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131-605: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS , often pronounced / ˈ æ m p æ s / AM -pass ; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy ) is a professional honorary organization in Beverly Hills, California , U.S., with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by

262-436: A "major studio" until 1984, when it joined 20th Century Fox, Columbia, Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer, Paramount, Universal, and Warner Bros. to comprise the "Big Seven." The decay of MGM in 1986 lead the studio to become a mini-major upon its sale in 1986, reducing the majors to the "Big Six". In 1989, Sony acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment, which became Sony Pictures Entertainment in 1991. In 2019, Disney acquired Fox , reducing

393-470: A 1935 merger), Warner Bros., and RKO. The remaining majors were sometimes referred to as the "Little Three" or "major minor" studios. Two—Universal and Columbia (founded in 1924)—were organized similarly to the Big Five, except for the fact that they never owned more than small theater circuits (a consistently reliable source of profits). The third of the lesser majors, United Artists (founded in 1919), owned

524-519: A 1967 merger with the Seven Arts company preceded a 1969 purchase by Kinney National , under Stephen J. Ross . MGM, in the process of a slow decline, changed ownership twice in the same span as well, winding up in the hands of financier Kirk Kerkorian also in 1969. The majors almost entirely abandoned low-budget production during this era, bringing the annual average of features released down to 160. The decade also saw Disney/Buena Vista commanding

655-411: A 2003 lawsuit representing former attendees of Beverly Hills High School, approximately 280 of which having suffered from cancers allegedly tied to the drilling operations. The oil site on the high school grounds is in the process of being shut down. According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city were: Beverly Hills is a general law city governed by

786-516: A New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International . The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International. In July 2015, it

917-444: A board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches. As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world. The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards , both officially and popularly known as "The Oscars". In addition,

1048-459: A distribution company for several independent producers, later began producing its own films, and was eventually acquired by MGM in 1981. Columbia Pictures eventually merged in 1987 with Tri-Star Pictures to form Columbia Pictures Entertainment, now known as Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. During the Golden Age, Walt Disney Productions was an independent production company and not considered

1179-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 45.0% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

1310-426: A few theaters and had access to production facilities owned by its principals, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning money to independent producers and releasing their films. During the 1930s, the eight majors averaged a total of 358 feature film releases a year; in the 1940s, the four largest companies shifted more of their resources toward high-budget productions and away from B movies , bringing

1441-458: A five-member city council , including the mayor and vice mayor. The city council hires a city manager to carry out policies and serve as executive officer. Until 2017, every odd-numbered year, either two or three members were elected for four-year terms. However, in 2017, the council changed its cycle to conform with statewide elections; the first such election was held in March 2020. Each April,

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1572-563: A group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards. According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members),

1703-616: A joint venture with the University of Southern California , created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith , William C. deMille , Ernst Lubitsch , Irving Thalberg , and Darryl F. Zanuck . 1930 saw another move, to the Hollywood Professional Building , in order to accommodate

1834-534: A large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major. In 2006, DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount's then-corporate parent (Viacom, after other mergers and acquisitions and rebrandings, included its movie studio's well-known name when the parent company rebranded as Paramount Global in 2022). In late 2008, DreamWorks once again became an independent production company; its films were distributed by Disney's Touchstone Pictures until 2016, at which point distribution switched to Universal. Today,

1965-444: A leading position thereafter. The two emerging contenders were both newly formed companies. In 1978, Krim, Benjamin, and three other studio executives departed UA to found Orion Pictures as a joint venture with Warner Bros. It was announced optimistically as the "first major new film company in 50 years". Tri-Star Pictures was created in 1982 as a joint venture of future corporate sibling Columbia Pictures (at that time acquired by

2096-489: A population of 34,109. The population density was 5,973.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,306.2/km ). The racial makeup of Beverly Hills was 28,112 (82.4%) White (78.6% Non-Hispanic White), 746 (2.2%) African American , 48 (0.1%) Native American , 3,032 (8.9%) Asian , 12 (0.0%) Pacific Islander , 485 (1.4%) from other races , and 1,674 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,941 persons (5.7%). The Census reported that 33,988 people (99.6% of

