; William B. Preston at Davao Bay. Authorization

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3024-639: The campaign, made a strategic decision to advance by a month their timetable of operations in Borneo and Indonesia and to withdraw their best division and the bulk of their airpower in early January 1942. That, coupled with the defenders' decision to withdraw into a defensive holding position in the Bataan Peninsula and also the defeat of three Japanese battalions at the Battle of the Points and Battle of

3096-451: The closest was still 130 miles out. It alerted FEAF headquarters and the command post at Clark Field, a warning that reached only the pursuit group commander, Major Orrin L. Grover, who apparently became confused by multiple and conflicting reports. The 3rd Pursuit Squadron took off from Iba at 11:45 with instructions to intercept the western force, which was thought to have Manila as its target, but dust problems during its takeoff resulted in

3168-569: The defensive strength of the Philippines.” as noted in the book With Courage: The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II. McArthur was supposed to get the Philippines ready to resist a Japanese invasion if it came, however he was only recalled to duty in July 1941 and while many new pilots were being trained the aircraft were fast becoming obsolete compared to the latest generation of Japanese aircraft. The Japanese 14th Army began its invasion with

3240-412: The department's strength was 31,095, including 11,988 Philippine Scouts. MacArthur organized USAFFE into four tactical commands. The North Luzon Force , under Maj. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright , defended the most likely sites for amphibious attacks and the central plains of Luzon . Wainwright's forces included the PA 11th , 21st and 31st Infantry Divisions , the U.S. 26th Cavalry Regiment (PS),

3312-418: The east. The defending forces outnumbered the Japanese by a ratio of 3:2 but were a mixed force of non-combat-experienced regular, national guard, constabulary and newly created Commonwealth units. The Japanese used first-line troops at the outset of the campaign, and by concentrating their forces, they swiftly overran most of Luzon during the first month. The Japanese high command, believing that they had won

3384-514: The field for 30 minutes, destroying 12 of the 17 American heavy bombers present and seriously damaging three others. Two damaged B-17s were made flyable and taken to Mindanao, where one of them was destroyed in a ground collision. A near-simultaneous attack on the auxiliary field at Iba to the northwest by 54 "Betty" bombers was also successful: all but four of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron's P-40s, short on fuel and caught in their landing pattern, were destroyed in combat or by lack of fuel. Twelve P-40s from

3456-726: The fleet submarine to be a scouting vessel more vulnerable to air and anti-submarine attack than it actually was, proved unequal to the task. Because of this poor doctrine for submarine warfare and the infamous failures of the Mark 14 torpedo that plagued the U.S. submarine fleet for the first two years of the Pacific War, not a single Japanese warship was sunk by the Asiatic Fleet during the Philippines campaign. James Leutze writes: "He had 27 subs submerged in Manila Bay,... it

3528-541: The fragmentation of its flights. Two flights of the 21st Pursuit Squadron (PS) at Nichols Field, six P-40Es, took off at 11:45, led by 1st Lt. William Dyess . They started for Clark but were diverted to Manila Bay as a second line of defense if the 3rd PS failed to intercept its force. The 21st's third flight, taking off five minutes later, headed toward Clark, although engine problems with its new P-40Es reduced its numbers by two. The 17th Pursuit Squadron took off at 12:15 from Clark, ordered to patrol Bataan and Manila Bay, while

3600-469: The ground. FEAF launched three squadron-sized fighter patrols and all of its serviceable bombers on Luzon between 08:00 and 08:30 as a precautionary move. After MacArthur gave Brereton authorization for an air strike, the bombers were ordered to land and prepare for the afternoon raid on Formosa. All three pursuit squadrons began to run short on fuel and broke off their patrols at the same time. The 20th Pursuit Squadron's Curtiss P-40B interceptors patrolled

3672-534: The guns on indoor ranges. By 1941, the howitzer companies of regiments were disbanded and converted to antitank platoons; the Army put most of the M1916 guns into storage, scrapped them, or converted their mechanisms for use as sub-caliber training devices for heavy guns. Some were used in the Philippines campaign in 1941-42 as antitank weapons due to shortages of the 37 mm gun M3 . The Japanese Type 11 37 mm infantry gun

