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52-410: M50 or M-50 may refer to: Military equipment [ edit ] M50 joint service general purpose mask , United States military gas mask M50 Super Sherman , an Israeli tank M50 Reising submachine gun , an American submachine gun M50 Ontos , an American tank destroyer Madsen M-50 , a Danish submachine gun Myasishchev M-50 , 'Bounder',

104-577: A Soviet bomber Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 or M 50, a French howitzer introduced in 1952 Transportation [ edit ] M50 (New York City bus) , a New York City Bus route in Manhattan BMW M50 , a 1989 automobile piston engine Suzuki Boulevard M50 , an 800cc V-twin muscle cruiser by Suzuki Motor Company The FAA identifier of Boardman Airport , Oregon, United States Roads [ edit ] M-50 (Michigan highway) , United States M50 motorway (Great Britain) , in

156-509: A contaminated atmosphere, and the air-supplied respirator , in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contaminants. Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive, single-use, disposable face masks, known as filtering facepiece respirators , reusable models with replaceable cartridges called elastomeric respirators , to powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), which use

208-469: A device that 'permitted respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases, or vapors, smoke, or other impurities.' In the late 19th century, Miles Philips began using a "mundebinde" ("mouth bandage") of sterilized cloth which he refined by adapting a chloroform mask with two layers of cotton mull. In the winter of 1910, Wu was given instructions from the Foreign Office of

260-522: A finely woven cloth dipped in water could protect sailors from a toxic weapon made of powder that he had designed. Alexander von Humboldt introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia. Julius Jeffreys first used the word "respirator" as a mask in 1836. In 1848, the first US patent for an air-purifying respirator was granted to Lewis P. Haslett for his 'Haslett's Lung Protector,' which filtered dust from

312-530: A framed carrying harness. Escape SCBAs, also known as ESCBAs, come with hoods, are meant for escapes only, and are operated in continuous flow mode. A self-contained self-rescue device , SCSR, self-contained self-rescuer, or air pack is a type of closed-circuit SCBA with a portable oxygen source for providing breathable air when the surrounding atmosphere lacks oxygen or is contaminated with toxic gases, e.g. carbon monoxide . Self-rescuers are intended for use in environments such as coal mines where there

364-484: A line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it; impaction , when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity; by diffusion , where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through

416-697: A mask, and may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip instead. Alternatively, an escape respirator could be a time-limited self-contained breathing apparatus . For hazardous environments, like confined spaces , atmosphere-supplying respirators, like SCBAs , should be used. A wide range of industries use respirators including healthcare & pharmaceuticals, defense & public safety services (defense, firefighting & law enforcement), oil and gas industries, manufacturing (automotive, chemical, metal fabrication, food and beverage, wood working, paper and pulp), mining, construction, agriculture and forestry, cement production, power generation, painting, shipbuilding, and

468-511: A pump or fan to constantly move air through a filter and supply purified air into a mask, helmet or hood. The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far as the first century, when Pliny the Elder ( c.  23 AD –79) described using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust. In the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci suggested that

520-419: A respirator properly fits the face of someone who wears it. The fitting characteristic of a respirator is the ability of the mask to separate a worker's respiratory system from ambient air. A surgical mask is a loosely-placed, unsealed barrier, meant to stop droplets , and other liquid-borne particles from the mouth and nose that may contain pathogens . A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to

572-582: A specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the Food and Drug Administration as a medical device similar to a surgical mask . These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators". The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue. In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040. Air-purifying respirators are respirators that draw in

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624-551: Is a risk of fire or explosion, and in a location where no external rescue may be available for some time – the wearer must make their own way to safety, or to some pre-equipped underground refuge. The main hazard here is from large quantities of carbon monoxide or whitedamp , often produced by an explosion of firedamp . In some industries, the hazard may be from anoxic asphyxia, or a lack of oxygen, rather than poisoning by something toxic. [REDACTED] Related media at Wikimedia Commons: The Hierarchy of Controls, noted as part of