2227-461: A prominent position in the market. Buoyed by the success of Mary Poppins , Disney achieved a 9% market share in 1964, more than Warner and its eventual subsidiary Fox. Though over the next two decades Disney/Buena Vista's share of the box-office would continue to reach this level, the studio was still not considered a major as it did not release many films, and those it did release were exclusively G-rated. The early 1970s were difficult years for all

2358-543: A retail and dining hub attracting locals, and in some sections attracting visitors from across the region and the world. South Beverly Drive, i.e. south of Wilshire Blvd., is another dining and shopping hub. Houses south of Wilshire Boulevard have more urban square and rectangular lots, in general smaller than those to the north. There are also more apartment buildings south of Wilshire Boulevard than anywhere else in Beverly Hills. Beverly Hills Post Office (BHPO)

2489-523: A second powerful Hollywood studio was established when Adolph Zukor merged his Famous Players Film Company movie production house with the Jesse L. Lasky Company to form Famous Players–Lasky . The combined studio acquired Paramount Pictures as a distribution arm and eventually adopted its name. That same year, William Fox relocated his Fox Film Corporation from Fort Lee, New Jersey to Hollywood and began expanding. In 1923, Walt Disney had founded

2620-408: A small scale in 1981, it was eventually spun off and now operates as a minor independent company.) In contrast, there was United Artists, which had long operated under the financing-distribution model the other majors were now progressively shifting toward. Under Arthur Krim and Robert Benjamin , who began managing the company in 1951, UA became consistently profitable. By 1956—when it released one of

2751-470: A special Academy Award for Technical Achievement . Fox, in the forefront of sound film technology along with Warner Bros., was also acquiring a sizable circuit of movie theaters to exhibit its product. The development of sound films like The Jazz Singer near the end of the Roaring Twenties resulted in a massive rush of Americans to movie theaters to watch the astonishing new "talkies". At

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2882-446: Is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role. Spike Lee , interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in

3013-443: Is a designated historical landmark. In the early 1930s, Santa Monica Park was renamed Beverly Gardens and was extended to span the entire two-mile (3-kilometer) length of Santa Monica Boulevard through the city. The Electric Fountain marks the corner of Santa Monica Blvd. and Wilshire Blvd. with a small sculpture at the top of a Tongva kneeling in prayer. In April 1931, the new Italian Renaissance -style Beverly Hills City Hall

3144-723: Is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater , a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel. The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study , located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford , houses several Academy departments, including

3275-408: Is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films). The majors enjoy "significant internal economies of scale " from their "extensive and efficient [distribution] infrastructure," while it is "nearly impossible" for a film to reach a broad international theatrical audience without being first picked up by one of the majors for distribution. Today, all the Big Five major studios are also members of

3406-429: Is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library , a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library

3537-470: Is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event. The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures ,

3668-583: Is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The board of governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy. From the original formal banquet, which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy: Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms. Source: "Academy Story" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from

3799-1056: Is the name given to a section directly north of the Beverly Hills city limits that lies within the 90210 ZIP code, assigned to the Beverly Hills Post Office, but is part of the City of Los Angeles. Along with the Los Angeles communities of Bel-Air and Brentwood , Beverly Hills is one of the "Three Bs", a wealthy area in the Los Angeles Westside . Beverly Hills has a warm Mediterranean climate and receives an average 15 inches (380 mm) of rain per year. Summers are marked by warm to hot temperatures with very little wind, while winters are mild to moderate, with occasional rain alternating with periods of Santa Ana winds . Measurable snowfall has been recorded only in 1882, 1922, 1932, 1949 and 1958. The 2010 United States Census reported that Beverly Hills had

3930-531: Is what we know now as the Academy Awards . The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard . In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized

4061-827: The Academy Film Archive , the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater , which seats 286 people. The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study

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4192-563: The Beverly Wilshire Apartment Hotel (now the Beverly Wilshire Hotel) opened on Wilshire Boulevard between El Camino and Rodeo drives, part of the old Beverly Hills Speedway . That same year, oilman Edward L. Doheny finished construction of Greystone Mansion , a 55-room mansion meant as a wedding present for his son Edward L. Doheny Jr. The house is now owned by the city of Beverly Hills and

