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46-403: The Barrett M107 .50 BMG rifle can hit targets past 2,000 m (2,187 yd), but it is accurate to 2.5 MOA , meaning it would hit within a 25 in (640 mm) area at 1,000 m (1,094 yd). This was acceptable for shooting at materiel but not people. The XM2010 addressed the problem with a .300 Winchester Magnum round that can hit targets out to 1,200 m (1,312 yd) with

92-576: A gun chronograph into the gelatin, and the depth of penetration measured. While the exact calibration methods vary slightly, the calibration method used by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service 's National Firearms Unit is fairly typical. It requires a velocity of 183 ± 3 m/s (600 ± 10 ft/s), and a BB penetration between 8.3 and 9.5 cm (3.3–3.7 in). In his book Bullet Penetration , ballistics expert Duncan MacPherson describes

138-710: A 1 MOA accuracy, half again farther than the M24's 800 m (875 yd). On 20 September 2010, the Army gave Remington a $ 28 million contract to rebuild 3,600 M24 rifles. By January, 250 had been ordered to be changed. The U.S. Army issued three XM2010s to snipers at the United States Army Sniper School on 18 January 2011 and began using the rifle in combat in Afghanistan in March 2011. Snipers in

184-485: A 2-inch shot group at 200 yards (180 m)) before being released for fielding. In 2009, the U.S. government purchased MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum match-grade ammunition for use in .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifles like the U.S. Navy Mk13 SWS or reconfigured M24 SWSs. This ammunition was developed as a .300 Winchester Magnum Match Product Improvement (PIP) and uses the 14.26 g (220 gr) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) very-low-drag bullet fired at

230-535: A bolt-action rifle to hit targets out to 1,250 yd (1,143 m). It is intended to help non-snipers take shots at longer ranges, not replace sniping skills. The U.S. Army plans to field the Barrett Mk22 MRAD (Multi-Role Adaptive Design) in 2021 to eventually replace the M2010. This bolt-action weapon can be user field converted to fire 7.62×51mm NATO, .300 Norma Magnum and .338 Norma Magnum . With

276-453: A carry sling, but according to those who carried it in the field, the M82 is too uncomfortable to be carried on a sling due to its excessive length and weight. It is usually carried in a special carry soft or hard case. The M82A2 differed from M82A1 mostly in its configuration; the pistol grip along with trigger was placed ahead of the magazine, and the buttpad placed below the receiver, just after

322-669: A lawsuit brought by the Mexican government in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, seeking $ 10 billion in damages. The Mexican government claimed that the Barrett M82 is one of the weapons of choice for drug cartels. According to Romain Le Cour Grandmaison, an expert interviewed by Reuters , the M82 has disrupted the balance of power between criminals and poorly-equipped police forces. The XM107

368-435: A method that can be used to compensate for ballistic gelatin that gives a BB penetration that is off by several centimeters (up to two inches) in either direction. MacPherson's Figure 5-2, Velocity Variation Correction to Measured BB Penetration Depth, can be used to make corrections to BB penetration depth when measured BB velocity is within ±10 m/s of 180 m/s. This method can also be used to compensate for error within

414-522: A model for very low velocity projectiles can be limited. Ballistic gelatin is used rather than actual muscle tissue due to the ability to carefully control the properties of the gelatin, which allows consistent and reliable comparison of terminal ballistics . The FBI introduced its own testing protocol in December 1988 as a response to the 1986 Miami shootout , and it quickly became popular among US law enforcement agencies. The most commonly used formula

460-498: A nominal muzzle velocity of 869 m/s (2,850 ft/s) ± 15.2 m/s (50 ft/s). According to the U.S. Navy, this ammunition should increase the maximum effective range of .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifle systems to 1,370 m (1,500 yd), decrease wind deflection on bullets in flight, and use a reduced muzzle flash propellant that remains temperature stable across an operational temperature range of −32 to 74 °C (−26 to 165 °F). According to JBM Ballistics, using

506-595: Is fluted to improve heat dissipation and save weight, and fitted with a large and effective reactive muzzle brake. The muzzle brakes on the earlier models had a round cross-section; later M82 rifles are equipped with two-chamber brakes of rectangular cross-section. M82A1 rifles are fitted with scope mount and folding backup iron sights, should the glass scope break. The U.S. military M82 rifles are often equipped with Leupold Mark 4 telescopic sights. The M82A1M (USMC M82A3) rifles have long Picatinny accessory rails mounted and US Optics telescopic sights . Every M82 rifle