676-404: Is also known as a scuba set (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). An open circuit SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure gas storage cylinder, (e.g., 2,216 to 5,500  psi (15,280 to 37,920  kPa ), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and a respiratory interface, which may be a mouthpiece, half mask or full-face mask, assembled and mounted on

728-462: Is certified to MIL-SPEC PRF-EA-10003. The mask design features improved performance against chemical and biological agents , toxic industrial chemicals , and nuclear fallout . The dual, low profile filters reduce weight and bulk while reducing breathing resistance by fifty percent over the M40 series mask. The filters incorporate a shelf-life indicator patch which changes colors from white to blue when

780-553: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages M50 joint service general purpose mask The mask was designed to incorporate state-of-the-art technology to protect soldiers from current and anticipated threats from all types of weapons of mass destruction . It is an above-the-neck, chemical - biological (CB) respirator that protects against battlefield concentrations of CB agents, toxins , toxic industrial materials, and radioactive particulate matter . The M50/51 masks replace

832-517: Is issued with an M50 series compatible canteen cap. The lifetime ownership cost of the mask was reduced by 50% when compared with the M40 series mask due to a lower repair part count, all maintenance being completed at the operator and unit level and color coding of repair parts which decreased on-hand repair part inventory. FM - Foreign Military Export (civilian market sales will have this designator) [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

884-460: Is supplied at a rate which prevents ambient gas from reaching the nose or mouth during inhalation. Respirators can have half-face forms that cover the bottom half of the face including the nose and mouth, and full-face forms that cover the entire face. Half-face respirators are only effective in environments where the contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or facial area. An escape respirator may have no component that would normally be described as

936-753: The M40 field protective mask and M42 , the MCU-2/P series masks, and the M45 of the Land Warrior Program . The M50 series mask entered service in December 2006. In July 2014, Avon Protection received a contract to supply 135,000 M50s for $ 33 million. In March 2016, it was announced that 166,623 M50s were purchased by the Department of Defense (DOD) under a $ 42 million contract. The M50 series

988-600: The N95 respirator , which filters at least 95% of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil . Other categories filter 99% or 99.97% of particles, or have varying degrees of resistance to oil. In the European Union , European standard EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, while European standard EN 149 defines classes of "filtering half masks" or "filtering facepieces", usually called FFP masks . According to 3M ,

1040-503: The Prevention Through Design initiative started by NIOSH with other standards bodies, is a set of guidelines emphasizing building in safety during design, as opposed to ad-hoc solutions like PPE, with multiple entities providing guidelines on how to implement safety during development outside of NIOSH-approved respirators. US Government entities currently and formerly involved in the regulation of respirators follow

1092-481: The United States Marine Corps . Respirator A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres including lead fumes , vapors , gases and particulate matter such as dusts and airborne pathogens such as viruses . There are two main categories of respirators: the air-purifying respirator , in which respirable air is obtained by filtering

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1144-555: The Chinese KN95, Australian / New Zealand P2, Korean 1st Class also referred to as KF94, and Japanese DS. Chemical cartridges and gas mask canisters remove gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other vapors from breathing air by adsorption , absorption , or chemisorption . A typical organic vapor respirator cartridge is a metal or plastic case containing from 25 to 40 grams of sorption media such as activated charcoal or certain resins . The service life of

1196-475: The Hierarchy of Controls, including OSHA and MSHA . However, some HOC implementations, notably MSHA's, have been criticized for allowing mining operators to skirt engineering control noncompliance by requiring miners to wear respirators instead if the permissible exposure limit (PEL) is exceeded, without work stoppages, breaking the hierarchy of engineering controls. Another concern was fraud related to

1248-565: The Imperial Qing court in Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate an unknown disease that killed 99.9% of its victims. This was the beginning of the large pneumonic plague epidemic of Manchuria and Mongolia, which ultimately claimed 60,000 lives. The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of extensive use of chemical weapons . The German army successfully used poison gas for