4323-526: The Coca-Cola Company ), HBO (then owned by Warner Bros. Discovery's predecessor Time Inc. ), and CBS . In 1985, Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation acquired 20th Century-Fox (thus dropping that name's hyphen), the last of both the classic Hollywood majors to be taken over by an outside corporation and five relatively healthy Golden Age majors to remain independent throughout that era and after until its eventual sale to Disney in 2019 brought back

4454-474: The Great Depression , the Academy lost all credibility among studio employee members with respect to labor issues when it took the side of the major film studios in the latter's efforts to convince employees to agree to voluntary reductions in wages and salaries. The Academy thus evolved into its modern role as an honorary organization. One of several committees formed in the Academy's initial days

4585-619: The Motion Picture Association (MPA) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP). Summary of the 2023 North American market share of each studio. The current "Big Five" majors (Universal, Paramount, Warner Bros., Disney, and Sony) all originate from film studios that were active during Hollywood's "Golden Age." Four of these were among that original era's " Eight Majors ," being that era's original "Big Five" plus its "Little Three," collectively

4716-584: The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood , Los Angeles. The Academy opened the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021. The notion of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer , head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and improve

4847-648: The first Warner Bros. Studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. On April 4, 1923, the Warner Bros. incorporated their fledgling movie company as " Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. ". Though their first film was My Four Years in Germany , Warner Bros. released their full-fledged movie The Jazz Singer in 1927. Warner Bros. were the pioneers of the sound film era as they established Vitaphone . Because of The Jazz Singer' s success (along with Lights of New York , The Singing Fool and The Terror ), Warner Bros.

4978-568: The poverty line , including 9.5% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% ages 65 or older. Beverly Hills is home to one Fortune 500 company, Live Nation Entertainment . Since August 22, 2011, the headquarters of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer has been located in Beverly Hills after a significant film history established close by on the main original studio lots in Culver City. The talent agencies United Talent Agency , William Morris Endeavor , Paradigm Talent Agency , The Gersh Agency , and Agency for

5109-464: The runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles. The Big Five major studios are also members of the Motion Picture Association (MPA) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP). Secondary studio New Line Cinema June 18, 1967 20th Century Studios May 31, 1935 TriStar Pictures March 2, 1982 Other major film studios of

5240-533: The "flats" of Beverly Hills, which is a relatively flat area that slopes away from the hills, and includes all of Beverly Hills south of Sunset Boulevard and north of Santa Monica Boulevard . This area includes Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts . In a triangle between Santa Monica Bl., Wilshire Bl. and Crescent Drive is Downtown Beverly Hills also known as the Golden Triangle ,

5371-488: The 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography. In 2009,

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5502-454: The 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, which included multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond

5633-401: The 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members. While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of other people of color artists, in front of and behind the camera. In 2018,

5764-429: The 20th century included: "Instant major" is a 1960s coined term for a film company that seemingly overnight had approached the status of major." In 1967, three "instant major" studios popped up, two of which were partnered with a television network theatrical film unit, with the most lasting until 1973: Mini-major studios (or "mini-majors") are the larger, independent film production companies that are smaller than

5895-622: The Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs , the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy, denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all." When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV , president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch

6026-417: The Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female. On June 29, 2016, a paradigm shift began in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women and 41% people of color. The effort to diversify

6157-638: The Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California , and

6288-617: The Academy invited a record 928 new members. Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019. In 2020, Parasite became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture . In June 2022, Bill Kramer was named the CEO of the Academy. Also in 2022, Janet Yang was elected as the first Asian American President of the Academy. The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in

6419-399: The Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians. The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations." During

6550-471: The Academy was led by social activist and Broadway Black managing-editor April Reign . Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With

6681-685: The Amalgamated Oil Company, bought the Hammel and Denker ranch, and began looking for oil. They did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property "Beverly Hills", subdivided it, and began selling lots. The development was named "Beverly Hills" after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts , and because of

