Misplaced Pages

#275724

82-637: Designed in the 1960s, the MAZ-543 was presented on 7 November 1965 during the Moscow Red Square military parade as part of SS-1 с Scud B (9K72 Elbrus) system. The vehicle is powered by a 38.9 litre D12A-525 tank diesel engine producing around 525 horsepower, and gives a maximum road speed of 37 mph (60 km/h). There have been a number of variants. The 1967 MAZ-543A, arrived (with extra carrying capacity up to 22000 kg). The MAZ-7310 could operate together with 4WD MAZ-8385 trailer as

164-623: A road-train (total length - 205.5 m) for oil surveying. It was used in Siberia and also as a tractor on military airbases. The MAZ-543M version was designed to carry the BM-30 Smerch Multiple rocket launcher. The MAZ-543P (carrying capacity - 19600 kg) was used for 9K76 Temp-S system. The MAZ-547 version is a six-axle version, used as Transporter erector launcher for the RSD-10 Pioneer . This variant

246-405: A literal translation of Golgotha ), however, according to other hypotheses, it has nothing to do with a forehead, but with its location near the praise, as a steep river bank was called in medieval Russia. According to tradition, the grandstand on Red Square was originally made of wood, and the current stone building with a gate made of iron grating dates from the late 1590s. In the course of time,

328-630: A museum in the building's interior space, to designs by Meganom and Nowadays Office . The new museum is going to form a part of the UNESCO protected ensemble of Moscow Kremlin Museums, and will bring a part of the Kremlin Armoury collection outside the Kremlin walls. The Lobnoye Mesto (Russian: Лобное место) is a round, grandstand-like structure made of white stone in the southeastern part of

410-568: A noble shopping centre characterised by boutiques in the upper price ranges. Since 2013, GUM operates a yearly Christmas fair in front of its department store, the biggest one in all of Russia. The building at the easternmost point of the square, on the corner of Ilyinka Street, stands exactly where the Middle Trading Rows stood in the 17th century. These formed, along with the Upper Trading Rows, where today's GUM store

492-475: A showcase for military parades from 1919 onward. Lenin's Mausoleum would from 1924 onward be a part of the square complex, and also as the grandstand for important dignitaries in all national celebrations. In the 1930s, Kazan Cathedral and Iverskaya Chapel with the Resurrection Gates were demolished to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through the square (both were later rebuilt after

574-479: A symmetrical manner by two rectangular towers, the tops of which are strongly reminiscent of the Kremlin towers. Originally, the Resurrection Gate represented part of the architectural ensemble at the northern end of Red Square, which, in addition to the gate, included the affiliated building of the government administration (see below) and the no longer preserved pharmacy building, which had to give way to

656-589: A year. In addition to the actual museum building, the historical museum complex also includes Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Novodevichy Convent , which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Resurrection Gate forms one of the two entrances to Red Square from the northwest side. This structure, built for the first time in 1680, was initially part of the Kitai-Gorod fortifications. In its base part it consists of two arched portals, which are crowned in

738-679: Is a town that serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District in Vladimir Oblast , Russia , which is located along the Kamenka tributary of the Nerl River , 26 kilometers (16 mi) north of the city of Vladimir . As of the 2021 Census , its population was 9,286. In the 12th century, Suzdal became the capital of the principality. Currently, Suzdal is the smallest of the Russian Golden Ring towns. It

820-602: Is a replica from 1993; originally there was a church at this site since the 1620s, initially a wooden one, then a stone one from 1636 onwards. The Kazan Cathedral owes its name to the icon of Our Lady of Kazan , which has been venerated by the believers of the Russian Orthodox Church for centuries. According to a legend, it was precisely this icon of the Russian People's army, led by the national heroes Kuzma Minin and Dmitri Pozharsky , who defeated

902-462: Is home to Several sites listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The town's history dates back to 999 or 1024, and in 1125 Yury Dolgoruky made Suzdal the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality . In 1157, Andrei Bogolyubsky moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, from which time the principality was known as Vladimir-Suzdal . Suzdal was burned and plundered in 1237 during