1300-482: The N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period, ending on July 10, 1998. The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer 200 milligram test load of sodium chloride . Standards and specifications are also subject to change. Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from

1352-506: The NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, air-purifying respirators are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates or gases that are greater than the relevant occupational exposure limit but less than the immediately dangerous to life or health level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient assigned protection factor . For substances hazardous to

1404-469: The SCBA is not dependent on a remote supply of breathing gas (e.g., through a long hose). They are sometimes called industrial breathing sets. Some types are also referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) or simply breathing apparatus (BA). Unofficial names include air pack , air tank , oxygen cylinder or simply pack , terms used mostly in firefighting . If designed for use under water, it

1456-606: The West Midlands / South West M50 motorway (Ireland) , a Dublin ring road M-50 (Spain) , a Madrid ring road M50 (Cape Town) , a Metropolitan Route in Cape Town, South Africa M50 (Pietermaritzburg) , a Metropolitan Route in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Other uses [ edit ] 50 Moganshan Road (M50), Shanghai's contemporary art district Messier 50 (M50), an open star cluster in

1508-492: The air using one-way clapper valves and a filter made of moistened wool or a similar porous substance. Hutson Hurd patented a cup-shaped mask in 1879 which became widespread in industrial use. Inventors in Europe included John Stenhouse , a Scottish chemist, who investigated the power of charcoal in its various forms, to capture and hold large volumes of gas. He built one of the first respirators able to remove toxic gases from

1560-556: The air, paving the way for activated charcoal to become the most widely used filter for respirators. Irish physicist John Tyndall took Stenhouse's mask, added a filter of cotton wool saturated with lime , glycerin , and charcoal, and in 1871 invented a 'fireman's respirator', a hood that filtered smoke and gas from air, which he exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Society in London in 1874. Also in 1874, Samuel Barton patented

1612-509: The airways through the inlet valves (negative pressure check) or exhalation valves (positive pressure check) while observing the flexing of the respirator or air leakage. Manufacturers have different methods for performing seal checks and wearers should consult the specific instructions for the model of respirator they are wearing. Some models of respirators or filter cartridges have special buttons or other mechanisms built into them to facilitate seal checks. A respirator fit test checks whether

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1664-588: The approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining). China normally makes 10 million masks per day, about half of the world production. During the COVID-19 pandemic , 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people in the United States, and in a lot of countries in the world, were urged to make their own cloth masks due to

1716-404: The cartridge varies based, among other variables, on the carbon weight and molecular weight of the vapor and the cartridge media, the concentration of vapor in the atmosphere, the relative humidity of the atmosphere, and the breathing rate of the respirator wearer. When filter cartridges become saturated or particulate accumulation within them begins to restrict air flow, they must be changed. If

1768-597: The concentration of harmful gases is immediately dangerous to life or health , in workplaces covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration specifies the use of air-supplied respirators except when intended solely for escape during emergencies. NIOSH also discourages their use under such conditions. Elastomeric respirators , also called reusable air-purifying respirators, seal to

1820-628: The constellation Monoceros M 50, an age group for Masters athletics (athletes aged 35+) Canon EOS M50 Camera BMW M50 Engine [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M50&oldid=1237666912 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1872-408: The eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. Air-purifying respirators are not effective during firefighting , in oxygen-deficient atmosphere , or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended instead. Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in several ways: interception when particles following

1924-399: The face with elastomeric material, which may be a natural or synthetic rubber . They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes. These respirators do not purify the ambient air, but supply breathing gas from another source. The three types are the self contained breathing apparatus, in which a compressed air cylinder is worn by

1976-623: The filter, increasing the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the previous two mechanisms; and by using an electrostatic charge that attracts and holds particles on the filter surface. There are many different filtration standards that vary by jurisdiction. In the United States , the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health defines the categories of particulate filters according to their NIOSH air filtration rating . The most common of these are