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552-406: Is an FBI-style 10% ballistic gelatin, which is prepared by dissolving one part 250 bloom type A gelatin into nine parts of warm water (by mass), mixing the water while pouring in the powdered gelatin. It is chilled to 4 °C (39 °F). The older NATO formula specifies a 20% solution, chilled to 10 °C (50 °F), but that solution costs more to prepare, as it uses twice the amount of

598-485: Is applied. These "dwell" times can go up to 12 hours if the air is above about 60 °F, or at the very least 24 hours if the air is at cooler temperatures. These discoveries were made by Darryl D. Amick. Since ballistic gelatin mimics the properties of muscle tissue reasonably well, it is the preferred medium (over real porcine cadavers) for comparing the terminal performance of different expanding ammunition, such as hollow-point and soft-point bullets . These bullets use

644-555: Is equipped with a folding carrying handle and a folding bipod (both are detachable on the M82A3). The M82A3 is also fitted with a detachable rear monopod under the butt. The buttpad is fitted with a soft recoil pad to further decrease the felt recoil. M82A1 and M82A3 rifles could be mounted on the M3 or M122 infantry tripods (originally intended for machine guns ) or on vehicles using the special Barrett soft-mount. The M82A1 can be fitted with

690-529: Is traditionally a solution of gelatin powder in water. Ballistic gelatin closely simulates the density and viscosity of human and animal muscle tissue, and is used as a standardized medium for testing the terminal performance of firearms ammunition . While ballistic gelatin does not model the tensile strength of muscles or the structures of the body such as skin and bones, it works fairly well as an approximation of tissue and provides similar performance for most ballistics testing; however, its usefulness as

736-448: Is used, but should never go over 275 °F (135 °C). The polymer and oil solution is extremely sensitive to moisture - when moisture comes in contact with the solution, bubbles form when heat is applied. Polymer should not be added to heated up oil like gelatin is to water; the polymer and oil should be mixed when no heat is present. Dwell times are recommended after mixing the polymer and oil to prevent bubbles forming when heat

782-877: The United States Marine Corps , and orders from the Army and Air Force soon followed. The M82A1 is known by the U.S. military as the SASR—" Special Applications Scoped Rifle ", and it was and still is used as an anti-materiel rifle and explosive ordnance disposal tool. In 2006, Barrett completed development of the XM500 , which has a bullpup configuration similar to the M82A2. Barrett M82 rifles were bought by various military and police forces from at least 30 countries, such as Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico,

828-476: The exploding implants myth, the deadly card throw , and the ceiling fan decapitation . They sometimes placed real bones (from humans or pigs) or synthetic bones in the gel to simulate bone breaks as well. The US television program Forged in Fire is also known to use ballistics gelatin, often creating entire human torsos and heads complete with simulated bones, blood, organs and intestines that are cast inside

874-755: The hydraulic pressure of the tissue or gelatin to expand in diameter, limiting penetration and increasing the tissue damage along their path. While the Hague Convention restricts the use of such ammunition in warfare, it is commonly used by police and civilians in defensive weapons , as well as police sniper and hostage-rescue teams, where rapid disabling of the target and minimal risk of overpenetration are required to reduce collateral damage . Bullets intended for hunting are also commonly tested in ballistic gelatin. A bullet intended for use hunting small vermin , such as prairie dogs , for example, needs to expand very quickly to have an effect before it exits

920-617: The 0.310 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz, and a Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) analysis of the XM2010 rifle with various .300 Winchester Magnum ammunition types by Bryan Litz, the MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge, when fired at its nominal muzzle velocity of 869 m/s (2,850 ft/s), should have 1,286 to 1,289 m (1,406 to 1,410 yd) supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level ( air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m). In January 2014,

966-446: The Army requirement. On 25 April 2014, the 2,558th M2010 rifle was completed. In January 2014, the Army bought six "smart scopes" made by TrackingPoint for testing on the M2010 sniper rifle. Costing between $ 22,000 and $ 27,000, the computerized scope marks a selected target, gathers and compensates for external factors, and uses a special trigger that does not pull until the system is sure the bullet will land where intended. It can help

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1012-467: The Barrett M107A1, with an attached muzzle brake (designed to accept a suppressor , and made out of titanium instead of steel). The M82A2 is no longer manufactured, though the XM500 can be seen as its successor. Despite being designated as an anti-materiel rifle, the M82 can also be deployed as an anti-personnel system. Barrett Firearms Manufacturing was founded by Ronnie Barrett for