SECTION 10

#1732801576276

984-554: Is in turn a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). The advantage of the Chinese vehicle is that it utilizes a German diesel engine, transmission and hydraulics manufactured by Wanshan in China, built using technologies transferred from ZF Friedrichshafen . Red Square Red Square (Russian: Красная площадь , romanized : Krasnaya ploshchad' , IPA: [ˈkrasnəjə ˈploɕːɪtʲ] )

1066-645: Is located, as part of the broader market trading area that helped shape the Kitay-gorod district, adjacent to the Red Square. This massive expanse of assorted market stalls and self-made wooden huts was for the first time replaced at the end of the 18th century, by a building complex specially built for trade, whose authorship is attributed to the Italian builder Giacomo Quarenghi . In the war of 1812, however, these buildings were burned down and were replaced by

1148-534: Is located. The building standing between the Resurrection Gate and the Kazan Cathedral is one of the less conspicuous buildings on Red Square. It was built between 1733 and 1740 and since then has served as the headquarters of the administration of the city of Moscow and the Moscow Governorate (the latter partially corresponds to today's Moscow Oblast ). The government administration building

1230-730: Is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow , Russia. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, along the eastern walls of the Kremlin . It is the city's most prominent landmark, with famous buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral , Lenin's Mausoleum and the GUM department store . It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990. Red Square has been the scene of executions, demonstrations, riots, parades, and speeches. Almost 73,000 square metres (800,000 square feet), it lies directly east of

1312-461: Is reflected in paintings by Vasily Surikov , Konstantin Yuon and others. The square was meant to serve as Moscow's main marketplace. It was also the site of various public ceremonies and proclamations, and occasionally a coronation for Russia's Tsars would take place. The square has been gradually built up since that point and has been used for official ceremonies by all Russian governments since it

1394-577: Is used to carry the air defense missile complex S-300PMU-2 . This variant is used mainly to transport the air search radar 64N6 BIG BIRD for the S-300PM . In 1986, People's Republic of China fielded its version of MAZ-543. Initially designated WS580 but later renamed WS2400 , this Chinese version is one of the Wanshan series trucks manufactured by Wanshan Special Vehicle , a wholly owned subsidiary of China Aerospace Sanjiang Space Co. Ltd., which

1476-520: The Battle of Stalingrad were imprisoned within Suzdal's monastery. Today, the town serves as a tourist center, as it features many examples of old Russian architecture -mostly churches and monasteries. Despite having nearly ten thousand residents, Suzdal still retains a rural infrastructure with streams and partially unpaved streets. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Suzdal serves as

1558-513: The KHL announced they would be holding their first all-star game outdoors on 10 January at Red Square. Two of the most significant military parades on Red Square were 1941 October Revolution Parade , when the city was besieged by Germans and troops were leaving Red Square straight to the front lines, and the Victory Parade in 1945 , when the banners of defeated Nazi armies were thrown at

1640-606: The Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1612. A few years after the victory, the devout Prince Pozharsky founded the cathedral dedicated to this icon. This corresponded to the then usual Russian tradition of building churches in memory of historically important victories in Russia. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was one of the most important Moscow places of worship and

1722-488: The Russian Armed Forces . At the beginning of 2007, four inner structures of the former trading rows were demolished while plans were made to reconstruct the entire building true to the original to house an exclusive hotel. These plans came under criticism from both Russian and foreign media as circumventing the preservation order by cleverly exploiting a loophole in the law. Work is currently underway to set up

SECTION 20

#1732801576276

1804-596: The Zamoskvorechye District . Two streets branch off to the northeast from Red Square: Nikolskaya Street , which is named after the Nikolaus Tower of the Kremlin, which is directly opposite, and the Ilyinka (Ильинка), both of which have existed since the 14th century and were once important arteries of old Moscow. Today the square itself, with the exception of the access road leading through it to

1886-780: The administrative center of Suzdalsky District , to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division , the town of Suzdal is incorporated within Suzdalsky Municipal District as Suzdal Urban Settlement . The primary industry of Suzdal is tourism. Suzdal avoided the industrialization of the Soviet times and was preserved many examples of Russian architecture of the 13th-19th centuries. There are 305 monuments and listed buildings in Suzdal, including 30 churches, 14 bell towers , and 5 monasteries and convents . 79 of them are federally protected buildings and 167 are regionally protected. In 1992, two of