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3744-489: The interwar years the U.S. Army organized its infantry regiments with "howitzer companies," armed, with among other heavy infantry weapons for want of actual infantry support howitzers, 37 mm M1916 guns. The Regular Army could not afford to maintain full companies (instead using platoons), but the National Guard could. The Army adopted a .22 caliber sub-caliber device as an economic measure that allowed training with

3816-448: The landings nor pin the enemy on the beaches. The remaining Japanese units of the divisions landed farther south along the gulf. The 26th Cavalry (PS) of the well-trained and better-equipped Philippine Scouts, advancing to meet them, put up a strong fight at Rosario but was forced to withdraw after taking heavy casualties with no hope of sufficient reinforcements. By nightfall on 23 December the Japanese had moved ten miles (16 km) into

3888-532: The landings was 541 aircraft. The 11th Kōkūkantai (Air Fleet) consisted of the 21st and 23rd Kōkūsentai (Air Flotillas), a combined strength of 156 G4M "Betty" and G3M "Nell" bombers, 107 A6M Zero fighters, plus seaplanes and reconnaissance planes. Most of these were based at Takao , and approximately a third were sent to Indochina in the last week of November to support operations in Malaya. The Ryujo provided an additional 16 fighters and 18 torpedo planes, and

3960-431: The late 1920s, had anticipated a withdrawal from China during the summer of 1941. As personnel were routinely transferred back to the United States or separated from the service, the regimental commander, Colonel Samuel L. Howard , arranged unofficially for all replacements to be placed in the 1st Special Defense Battalion, based at Cavite . When the 4th Marines arrived in the Philippines on 30 November 1941, it incorporated

4032-423: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M1916&oldid=1166420550 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Canon d%27Infanterie de 37 mod%C3%A8le 1916 TRP It

4104-540: The many differing dialects (estimated at 70) of the numerous ethnic groups comprising the army. By the outbreak of war, only two-thirds of the army had been mobilized, but additions to the force continued with the induction of the Constabulary and a portion of the regular army, until a force of approximately 130,000 men was reached. The most crucial equipment shortfalls were in rifles and divisional light artillery. MacArthur requested 84,500 M1 Garand rifles to replace

4176-475: The matter with your submarines?". .. MacArthur complained that Hart's inactivity allowed Japan's navy freedom of action. ... According to Stimson, MacArthur felt that Hart's ships and submarines were ineffectual, but because Admiral Hart had lost his courage. Admiral Hart's reaction to MacArthur's brickbats: "He (MacArthur) is inclined to cut my throat and perhaps the Navy in general." " The main attack began early on

4248-556: The morning of 22 December as 43,110 men of the 48th Division and one regiment of the 16th Division, supported by artillery and approximately 90 tanks, landed at the three towns of Agoo , Caba , and Bauang in La Union , along the east coast of Lingayen Gulf. A few B-17s flying from Australia attacked the invasion fleet and U.S. submarines harassed it from the adjacent waters, but to little effect. General Wainwright's poorly trained and equipped 11th and 71st Divisions could neither repel

4320-529: The naval defenses for the Philippines. Commanded by Admiral Thomas C. Hart , the surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet were the heavy cruiser USS  Houston , the light cruiser USS  Marblehead , and thirteen World War I-era destroyers . Its primary striking power lay in the 23 modern submarines assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. Submarine Squadron (SUBRON) Two consisted of 6 Salmon -class submarines , and SUBRON Five of 11 Porpoise and Sargo -class submarines . In September 1941, naval patrol forces in

4392-417: The next day. In the meantime, Japanese plans to attack Clark and Iba Fields using land-based naval bombers and Zero fighters were delayed six hours by fog at its Formosa bases, so that only a small scale Japanese Army mission attacked targets in the northern tip of Luzon. At 08:00, Brereton received a telephone call from General Henry H. Arnold warning him not to allow his aircraft to be attacked while still on