1058-591: The Barrett Model M82 as its official state rifle . Ballistics gelatin Ballistic gelatin is a testing medium designed to simulate the effects of bullet wounds in animal muscle tissue. It was developed and improved by Martin Fackler and others in the field of wound ballistics . It is calibrated to match pig muscle, which is ballistically similar to human muscle tissue. Ballistic gelatin

1104-578: The Light Fifties, later reinforced with a couple of M90s bought in the United States from an arms dealer in 1995. The IRA snipers killed five soldiers and a constable with .50 rifles from 1992 to 1997. The snipers usually fired on their targets from a distance of less than 300 metres (980 ft), despite the 1,800 m (5,900 ft) effective range of the weapons. In 2021, Barrett and nine other U.S. gun manufacturers were named in

1150-510: The M107 being voted one of 2005's top 10 military inventions by the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps plan to field another Barrett rifle, the Mk22 MRAD , in 2021 to replace the M107. The Mk22 is a bolt-action multi-caliber rifle that is powerful enough to replace the M107 when chambered in .338 Norma Magnum . The M82 is a short-recoil semi-automatic firearm. When the gun is fired,

1196-409: The M107 variant) is 4,000 m (4,400 yd), as quoted in the owner's manual. Fifty-caliber (and larger) rounds have the potential to travel great distances if fired in an artillery -like fashion (with a high angle, which creates an indirect-fire situation), necessitating the observance of extensive safety margins when firing on a range. On February 26, 2016, the U.S. state of Tennessee named

1242-483: The Netherlands, and others. The Barrett M82A1 rifle was used in 2002 as a platform for the experimental OSW (Objective Sniper Weapon) prototype. This weapon was fitted with a shorter barrel, and fired 25 mm high-explosive shells developed for the 25×59 mm OCSW (Objective Crew Served Weapon) automatic grenade launcher . The experimental OSW showed an increased effectiveness against various targets, but

1288-625: The Norma Magnum chambering options, the Mk22 can shoot out to 1,500 m (1,640 yd), 300 m (328 yd) further than the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle. The M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle differs from 7.62×51mm NATO chambered M24 Sniper Weapon System in that M2010 sniper weapons are: According to Remington Arms each rifle is tested to meet (and typically exceeds) the requirement to fire ≤ 1 moa /0.3 mil (less than

1334-504: The U.S. Department of Defense annual testing report found that the older A191 or MK 248 Mod 0 .300 Winchester Magnum service round loaded with aerodynamically less efficient 190 gr (12.32 g) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) bullets (0.270 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz) fired from the XM2010 demonstrated adequate performance and lethality. Live fire tests were conducted in March 2013 against ballistics gelatin , light material barriers, and other targets to determine

1380-598: The U.S. military as the M107 ) is a recoil-operated , semi-automatic anti-materiel rifle developed by the Australian-owned company Barrett Firearms Manufacturing and produced in the United States. Also called the Light Fifty (due to its chambering of the .50 BMG 12.7×99mm NATO cartridge), the weapon is classified in three variants: the original M82A1 (and M82A3) models, the bullpup M82A2 model, and

1426-530: The allowed tolerance, and normalize results of different tests, as it is standard practice to record the exact depth of the calibration BB's penetration. Ballistic gels made from natural gelatin are typically clear yellow-brown in color, and are generally not re-usable. The more expensive synthetic substitutes are engineered to simulate the ballistic properties of natural gelatin, whilst initially being colorless and clear. Some synthetic gels are also re-usable, since they can be melted and reformed without affecting

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1472-404: The ballistic properties of the gels. Synthetic ballistic gels are typically made of an oil and a polymer instead of gelatin and water, most commonly used is white mineral oil and a styrene polymer blend, polymers used include: The gel usually includes about 12% to 22% by weight of the polymer, but it depends on what polymers is used. Heating temperatures vary depending on what polymer and oil

1518-409: The barrel initially recoils for a short distance (about 1 inch (25 mm)), while being securely locked by the rotating bolt. After the short travel, the lower part of the accelerator arm, held by the receiver upper part, is already hinged in the bolt carrier and the middle portion strikes it back to the barrel by a rod placed in the bolt carrier, transferring part of the recoil energy of the barrel to

1564-414: The bolt to achieve reliable cycling and unlock it from the barrel. The bolt is unlocked by turning in the curved cam track in the bolt carrier. Then the barrel is stopped by the combined effect of the accelerator, buffer spring, and the muzzle brake and the bolt continues back, to extract and eject a spent case. On its return stroke, the bolt strips the fresh cartridge from the box magazine and feeds it into