1968-597: The state funeral of Joseph Stalin (9 March 1953). On Victory Day in 1945, 1965, 1985, and 1990, there were Soviet military marches and parades as well, and since 1995, the annual Moscow Victory Day Parade has been held on the square, marking anniversary of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II . In January 2008, Russia announced it would resume parading military vehicles through Red Square, although recent restoration of Iverski Gate complicated this, by closing one of existing passages along Historical Museum for

2050-571: The 16th century, two decorative towers based on the Kremlin and a main facade reminiscent of historical Russian buildings. During the Soviet era , the new upper trading ranks had an eventful history. In 1921, they were given their current name GUM («ГУМ»), which, at the time, was the abbreviation for «Государственный Универсальный Магазин» ('State Department Store'); today it stands for «Главный Универсальный Магазин» ('Main Universal Store'). In

2132-403: The 1890s, for which a special company was founded and an ideas competition among architects was advertised. This was won by a project by the architecture professor Alexander Pomeranzewas, as well as the little-known engineer Vladimir Schuchow. The construction of the new trade rows lasted from 1890 to 1893. When they were ceremoniously opened on 2 December 1893, the new structure was able to impress

2214-559: The History Museum at the end of the 19th century. During the times of the Russian Empire , the gate served as a symbolic entrance gate to the heart of Moscow, especially during major celebrations: the tsars always passed the gate at their coronation celebrations before the coronation was proclaimed in front of the people on Red Square. In 1931, the new state authorities had the gate dismantled so that it would not obstruct

2296-589: The Holy Trinity, stood exactly on the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral. In 1555, Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered a monumental church to be built on the site, which was a token of the victory of Russia over the Khanate of Kazan three years earlier. This was according to the tradition of the time to have churches built to commemorate military victories. The wooden church was then demolished and the present cathedral

2378-504: The Italian architects involved in the building of these fortifications convinced Ivan the Great to clear the area outside of the walls to create a field for shooting. The relevant decrees were issued in 1493 and 1495. They called for the demolition of all buildings within 110 sazhens (234 meters (768 ft)) of the wall. From 1508 to 1516, the Italian architect Aloisio the New arranged for

2460-459: The Kazan Cathedral donated by the latter at the time in the northern part of the square, this monument also commemorates the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian occupation troops in 1612, to which the popular army led by Minin and Poszharsky made a decisive contribution. The bronze monument, which weighs 20 tons, and was financed entirely from donations at the time, was designed by

2542-530: The Kremlin and north of the Moskva River. A moat that separated the square from the Kremlin was paved over in 1812. Red Square has an almost rectangular shape and is 70 meters wide and 330 meters long. It extends lengthways from northwest to southeast along part of the wall of the Kremlin that forms its boundary on the southwest side. In the northeast, the square is bounded by the GUM department store building and

MAZ-7310 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-677: The Kremlin towers are attached to the sides, and the shape of the roof is reminiscent of the Great Kremlin Palace in the Kremlin, a form of the Russian mansion that was particularly preferred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Today the Historical Museum is the largest and most famous history museum in Russia. In 16 specialist departments, it houses around 4.5 million exhibits on Russian history from almost all epochs and also organizes themed special exhibitions several times

2706-514: The Lobnoye Mesto was not only used as a platform for state announcements and announcements, but also as the centre of solemn events; the patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church gave speeches to the crowd here, at solemn services on Red Square. At the same time, the Lobnoye Mesto became notorious as the scene of executions, such as the one of Stenka Rasin in 1671, and many others. Although, these executions were not carried out directly in

2788-406: The Middle Trading Rows building, rebuilt by Joseph Bové , which has been preserved to this day and is located on Ilyinka Street a few hundred meters east of Red Square. The Middle Trade Rows was not built until 1894, as was the GUM store. Planned from the start as a supplement to the latter, the upper rows were supposed to accommodate retail trade, while the premises to their right were reserved for

2870-477: The Mongol-led invasions; however, it remained a trade centre afterward because of its location in a fertile wheat-growing area. Eventually, it united with Nizhny Novgorod until both were annexed by Moscow in 1392. After a decline in political importance, the town rose back to prominence as a religious center with development projects funded by Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. In