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4464-709: The propeller's spinner to avoid hitting the blades. It was used in combat on the 1917 French SPAD S.XII . The prototype 1917 British Beardmore W.B.V shipborne fighter was fitted with a 37mm for use against airships, but the gun was considered dangerous and removed. Philippines campaign (1941%E2%80%931942) [REDACTED]   United States Japanese source: 11,225 US estimate: 17,000–19,000 146,000 1941 1942 Second Sino-Japanese War The Philippines campaign ( Filipino : Kampanya sa Pilipinas , Spanish : Campaña en las Filipinas del Ejercito Japonés , Japanese : フィリピンの戦い , romanized :  Firipin no Tatakai ), also known as

4536-493: The surface ships had 68 seaplanes for search and observation, totaling 412 naval aircraft. The army's 5th Kikōshidan (Air Group) consisted of two fighter regiments, two light bomber regiments, and a heavy bomber regiment, totaling 192 aircraft: 76 Ki-21 "Sally" , Ki-48 "Lily" , and Ki-30 "Ann" bombers; 36 Ki-27 "Nate" fighters, and 19 Ki-15 "Babs" and Ki-36 "Ida" observation planes. From mid-1941, following increased tension between Japan and several other powers, including

4608-402: The war, Brereton and Sutherland in effect blamed each other for FEAF being surprised on the ground, and MacArthur released a statement that he had no knowledge of any recommendation to attack Formosa with B-17s. Walter D. Edmunds summarizes the disaster: "in the Philippines the personnel of our armed forces almost without exception failed to assess accurately the weight, speed, and efficiency of

4680-476: Was Washington, not the Asiatic Fleet Commander that directed the fleet to withdraw from Manila. ... Hart was directed by Washington to send US Navy surface forces and submarines southeast toward Australia. ... Douglas MacArthur and Henry Stimson ( United States Secretary of War ) feuding with Admiral Hart over lack of US Navy submarine action. MacArthur asked Admiral Hart: "What in the world is

4752-481: Was adequately manned, equipped, and trained. MacArthur received immediate approval to modernize it by reorganizing it as a mobile "triangular" division. Increasing the authorized size of the Philippine Scouts was not politically viable (because of resentments within the less-well-paid Philippine Army), so MacArthur's plan also provided for freeing up Philippine Scouts to round out other units. The transfer of

4824-614: Was also used on aircraft such as the Beardmore W.B.V and the Salmson-Moineau . Fighter ace René Fonck used a 37mm mle.1916 on a SPAD S.XII . The modèle 1916 gun's 37mm caliber was the smallest allowed for explosive shells under the 1899 Hague Convention and hence was used by many nations for small guns. The guns were fitted to a tripod, to which wheels could be attached for transport. The guns could also be carried by four soldiers, after being broken down into two loads:

4896-605: Was based on this design. The French Army still had the cannon in service in 1940 as a substitute for the 25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun , which was in short supply. After the defeat of France by Germany, the Wehrmacht began using the TRP under the designation 3.7 cm IG 152(f) . Some were used by the Việt Minh at the beginning of the First Indochina War . The gun was fitted on some aircraft, firing through

4968-410: Was met on 1 September with the induction of one regiment per division but slowed as a lack of facilities and equipment hampered training. The second regiments of the divisions were not called up until 1 November, and the third regiments were not organized until after hostilities began. Training was also seriously inhibited by language difficulties between the American cadres and the Filipino troops, and by

5040-499: Was part of the Reserve Force, so that it fell under MacArthur's direct command. As of 30 November 1941 the strength of U.S. Army troops in the Philippines, including Philippine units, was 31,095, consisting of 2,504 officers and 28,591 enlisted (16,643 Americans and 11,957 Philippine Scouts). MacArthur's mobilization plans called for induction of the ten reserve divisions between 1 September and 15 December 1941. The timetable

5112-404: Was the Far East Air Force (FEAF) of the U.S. Army Air Forces, commanded by Major General Lewis H. Brereton . Previously the Philippine Department Air Force and Air Force USAFFE, the air force was the largest USAAF combat air organization outside the United States. Its primary combat power consisted of 91 serviceable P-40 Warhawk fighters and 34 B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Tactically the FEAF

5184-399: Was withheld, but shortly afterward, in response to a telegram from General George C. Marshall instructing MacArthur to implement Rainbow 5, Brereton was ordered to have a strike in readiness for later approval. Through a series of disputed discussions and decisions, authorization for the first raid was not approved until 10:15 for an attack just before sunset, with a follow-up raid at dawn

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