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6812-441: The Big Five for the first time since then. By 1986, the combined share of the six classic majors — Paramount, MGM/UA, Fox, Warner Bros., Columbia and Universal — fell to 64%, the lowest since the beginning of the Golden Age. Fox's future parent company Disney was in third place, behind only Paramount and Warner. Even including Disney/Buena Vista as a seventh major and adding its 10% share (only for them to acquire Fox 33 years later),

6943-432: The Big Five major studios are primarily financial backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies – either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film. For example, Disney and Sony Pictures distribute their films through affiliated divisions ( Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and Sony Pictures Releasing , respectively), while

7074-630: The Big Five still based in Hollywood and located entirely within the official city limits of the City of Los Angeles. Warner Bros. and Disney are both located in Burbank , while Universal is in the nearby unincorporated area of Universal City , and Sony is in Culver City . Disney is the only studio that has been owned by the same conglomerate since its founding. The offices of that parent entity are still located on Disney's studio lot and in

7205-486: The Big Five, there are several smaller U.S. production and distribution companies, known as independents or "indies." The leading independent producers and distributors such as Lionsgate Studios , the aforementioned Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (now owned by Amazon ), A24 , and STX Entertainment , are sometimes referred to as "mini-majors." From 1998 through 2005, during a portion of the Big Six period, DreamWorks SKG commanded

7336-553: The City of Beverly Hills received the Livability Award from the United States Conference of Mayors for its Ambassador Program, which takes care of the city's homeless population. The Beverly Hills Community Dog Park was dedicated on September 6, 2016. Beverly Hills and the neighboring city of West Hollywood are together entirely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles. Beverly Hills is bordered on

7467-710: The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio and The Disney Brothers Features Company with his brother Roy and animator Ub Iwerks . Renamed as Walt Disney Productions , Disney became a powerful independent over the next three decades focusing on animation with its shorts and films being distributed over the years by various majors; primarily Leslie B. Mace, Winkler Pictures, Universal Pictures, Celebrity Productions, Cinephone, Columbia Pictures, United Artists, United Artists Pictures and finally RKO. In its first year in 1928, Celebrity Productions and Cinephone had released its first blockbuster Steamboat Willie . In

7598-479: The International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences". Several organizational meetings were held prior to

7729-452: The Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs. The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to

7860-705: The New York–based Trust was arguably the first major North American movie conglomerate. The independents' fight against the Trust was led by Carl Laemmle , whose Chicago-based Laemmle Film Service, serving the Midwest and Canada, was the largest distribution exchange in North America. Laemmle's efforts were rewarded in 1912 when the U.S. government ruled that the Trust was a "corrupt and unlawful association" and must be dissolved. On June 8, 1912, Laemmle organized

7991-422: The Performing Arts are based in Beverly Hills. Hilton Hotels Corporation formerly had its corporate headquarters in Beverly Hills. The original headquarters of GeoCities (at first Beverly Hills Internet) was at 9401 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills. The large Beverly Hills Oil Field has four urban drilling islands, which drill diagonally into the earth underneath the city. One drilling island occasioned

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8122-537: The Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members. Five people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available. The following members have voluntarily resigned from

8253-585: The United States and became a global discussion . Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences. The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020. Members are able to see many new films for free at

8384-559: The aforementioned Universal under Lew Wasserman in 1962, the later half of the 1960s were marked by four others — Paramount, United Artists, Warner Bros., and MGM — involved in a spate of corporate takeovers that left Columbia, Fox, and its eventual parent company Disney under original ownership. Gulf+Western took over Paramount in 1966; and the Transamerica Corporation purchased United Artists in 1967. Warner Bros. underwent large-scale reorganization twice in two years:

8515-604: The area. The city is well known for its Rodeo Drive shopping district that includes many designer brands. Throughout its history, the city has been home to many celebrities . It is noted for numerous hotels and resorts , including the Beverly Hilton and the Beverly Hills Hotel . The city has been featured in many movies, television series , music , and media , in the United States and internationally. After its initial settlement in 1828, Beverly Hills