2952-710: The New Year 2006, 2007, and 2008 celebrations, a skating rink was set up on Red Square. Paul McCartney's performance there was a historic moment for many, as The Beatles were banned in the Soviet Union, preventing any live performances there of any of The Beatles. The Soviet Union also banned the sales of Beatles records . While McCartney's performance was historic, he was not the first Beatle to perform in Russia. Former Beatle Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band performed at Moscow's Russia Hall in August 1998. On 4 December 2008

3034-431: The Russian and foreign public, not only with an unprecedented range of all kinds of consumer goods, but also with a completely new glass roof construction of the three passages, designed by Schuchow and built using around 60,000 panes of glass. The building's architectural style, like the neighbouring Historical Museum a decade earlier, was in the historical "Russian style" with a roof gable based on typical boyar palaces of

3116-525: The Savior Gate of the Kremlin, is a pedestrian zone. The main squares in Russian cities, such as those in Suzdal , Yelets , and Pereslavl-Zalessky , are frequently named Krasnaya ploshchad , or Beautiful Square. Archaically, the Russian word красная ( krasnaya ) meant 'beautiful', but now means 'red'. The current word for 'beautiful' is красивая ( krasivaya ), which is derived from it. In Moscow,

3198-454: The arrangement of the tent roof over the clock. In mid-century, a gilded double-headed eagle was set on top of the tower. After this, the square became known as Krasivaya ( lit.   ' beautiful ' ). In the late 17th century (1679–1680), the square was cleared of all wooden structures. Then all Kremlin towers received tent roofs, except Nikolskaya. One tent was erected on the wall above Red Square (the so‑called Tsarskaya Tower, so that

3280-415: The beginning of the 20th century, however, this tower was dismantled. In the courtyard of the former government administration building, the old building of the state mint has been preserved to this day. This was built in 1697 by decree of Peter the Great and since then has housed a production facility for silver coins for almost a quarter of a century before the money issuing system of the tsarist Empire

3362-552: The building's striking architecture, the GUM is the best-known shopping center in Russia. Built in 1893, it replaced an Empire style building that had housed the Upper Trading Ranks since 1815, which united a large part of Kitai-Gorod's trading activities under one roof. After this building began to deteriorate in the middle of the 19th century, there were plans for a building to replace it. However, due to organisational difficulties, these could only be implemented in

MAZ-7310 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-455: The cathedral was an obstacle for parades and traffic. But when he jerked the cathedral out of the model, Stalin objected with his rather famous quote: "Lazar! Put it back!". However, no documented evidence exists of this encounter. In 1963, a group of African students organized a protest on Red Square in response to the alleged murder of a medical student named Edmund Assare-Addo. This was the first recorded political protest on Red Square since

3526-635: The construction of a moat in front of the Eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat having a length of 541 meters (1,775 ft) and width of 36 meters (118 ft), as well as a depth of 9.5–13 m was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, 4 meters (13 ft)-thick cogged brick walls. Three square gates existed on this side of

3608-399: The early 1930s, they were closed for two decades and served as office and residential buildings, and from the end of 1953, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the store was considered a model department store in the middle of the real socialist shortage economy . In the 1990s, the store was privatised and thoroughly renovated, and today, it presents itself to the locals and tourists as

3690-570: The fall of the Soviet Union). There were plans to demolish Moscow's most recognized building, Saint Basil's Cathedral , as well to make way for a larger Red Square, as well as the State Historical Museum . The legend is that Lazar Kaganovich , Stalin 's associate and director of the Moscow reconstruction plan, prepared a special model of Red Square, in which the cathedral could be removed, and brought it to Stalin to show how

3772-410: The first department store in Moscow. Middle lines were intended for wholesale trade. At the same time (in 1892) the square was illuminated by electric lanterns. In 1909 a tram appeared on the square for the first time. During the Soviet era, Red Square maintained its significance, becoming a focal point for the new state. Besides being the official address of the Soviet government, it was renowned as