2028-441: The filtering media in respirators made according to the following standards are similar to U.S. N95 or European FFP2 respirators, however, the construction of the respirators themselves, such as providing a proper seal to the face, varies considerably. (For example, US NIOSH -approved respirators never include earloops because they don't provide enough support to establish a reliable, airtight seal.) Standards for respirator filtration

2080-435: The filters are no longer serviceable. The mask face blank incorporates self-sealing filter mounts that allow for filter changes in a contaminated environment. The single-element eye lens gives the mask a 96 degree field of view and improved compatibility with military equipment and battlefield optical systems. The drinking system allows for greater liquid flow; however, it is not compatible with previous drinking systems and so

2132-574: The first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres , Belgium on April 22, 1915. An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator , invented by John Scott Haldane , which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling. Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under

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2184-416: The inability to scrutinize engineering controls, unlike NIOSH-approved respirators, like the N95 , which can be fit tested by anyone, are subject to the scrutiny of NIOSH, and are trademarked and protected under US federal law. With regards to people complying with requirements to wear respirators, various papers note high respirator non-compliance across industries, with a survey noting non-compliance

2236-423: The lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face. The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% and 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that 80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12 and 25% leakage. Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally

2288-402: The periodic fit test that is performed by specially trained personnel using testing equipment. Filtering facepiece respirators are typically checked by cupping the hands over the facepiece while exhaling (positive pressure check) or inhaling (negative pressure check) and observing any air leakage around the facepiece. Elastomeric respirators are checked in a similar manner, except the wearer blocks

2340-608: The purview of the US Bureau of Mines (USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster , these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at

2392-436: The surrounding air and purify it before it is breathed (unlike air-supplying respirators, which are sealed systems, with no air intake, like those used underwater). Air-purifying respirators filter particulates, gases, and vapors from the air, and may be negative-pressure respirators driven by the wearer's inhalation and exhalation, or positive-pressure units such as powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs). According to

2444-403: The textile industry. Respirators require user training in order to provide proper protection. Each time a wearer dons a respirator, they must perform a seal check to be sure that they have an airtight seal to the face so that air does not leak around the edges of the respirator. (PAPR respirators may not require this because they don't necessarily seal to the face.) This check is different than

2496-502: The time. After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three, under 30 CFR 14 Schedule 21. In the 1970s, the successor to the United States Bureau of Mines and NIOSH developed standards for single-use respirators, and the first single-use respirator

2548-470: The wearer; the supplied air respirators, where a hose supplies air from a stationary source; and combination supplied-air respirators, with an emergency backup tank. A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a respirator worn to provide an autonomous supply of breathable gas in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life or health from a gas cylinder . They are typically used in firefighting and industry. The term self-contained means that

2600-410: The widespread shortage of commercial masks. All respirators have some type of facepiece held to the wearer's head with straps, a cloth harness, or some other method. Facepieces come in many different styles and sizes to accommodate all types of face shapes. A full facepiece covers the mouth, nose and eyes and if sealed, is sealed round the perimeter of the face. Unsealed versions may be used when air

2652-576: Was developed by 3M and approved in 1972. 3M used a melt blowing process that it had developed decades prior and used in products such as ready-made ribbon bows and bra cups; its use in a wide array of products had been pioneered by designer Sara Little Turnbull . Historically, respirators in the US had generally been approved by MESA / MSHA / NIOSH under federal regulation 30 CFR 11. On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including

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2704-660: Was due in large part due to discomfort from temperature increases along the face, and a large amount of respondents also noting the social unacceptability of provided N95 respirators during the survey. For reasons like mishandling, ill-fitting respirators and lack of training, the Hierarchy of Controls dictates respirators be evaluated last while other controls exist and are working. Alternative controls like hazard elimination , administrative controls , and engineering controls like ventilation are less likely to fail due to user discomfort or error. A U.S. Department of Labor study showed that in almost 40 thousand American enterprises,

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