8646-459: The biggest blockbusters of the decade, Around the World in 80 Days —it commanded a 10% market share. By the middle of the next decade, it had reached 16% and was the second-most profitable studio in Hollywood. Despite RKO's collapse, the remaining seven majors still averaged a total yearly release slate of 253 feature films during the decade. Following MCA Inc. 's acquisition of Decca Records and

8777-408: The city council meets and chooses one of its members as mayor and one as vice-mayor. As of April 2024, Lester Friedman is mayor, Sharona Nazarian is vice mayor, and John Mirisch , Craig Corman, and Mary Wells are councilmembers. Nancy Hunt-Coffey serves as city manager. Major film studios Since the dawn of filmmaking , the major U.S. film studios have dominated both American cinema and

8908-402: The city was 85.06% White , 1.77% African American , 0.13% Native American , 7.05% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.50% from other races , and 4.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.63% of the population. There were 15,035 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 8.1% had

9039-401: The classic majors. Movie attendance, which had been declining steadily since the end of the Golden Age, hit an all-time low by 1971. In 1973, MGM president James T. Aubrey drastically downsized the studio, slashing its production schedule and eliminating its distribution arm (UA would distribute the studio's films for the remainder of the decade). From fifteen releases in 1973, the next year MGM

9170-557: The club of major studios and two significant contenders emerged. With the combined output of Walt Disney Pictures , the establishment of the Touchstone Pictures brand in 1984, and increasing attention to the adult live-action market during the early 1980s, Disney/Buena Vista secured acknowledgment as a full-fledged major. Film historian Joel Finler identifies 1986 as the breakthrough year, when Disney rose to third place in market share and remained consistently competitive for

9301-469: The companies outside of the then-seven majors and Disney had combined for a grand total of 1%. In the first edition of Finler's The Hollywood Story (1988), he wrote, "It will be interesting to see whether the old-established studios will be able to bounce back in the future, as they have done so many times before, or whether the newest developments really do reflect a fundamental change in the US movie industry for

9432-662: The construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Academy Reports (No. 1): Incandescent Illumination in July 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Research Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences trained Signal Corps officers, during World War II , who later won two Oscars, for Seeds of Destiny and Toward Independence . In 1929, Academy members, in

9563-544: The courts for years for control of fundamental motion picture patents, won a major decision. This led to the creation of the Motion Picture Patents Company , widely known as the Trust. Comprising the eight largest U.S. film companies, it was "designed to eliminate not only independent film producers but also the country's 10,000 independent [distribution] exchanges and exhibitors." Though its many members did not consolidate their filmmaking operations,

9694-571: The decades that followed, Disney and its associated distributors were able to achieve occasional successes, but its relatively small output and exclusive focus on G-rated films meant that it was not generally considered to be one of the majors. The Motion Picture Theatre Owners of America and the Independent Producers' Association declared war in 1925 on what they termed a common enemy — the "film trust" of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Paramount, and First National , which they claimed dominated

9825-500: The eight film studios that controlled as much as 96% of the market during the 1930s and 1940s. In addition to being members of today's "Big Five," Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. were also part of the original "Big Five," along with RKO Pictures , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and 20th Century Fox . Universal Pictures was, during that early era, considered one of the "Little Three," along with United Artists and Columbia Pictures . RKO went defunct in 1959. United Artists began as

9956-619: The eight majors' box-office domination, it somewhat leveled the playing field between the Big Five and the Little Three. In November 1951, Decca Records purchased 28% of Universal; early the following year, the studio became the first of the classic Hollywood majors to be taken over by an outside corporation, as Decca acquired majority ownership. In 1953, Disney established its own distribution division, Buena Vista Film Distribution , to handle its own product which had been largely distributed by RKO. The 1950s also saw two substantial shifts in

10087-472: The end of 1949, when Paramount divested its theater chain—roughly the period considered Hollywood's Golden Age—there were eight Hollywood studios commonly regarded as the "majors". Of these eight, the so-called Big Five were integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a production studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel: Loews/MGM, Paramount, Fox (which became 20th Century-Fox after

10218-481: The enlarging staff, and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence." They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine , while

10349-469: The film industry's image. In other words, the Academy was originally founded as a company union . He met with actor Conrad Nagel , director Fred Niblo , and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into

