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29-566: METS is an XML Schema designed for the purpose of: Depending on its use, a METS document could be used in the role of Submission Information Package (SIP), Archival Information Package (AIP), or Dissemination Information Package (DIP) within the Open Archival Information System ( OAIS ) Reference Model. Maintaining a library of digital objects requires maintaining metadata about those objects. The metadata necessary for successful management and use of digital objects

58-477: A changing user community. "Long term" may extend indefinitely. The OAIS defines a long period of time as any length of time that might be impacted by changing technologies and the changing of "Designated Community," e.g., any group of consumers capable of understanding the information. This length of time can be indefinite. The archive defines the community and that definition is not fixed. The "O" in OAIS represents

87-414: A long period of time. The OAIS model can be applied to various archives, e.g., open access, closed, restricted, "dark", or proprietary. The information being maintained has been deemed to need "long term preservation", even if the OAIS itself is not permanent. "Long term" is long enough to be concerned with the impacts of changing technologies, including support for new media and data formats, or with

116-633: A software architecture model that fully implements the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model on 22 September 2020. An appliance developed on the architecture model has been available since October 2020. The architecture model is based exclusively on de facto and de jure standards and the appliance developed according to it was realised exclusively with open source products. The three main standards are Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) , Representational State Transfer (REST) and OpenID Connect (OIDC) . Scalability, distributability and extensibility are further essential features and enable

145-568: Is both more extensive than and different from the metadata used for managing collections of printed works and other physical materials. METS is intended to promote the preservation of, and interoperability between digital libraries. The open flexibility of METS means that there is not a prescribed vocabulary which allows many different types of institutions, with many different document types, to utilize METS. The customization of METS makes it highly functional internally, but creates limitations for interoperability. Interoperability becomes difficult when

174-619: Is the most widely used criteria for determining if a license is open source , is itself is derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Although it is similar to David Wiley 's defunct Open Content License (which allows retaining, revising, remixing, reusing, and redistributing open content works), the Open Definition is more specific. It is concerned with freedom of access and reuse, rather than open governance . The definition's stated purpose

203-438: Is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". The definition (version 2.1) contains the following summary: "Knowledge is open if anyone is free to access, use, modify, and share it—subject, at most, to measures that preserve provenance and openness". The previous version (1.0) stated that "A piece of content or data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to

232-484: Is to set the standard for the activities that are involved in preserving a digital archive rather than the method for carrying out those activities. The acronym OAIS should not be confused with OAI, which is the Open Archives Initiative . The OAIS environment involves the interaction of four entities: producers of information, consumers of information (or the designated community ), management, and

261-482: The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems , a body dedicated to overseeing space agencies, as digital preservation has become a discipline unto itself, the OAIS has become the standard model for digital preservation systems at many institutions and organizations. OAIS-compliance has been a stated fundamental design requirement for major digital preservation and repository development efforts at

290-711: The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems ; this text is identical to ISO 16363:2012 which forms the basis of the ISO audit and certification of Trustworthy Repositories, described at iso16363.org . The ISO 19165:1-2018 recommends the use of the Open Packaging Conventions to implement the Geospatial Package. As part of #WeMissiPres , Frank Obermeit, a computer scientist at the State Archives of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany , presented

319-993: The National Archives and Records Administration , Library of Congress , British Library , Bibliothèque nationale de France , National Library of the Netherlands , the Digital Curation Centre in the UK, OCLC (the Online Computer Library Center), the JSTOR (Journal Storage) scholarly journal archive, as well as several university library systems. Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation, C-DAC , India has implemented OAIS for National Cultural Audiovisual Archive (NCAA) which has been certified as Trusted Digital Repository as per ISO 16363: 2012 during November 2017. This initiative

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348-463: The open-source and free software movements , the Open Definition prioritizes license compatibility over copyleft principles requiring derivative works to be released under a free license. The Open Definition contains requirements for content licenses to be considered open licenses , and the OKF maintains a list of compatible licenses. The definition also requires open access , machine readability , and

377-541: The "open way the standard was developed", and does not represent " open access ", or the usage of the term open in the Open Definition or Open Archives Initiative . The "I" in OAIS represents "information", meaning data that can be shared or exchanged. In this reference model there is a particular focus on digital information, both as the primary forms of information held and as supporting information for both digitally and physically archived materials. Therefore,

406-418: The OAIS model it developed has proved useful to other organizations and institutions with digital archiving needs. OAIS, known as ISO 14721:2003, is widely accepted and utilized by various organizations and disciplines, both national and international, and was designed to ensure preservation. The OAIS standard, published in 2005, is considered the optimum standard to create and maintain a digital repository over