1610-419: The chamber and finally locks itself to the barrel. The striker is also cocked on the return stroke of the bolt. The gun is fed from a large, detachable box magazine holding up to ten rounds, although a rare twelve-round magazine was developed for use during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. The receiver is made from two parts (upper and lower), stamped from sheet steel and connected by cross-pins. The heavy barrel

1656-445: The field learned how to use and maintain the new rifle during a three-day course. After the course, snipers had no difficulty hitting targets out to 1,000 meters from "ridgetop to ridgetop". In addition to the more powerful cartridge, the new optic improves the rifle's ability to sight a target quickly without calculations of range estimation. All 250 XM2010 rifles were to be fielded in eight Brigade Combat Teams by mid-May 2011. Based on

1702-460: The gelatin. In either case, a 1988 research paper by Martin Fackler recommends that the water should not be heated above 40 °C (104 °F), as this can cause a significant change in the ballistic performance. However, this result does not seem to be reproduced in a later study. To ensure accurate results, immediately prior to use, the gelatin block is calibrated by firing a standard .177 caliber (4.5 mm) steel BB from an air gun over

1748-412: The magazine. An additional forward grip was added below the receiver, and the scope mount was moved forward. The M107's maximum effective range is 1,830 m (2,000 yd), while can hit targets past 2,000 m (2,200 yd). Although being accurate to 2.5 MOA means it would hit within a 25 in (640 mm) area at 1,000 m (1,100 yd). The maximum range of this weapon (specifically

1794-516: The projectile's ability to perforate targets. This was the first time the Pentagon's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) tested the round, which can hit targets out to 1,200 m (1,312 yd). In March 2015, Remington Defense announced that they will start offering some of their products for sale on the civilian market. One of those products is the M2010 sniper rifle. Barrett M107 The Barrett M82 (standardized by

1840-529: The receiver against large springs with every shot. Additionally, the weapon's weight and large muzzle brake also assist in recoil reduction. Various changes were made to the original M82A1 to create the M107, with new features such as a lengthened accessory rail, rear grip, and monopod socket. The Barrett M107, like previous members of the M82 line, is also referred to as the Barrett "Light Fifty". The designation has in many instances supplanted earlier ones, with

1886-609: The recoil was beyond human limitations. This weapon, also known as the Barrett "Payload Rifle", has now been designated the XM109 . The Provisional IRA smuggled a number of M82s into Ireland from the United States in the 1980s, apparently made and sold by a gunsmith and former Barrett Firearms employee in Texas . One of the M82s was shipped from Chicago to Dublin in pieces, where it was re-assembled. The IRA equipped two sniper teams with

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1932-556: The results and feedback from troops, the U.S. Army decided in May 2011 to replace its entire fleet of M24s, ordering a total of 2,558 M2010 rifles. By September 2012, the Army had fielded more than 1,400 systems as part of an urgent material release. The M2010 achieved Type Classification-Standard in July 2013 and Full Materiel Release in September 2013, supporting procurement for the balance of

1978-704: The sole purpose of building semi-automatic rifles chambered for the powerful 12.7×99mm NATO (.50 BMG) ammunition, originally developed for and used in M2 Browning machine guns. The weapon was first sold to the Swedish Army in 1989. In 1990, the United States armed forces purchased the M82A1 during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Kuwait and Iraq . About 125 rifles were initially bought by

2024-527: The target, and must perform at higher velocities due to the use of lighter bullets in the cartridges . The same fast-expanding bullet used for prairie dogs would be considered inhumane for use on medium game animals like whitetail deer , where deeper penetration is needed to reach vital organs and assure a quick kill. In television the MythBusters team sometimes used ballistics gel to aid in busting myths, but not necessarily involving bullets, including

2070-508: Was approved for "full materiel release", meaning it was officially adopted as the Long Range Sniper Rifle, Caliber .50, M107. The M107 uses a Leupold 4.5–14×50 Mark 4 scope. The Barrett M107 is a .50 caliber, shoulder-fired, semi-automatic sniper rifle. Like its predecessors, the rifle is said to have manageable recoil for a weapon of its size owing to the barrel assembly that itself absorbs force, moving inward toward

2116-468: Was originally intended to be a bolt-action sniper rifle, and the Barrett M95 was originally selected by the U.S. Army in a competition between such weapons. However, under the trials, the decision was made that the U.S. Army did not, in fact, require such a weapon. Then the Army decided on the Barrett M82, a semi-automatic rifle. In summer 2002, the M82 finally emerged from its Army trial phase and

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