3854-525: The first public theater in Russia was built near the Nikolsky gate. It existed until 1737, when it was destroyed in a fire. In the 1730s, a new mint building, called the Gubernskoye pravlenie (Provincial Board), was built in front of the old one. During her reign, Catherine the Great decided to make improvements to the square. In 1786, the upper floor of the market lines was made of stone. This line

3936-478: The first time in history. In the following, all of the buildings located directly on Red Square will be presented in a clockwise direction, starting with the State Historical Museum at the northwest end of the square. The striking dark red building of the State Historical Museum forms the end of Red Square from the north-western side. It was built in the years 1875–1883 and is therefore one of

4018-520: The foot of Lenin's Mausoleum . The Soviet Union held many parades in Red Square for May Day (until 1969), Victory Day , and October Revolution Day , which consisted of propaganda, flags, labor demonstration, marching troops, and showing off of tanks and missiles. Individual parades have been held on Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February 1925), the Day of Tankmen (8 September 1946), and

4100-657: The heavy vehicles. In May 2008, Russia held its annual Victory day parade, during which for the first time since the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russian military vehicles paraded through the square. On 9 May 2010, to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the capitulation of Germany in 1945, the armed forces of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States marched in the Moscow Victory Day parade for

4182-403: The heroism of its sons. Originally, however, the sculpture did not stand in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral, but in front of today's GUM department store at the level of the main entrance. It was only moved to its current location in 1930, to make more space for military parades and large-scale demonstrations. Saint Basil's Cathedral, which delimits the square on its southern side, is undoubtedly

SECTION 50

#1732801576276

4264-520: The late 17th and 18th centuries, wealthy merchants paid for 30 churches, which are still present today. In 1864, local merchants failed to convince the government to build the Trans-Siberian Railway through their town. Instead, it went through Vladimir, 35 km (22 mi) away. In 1967 Suzdal earned a federally protected status, which officially limited development in the area. In 1943, high-ranking Nazi officers captured at

4346-744: The late 1920s. On 28 May 1987 a West German pilot named Mathias Rust landed a Cessna F172P light aircraft at St. Basil next to Red Square, causing a major scandal in the Soviet Air Defense Forces . In 1990 the Kremlin and Red Square were among the first sites in the USSR added to UNESCO 's World Heritage List . Red Square has also served as a venue for high-profile concerts. Linkin Park , The Prodigy , t.A.T.u. , Shakira , Scorpions , Paul McCartney , Roger Waters , Red Hot Chili Peppers , and other celebrities performed there. For

4428-657: The monuments ( Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius and Kremlin with Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral ) were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List , together with six other White Monuments in this region. There are four major hotels in Suzdal: There are also 50 guesthouses with a total number of 700 rooms. Suzdal has approximately 20 hotel rooms per 100 population ( comparing to 0.2 rooms for Russia in general, or 1.6 rooms in

4510-551: The name Red Square originally described the small area between St. Basil's Cathedral , the Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin , and the Lobnoye Mesto herald's platform. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich officially extended the name to encompass the entire square, which had previously been called Pozhar , or "burnt-out place", reflecting that previous buildings occupying the site had burned down. The history of Red Square

4592-585: The name of the small Troitskaya ('Trinity') Church, burnt down in the great fire during the Tatar invasion in 1571. After that, the square held the name Pozhar , which means 'burnt'. It was not until 1661–62 that it was first mentioned by its contemporary Krasnaya name. Red Square was then the foremost landing stage and trading center for Moscow. Even though Ivan the Great decreed that trade should only be conducted from person to person, in time, these rules were relaxed, and permanent market buildings began appearing on

4674-527: The old district of Kitay-gorod , in the northwest by the State Historical Museum and the Resurrection Gate and in the southeast by Saint Basil's Cathedral . Tverskaya Street begins to the northwest of the square behind the building of the State Historical Museum , and to the southeast is the so-called Basilius slope, which leads to the Moskva River , which goes down and over a bridge to

4756-517: The passage of military technology during major military parades on Red Square. Today's gate is largely a replica of the original and dates from 1996. Between the two portals on the north side of the gate, the chapel of the icon of the Mother of God of Iviron , originally built in 1781, was rebuilt at the same time. A new copy of the icon was made for this chapel on Mount Athos , where the Iviron monastery