10480-490: The first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Biltmore Hotel . At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed. That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison . Initially,

10611-530: The first times since the 20s." With the exception of MGM/UA—whose position was effectively supplanted by Disney—the old-established studios did bounce back. The aforementioned purchase of 20th Century Fox by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation left its future parent company Disney under original ownership and presaged a new round of corporate acquisitions not long afterward. As part of that series, Columbia, Paramount and Warner Bros. received new owners once and for all while Universal changed corporate hands until

10742-524: The global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal. Today, the Big Five majors – Universal Pictures , Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. , Walt Disney Studios , and Sony Pictures – routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets (that is, where discretionary income

10873-655: The grounds of the Doheny Ranch and developed it into the Trousdale Estates , convincing the city of Beverly Hills to annex it. The neighborhood has been home to Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Tony Curtis , Ray Charles , President Richard Nixon , as well as, in later years, Jennifer Aniston , David Spade , Vera Wang and John Rich . Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran , many Persian Jews settled in Beverly Hills. In

11004-490: The hierarchy of the majors: RKO, perennially the weakest of the Big Five, declined rapidly under the mismanagement of Howard Hughes , who had purchased a controlling interest in the studio in 1948. By the time Hughes sold it to the General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955, the studio was a major by outdated reputation alone. In 1957, virtually all RKO movie operations ceased and the studio was dissolved in 1959. (Revived on

11135-554: The hills in the area. The Los Angeles Times reported on September 2, 1906: Percy H. Clark Company are managing the development of the foothill portion of the Hammel & Denker ranch for the Rodeo Land and Water Company (the Canfield-Huntington-Kerckhoff syndicate), to be known as Beverly Hills. No expense is being spared to make this a fine suburban district. . . . The property has been laid out on beautiful curved lines. The first house in

11266-633: The inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award , the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award . In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of

11397-400: The industry by not only producing and distributing motion pictures, but by entering into exhibition as well. On October 6, 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer , starring Al Jolson , and a whole new era began, with "pictures that talked", bringing the studio to the forefront of the film industry. The Jazz Singer played to standing-room-only crowds throughout the country and earned

11528-615: The late 1990s, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) proposed to build an extension of the Metro D Line along Wilshire Boulevard and into Downtown Beverly Hills, but the city had opposed it. The D Line Extension will ultimately be completed by 2027 and will include a station at Wilshire Blvd and Rodeo Drive . In 2001, LACMTA then proposed a bus rapid transit route down Santa Monica Blvd., but this

11659-648: The library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street. In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin , which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database . This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library . Another publication of

11790-429: The major studios and attempt to compete directly with them. Secondary studio Orion Pictures January 1978 Summit Entertainment July 26, 1991 Past mini-majors include: Semi-major studios (or "semi-majors") are significant studios that are sisters to or had a stake held by a major film studio. Secondary studio DreamWorks Pictures October 12, 1994 In 1909, Thomas Edison , who had been fighting in

11921-405: The majors to a new "Big Five" for the first time since Hollywood's Golden Age. Thus, Paramount and Warner are the only Golden Age Big Five members to remain as majors today with the same names, while 20th Century Studios continues to be a major under the ownership of Disney. While the Big Five's main studio lots are located within 15 miles (24 km) of each other, Paramount is the only member of

12052-522: The majors' control of the North American market was at a historic ebb. Orion (now completely independent of Warner) and Tri-Star were well positioned as mini-majors, each with North American market shares of around 6% and regarded by industry observers as "fully competitive with the majors", much like MGM and Lionsgate by the turn of the century. Smaller independents garnered 13%—more than any studio aside from Paramount. In 1964, by comparison, all of

12183-471: The market. Ten years later, the picture was largely the same: the Big Five had market shares ranging from 22% (MGM) to 9% (RKO); the Little Three had shares ranging from 8% (Columbia) to 4% (United Artists). In sum, the eight majors controlled 96% of the market. The end of the Golden Age had been signaled by the majors' loss of a federal antitrust case that led to the divestiture of the Big Five's theater chains. Though this had virtually no immediate effect on