435-490: The Open Definition requires freedom of reuse as well as freedom of access. Thus, many open access scientific publications do not meet the Open Definition. The OKF's Open Software Service Definition requires that the software service 's code be free and open-source software and any non-personal data be available under the Open Definition. Lawyer Andrew Katz criticizes this definition for not doing enough to guarantee transparency and prevent vendor lock-in , which occurs when

464-464: The Open Definition. Most of the community involved in open data supports the Open Definition over competing ones, such as that offered by the technology firm Gartner —which only covers use and redistribution. The value that the Open Definition provides as a standard is maintaining license compatibility and preventing the openness of data from being reduced by data sharing and reuse policies. In contrast to some other definitions of open knowledge,

493-519: The archive itself. The management component of the OAIS environment is not an entity that carries out day-to-day maintenance of an archive but a person or group that sets policies for the content contained in the archive. The OAIS model also defines an information model. Physical or digital items which contain information are known as data objects. Members of the Designated Community for an archive should be able to interpret and understand

522-541: The current METS schema, officially named in April of that year. OAIS The term Open Archival Information System (or OAIS ) refers to the ISO OAIS Reference Model for an OAIS. This reference model is defined by recommendation CCSDS 650.0-B-2 of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems ; this text is identical to = 57284 ISO 14721:2012 . The CCSDS's purview is space agencies, but

551-421: The definition, but this practice would likely lead to compatibility issues in the event of reuse. With the Open Definition, copyleft provisions—requiring reuse of content to be available under a free license—are allowed but not encouraged. The focus is more on license compatibility. Licenses that are noncommercial-only (prohibiting use of content for financial gain) or do not allow derivative works do not meet

580-565: The development of a system that combined encoding for an outline of a digital object's structure with metadata for that object. In 1998 this work was expanded upon by the Making of America II project (MoAII). An important objective of this project was the creation of a standard for digital objects that would include defined metadata for the descriptive, administrative, and structural aspects of a digital object. A type of structural and metadata encoding system using an XML Document Type Definition (DTD)

609-417: The elimination or reduction of technological barriers and pricing. The definition lists nine areas in which the license must be open and seven restrictions that may be placed on the content. The OKF maintains lists of compatible and incompatible licenses that can be applied to knowledge. As of 2017 , it was recommending, in particular, six licenses. It would be possible to draft a bespoke license that met

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638-475: The exporting and importing institutions have used vocabularies. As a workaround for this problem the creation of institutional profiles has become popular. These profiles document the implementation of METS specific to that institution helping to map content in order for exchanged METS documents to be more usable across institutions. As early as 1996 the University of California, Berkeley began working toward

667-508: The information contained in a data object either because of their established knowledge base or with the assistance of supplementary "representation information" that is included with the data object. An information package includes the following information objects: There are three types of information package in the OAIS reference model: These three information packages may or may not be identical to each other. There are six functional entities in an OAIS: Although originally developed by

696-560: The model accommodates information that is inherently non-digital (e.g., a physical sample ), but the modeling and preservation of such information is not addressed in detail. As strictly a conceptual framework, the OAIS model does not require the use of any particular computing platform, system environment, system design paradigm, system development methodology, database management system, database design paradigm, data definition language, command language, system interface, user interface, technology, or media for an archive to be compliant. Its aim

725-412: The requirement to attribute and/or share-alike ." The new version makes it clear that using digital rights management (DRM) technology to reduce openness is not allowed. The definition contains detailed criteria for open knowledge. In terms of open data , the definition covers the four main aspects: As such, the requirements of the Open Definition extend beyond open licensing by also requiring

754-499: The use in organisations of different sizes. Open Definition The Open Definition (formerly Open Knowledge Definition ) is published by the Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) to define openness for any type of data , content , or other knowledge . The definition's stated purpose is to "[make] precise the meaning of ‘open’ with respect to knowledge". Although it draws philosophically from both

783-452: The use of open formats . The OKF's Open Software Service Definition is derived from the Open Definition. The Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a United-Kingdom-based NGO that began work on the definition in 2006. According to the OKF, the Open Definition is "substantially derivative" of Bruce Perens ' Open Source Definition and intends to continue Richard Stallman ’s "ideals of software freedom ". The Open Source Definition, which

812-608: Was a part of Indian National Digital Preservation Program (NDPP) . The OAIS has been the basis of numerous prominent digital preservation initiatives and standards including the Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies working group and the Trustworthy Repositories Audit & Certification (TRAC) document from OCLC. which was an initial draft of, and subsequently superseded by, CCSDS 652.1-M-2 of

841-466: Was the result of these efforts. The MoAII DTD was limited in that it did not provide flexibility in which metadata terms could be used for the elements in the descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata portions of the object. In 2001, a new version of the DTD was developed that used namespaces separate from the system rather than the vocabulary of the previous DTD. This revision was the foundation for

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