4838-453: The rise in patriotic consciousness during the war. In 1874 the historic building of Zemsky prikaz was demolished. In its place the Imperial Historical Museum was built in pseudo-Russian style. After Bové's lines were demolished, new large buildings were erected between 1888 and 1893, also in the pseudo-Russian style: upper lines ( GUM department store ) and middle lines. The upper lines were intended for retail sale and together in fact comprised

4920-405: The sculptor Ivan Martos . After almost 15 years of planning and construction, it was unveiled in a festive ceremony in February 1818. Since at the time, it had been five years since Russia successfully stopped the French invasion led by Napoleon , and the reconstruction of Moscow had just been completed, the monument was celebrated when it was erected as a symbol of the invincibility of Russia and

5002-450: The site of current Historical Museum ) was then known as the Main Pharmacy, founded under orders of Peter The Great . In 1755 the first Russian University was originally housed in the building of Zemsky prikaz, before moving to the better known building on Mokhovaya street further across Manege Square . At the same time the (by then already drained) Alevizov moat was used as a state Pharmacy's garden for growing medicinal plants. In 1702,

SECTION 60

#1732801576276

5084-403: The square began after the Napoleonic invasion and fire in 1812 . The moat was filled in 1813 and in its place, rows of trees were planted. The market Line along the moat, dilapidated after the fire, had been demolished, and on the Eastern side, Joseph Bové constructed new building of lines in the Empire style. In 1818 the Monument to Minin and Pozharsky , was erected; its construction symbolized

5166-403: The square's most famous building, and one of Russia's cultural icons. Once, the church was the main place of worship in Moscow, but today the cathedral mainly functions as a museum that is part of the complex of the State Historical Museum in the opposite. Since the early 1990s, services have been held in the cathedral at irregular intervals. In the middle of the 16th century, the wooden Church of

5248-480: The square, in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. At the same time, it is one of the oldest buildings on the square that has been documented to this day. Lobnoye Mesto was first mentioned in 1549, when the then 19 year old tsar Ivan The Terrible gave a speech there. Thus, it must have been conceived from the beginning as a platform from which, above all, tsar decrees were announced to the people. The name Lobnoye Mesto could literally mean 'forehead' or 'skull' (and thus

5330-420: The square. After a fire in 1547, Ivan the Terrible reorganized the wooden shops that lined its eastern side into market lines. The streets Ilyinka and Varvarka were divided into the Upper lines (now GUM department store ), Middle lines and Bottom lines, although Bottom Lines were already in Zaryadye . After a few years, the Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin, commonly known as Saint Basil's Cathedral ,

5412-404: The square. In memory of this event, he built the Kazan Cathedral in honor of the "Kazan Icon of the Mother of God", which had followed his army in a campaign. At the same time (1624–1625), the Spasskaya tower received contemporary tent roofs. This was done on the proposal and subsequent draft of Christopher Galloway from Scotland, who was summoned to design the new tower's clock and suggested

5494-489: The stand, but a few meters away. After Saint Petersburg became Imperial Russia's capital, the Lobnoye Mesto lost its function as the tsar's tribune and has been a monument ever since. In 1786, it was rebuilt according to a design by the architect Matvey Kazakov , and moved a few meters to the east. The monument to the two Russian national heroes Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitri Poszharsky, erected between 1812 and 1818, stands directly in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. Just like

5576-457: The tsar could watch from this spot the ceremonies in the square). Tent roofs were also constructed at Voskrerensky (Iberian) gates , arranged in the wall of Kitai-gorod . These were the fortified gates at Voskresensky Bridge over the River Neglinnaya. In 1697 and 1699, gates on both sides of Voskresensky Bridge were rebuilt into large stone buildings: the Mint and Zemsky prikaz (department in charge of urban and police matters). Zemsky prikaz (on

5658-418: The wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, as well as Christ the Savior and St. Nicholas which hung over them). The last two are directly opposite Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral. In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate

5740-433: The wholesale trade, which is why both of the buildings look very similar architecturally. The building's architect was Roman Klein , who also designed numerous other well-known Moscow structures in the late 19th century, including the Pushkin Museum . After the Bolsheviks came to power, the building was no longer used as a trading house, but became the headquarters of various public bodies. Until recent times, it belonged to