12314-692: The merger of his production division, IMP (Independent Motion Picture Company), with several other filmmaking companies, creating the Universal Film Manufacturing Company in New York City . By the end of the year, Universal was making movies at two Los Angeles facilities: the former Nestor Film studio in Hollywood, and another studio in Edendale . The first Hollywood major studio was in business. In 1918, four brothers— Harry , Albert , Sam , and Jack Warner —founded

12445-399: The mid-1970s, the industry had rebounded and a significant philosophical shift was in progress. As the majors focused increasingly on the development of the next hoped-for blockbuster and began routinely opening each new movie in many hundreds of theaters (an approach called "saturation booking"), their collective yearly release average fell to 81 films during 1975–84. The classic set of majors

12576-464: The mid-2000s. Paramount's parent company Gulf+Western was renamed Paramount Communications and Coca-Cola sold Columbia to Japanese electronics firm Sony in 1989, creating Sony Pictures . The following year, Warner Communications merged with Time Inc. to birth Time Warner and Universal's parent company MCA was purchased by fellow Japanese electronics conglomerate Matsushita . At this time, both Tri-Star and Orion were essentially out of business:

12707-731: The midst of the 2015 drought , Beverly Hills was found to be one of the largest water consumers in California. As a result, it was asked by the state to reduce consumption by 36%, prompting many residents to replace their lawns with native plants . Meanwhile, the city government replaced the grass in front of the City Hall with Mexican sage . In September 2015, the City of Beverly Hills signed an agreement with Israel to work together on water use as well as "cybersecurity, public health, emergency services, disaster preparedness, public safety, counterterrorism and art and culture". In July 2016,

12838-508: The neighboring smaller city of West Hollywood to the east) is entirely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles . According to the 2020 census , the city has a population of 32,701, marking a decrease of 1,408 from the 2010 census count of 34,109. In American popular culture , Beverly Hills has been known primarily as an affluent location within Greater Los Angeles, which corresponds to higher property values and taxes in

12969-438: The newest facility associated with the Academy, is the United States' first large-scale museum dedicated to the film industry. Its scheduled opening was on September 30, 2021, and it contains over 290,000 square feet (27,000 m) of galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The museum is located in the historic May Company Building , now named Saban Building. The Academy also has

13100-806: The northwest by the Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel-Air and the Santa Monica Mountains , on the east by West Hollywood, the Carthay neighborhood of Los Angeles, and the Fairfax District of Los Angeles, and on the south by the Beverlywood neighborhood of Los Angeles. The area's " Platinum Triangle " is formed by the city of Beverly Hills and the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Bel Air and Holmby Hills . The ZIP codes for Beverly Hills are 90209 (P.O. boxes only), 90210, 90211, 90212, and 90213 (P.O. boxes only). Most residents live in

13231-486: The organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called

13362-512: The organization: The nineteen branches of the Academy are (in no particular order): As of April 2020, the board of governors consists of 57 governors: three governors from each of the 18 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013. The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013. The board of governors

13493-690: The original on April 1, 2015 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . [REDACTED] Media related to Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at Wikimedia Commons Beverly Hills, California Beverly Hills is a city located in Los Angeles County, California , United States. A notable and historic suburb of Los Angeles , it is located just southwest of the Hollywood Hills , approximately 12.2 miles (19.6 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . Beverly Hills' land area totals 5.71 square miles (14.8 km ) and (together with

13624-507: The others function as both production and distribution companies. The specialty divisions (such as Disney's Searchlight Pictures and Universal's Focus Features ) often acquire distribution rights to films in which the studio has had no prior involvement. While the majors still do a modicum of true production, their activities are focused more in the areas of development, financing, marketing, and merchandising. Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles, even though

13755-463: The peak of the fad, every person in the United States over the age of six was watching a motion picture in a theater at least once a week. The box office revenue from the first sound films is what enabled the Hollywood majors to achieve their lasting domination of the global film industry. Between late 1928, when RCA 's David Sarnoff engineered the creation of the RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum) studio, and

13886-644: The population) lived in households, 121 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 14,869 households, out of which 3,759 (25.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,613 (44.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,354 (9.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 494 (3.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 460 (3.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 131 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 5,400 households (36.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,834 (12.3%) had someone living alone who