5822-422: The younger components of the architectural ensemble of Red Square. Before it was built, the first pharmacy building in Moscow stood on this site from the beginning of the 18th century, which was rebuilt in 1755 and served as the first campus of the then newly founded Moscow State University for two decades. Today's museum building was built especially for the historical museum, which was newly founded in 1872, and

5904-403: Was built on the moat under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette (pyramidal roofs had not yet been built on the Kremlin towers). In 1595, the wooden market lines were replaced with stone. By that time, a brick platform for the proclamation of the tsar's edicts, known as Lobnoye Mesto , had also been constructed. Red Square

5986-549: Was built on the opposite side of the square, near a moat between the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya towers. Then architect Matvey Kazakov built (in the old forms) the new Lobnoye mesto of hewn stone, slightly West of the place where it was before. In 1804, at the request of merchants, the square was paved in stone. In 1806 Nikolskaya Tower was reconstructed in the Gothic style, and received a tent roof. The new phase of improvement of

6068-526: Was built on this site by 1561, making it one of the oldest buildings on the square. The name of the cathedral, which is still more common today, was given in memory of Basil the Blessed , who was venerated by tsar Ivan at the time, and after his death in 1522, he was buried near the cathedral. Ivan Barma and Postnik Yakovlev were among the most popular architects of the church. Suzdal Suzdal ( Russian : Суздаль , IPA: [ˈsuzdəlʲ] )

6150-566: Was ceremoniously handed over to its destination in May 1883. Its architect was Vladimir Osipovich Sherwood , who is considered to be one of the main representatives of the "Russian style", a variant of historicism based on traditional Russian architecture , which was widely used at the time. The museum building looks correspondingly "Old Russian": the facades are decorated with arched windows and ornaments reminiscent of traditional Russian Orthodox churches, several decorative towers reminiscent of some of

6232-457: Was completed in 1993. This made the Kazan Cathedral one of the first places of worship in Moscow to be destroyed during the Soviet era, to be rebuilt in the 1990s. The GUM department store, situated at the eastern side of the square, occupies the entire section between Nikolskaya and Ilyinka streets. Due to its location directly on Red Square, and its considerable size, the sales area is around 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft). Owing to

6314-461: Was considered a sacred place. Various festive processions were held there, and during Palm Sunday , the famous "procession on a donkey" was arranged, in which the patriarch, sitting on a donkey, accompanied by the tsar and the people went out of Saint Basil's Cathedral in the Kremlin. During the expulsion of the Polish army from Moscow in 1612 , Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the Kremlin through

6396-458: Was essentially relocated to Saint Petersburg. After the end of minting, the lower part of the building, which had no windows, was temporarily used as a Debtors' prison for insolvent merchants. Today, both the former government building and the old mint belong to the neighbouring historical museum. The Kazan Cathedral is to the right of the former government administration building, on the corner of Red Square and Nikolskaya Street. Today's cathedral

6478-414: Was established. The East side of the Kremlin triangle, lying adjacent to Red Square and situated between the rivers Moskva and the now underground Neglinnaya River was deemed the most vulnerable side of the Kremlin to attack, since it was neither protected by the rivers, nor any other natural barriers, as the other sides were. Therefore, the Kremlin wall was built to its greatest height on this side, and

6560-415: Was not spared from the war against Napoleon in 1812 , in which large parts of Moscow were destroyed. In the 1810s it was then rebuilt, under the direction of the architect Joseph Bové , who was instrumental in the reconstruction of the city at that time. In the course of this reconstruction, a tower was added to the roof of the house, which for a long time served as an observation tower for a fire station. At

6642-603: Was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto . The square was called Veliky Torg ('Great Market') or simply Torg ('Market'), then Troitskaya by

6724-491: Was the scene of solemn cross processions led by the patriarch and the tsar, especially on the anniversary of the victory over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1936 the cathedral, like many other Moscow places of worship, was demolished at the approval of Joseph Stalin . It was not until the early 1990s that the reconstruction, which was called for by the public on several occasions, began and

#275724