14017-553: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 16,248 people (47.6%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Beverly Hills had a median household income of $ 86,141, with 8.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 33,784 people, 15,035 households, and 8,269 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,954.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,298.9/km ). There were 15,856 housing units at an average density of 2,794.4/mi (1,079.7/km ). The racial makeup of

14148-551: The present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard . The area was settled by Californio ranchera María Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828. They called their 4,500 acres (18 km ) of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas . In 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson (1811–1878) and Henry Hancock (1822–1883). By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres (0.30 km ) and

14279-686: The public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020. The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater , which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater

14410-404: The room." Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes." After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith , and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of

14541-819: The same building . Meanwhile, Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which is owned by Tokyo-based Sony Group Corporation and is the only US film studio owned by a foreign conglomerate, while Universal is owned by Philadelphia-based Comcast (via NBCUniversal ), and the other two report to corporations headquartered in New York City — Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery . Most of today's Big Five also control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures (e.g., Universal's Focus Features ) or genre films (e.g., Sony's Screen Gems ); several other specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010. Outside of

14672-414: The spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in their career. Academy membership is divided into 19 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to

14803-474: The subdivision was built in 1907, but sales remained slow. Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property, unless they were employed as servants by white residents. It was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911. The hotel

14934-454: The utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land and Water Company. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921 and nicknamed " Pickfair " by the press. The glamour associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s, the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make

15065-431: The water supply a political issue. In 1923, the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers and Rudolph Valentino . The Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1928,

15196-418: The yearly average down to 288 for the decade. Among the significant characteristics of the Golden Age was the stability of the Hollywood majors, their hierarchy, and their near-complete domination of the box office. At the midpoint of the Golden Age, 1939, the Big Five had market shares ranging from 22% (MGM) to 9% (RKO); each of the Little Three had around a 7% share. In sum, the eight majors controlled 95% of

15327-670: Was Harold Lloyd , the silent film star. The NAACP participated in the defense, which was successful. In his decision, federal judge Thurmond Clarke said that it was time that "members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed to them under the 14th amendment." The United States Supreme Court declared restrictive covenants unenforceable in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer . A group of Jewish residents of Beverly Hills filed an amicus brief in this case. In 1956, Paul Trousdale (1915–1990) purchased

15458-407: Was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 70,945, and the median income for a family was $ 102,611. Males had a median income of $ 72,004 versus $ 46,217 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 65,507. About 7.9% of families and 9.1% of the population were below

15589-421: Was 43.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males. There were 16,394 housing units at an average density of 2,870.9 units per square mile (1,108.5 units/km ), of which 6,561 (44.1%) were owner-occupied, and 8,308 (55.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.0%. 17,740 people (52.0% of

15720-417: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29. There were 8,461 families (56.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.05. The population was spread out, with 6,623 people (19.4%) under the age of 18, 2,526 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 8,540 people (25.0%) aged 25 to 44, 9,904 people (29.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,516 people (19.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

15851-609: Was able to acquire a much larger studio in Burbank, which it began to use starting in 1928 (and which is famous for its signature water tower ). Warner Bros. eventually expanded its studio operations to Leavesden in London. Warner Bros. Studio Leavesden is the main studio in production of hit movies like the Harry Potter film series , The Dark Knight and the recent ones like The Batman and Ready Player One . In 1916,

15982-488: Was also opposed by the city and never built. This stretch of road is served by less efficient Metro Rapid buses using pre-existing roadways. By 2010, traffic in Beverly Hills and surrounding areas had deteriorated enough that the city's habitual opposition had largely turned to support for subways within the city limits. As part of the D Line Extension project, the D Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail

16113-474: Was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in. Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission. New membership proposals are considered annually in

16244-513: Was being rapidly bought up by Anglos from Los Angeles and the East coast. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it and used it for farming lima beans. At this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, they were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings. In 1900, Burton E. Green , Charles A. Canfield , Max Whittier , Frank H. Buck , Henry E. Huntington , William G. Kerckhoff , William F. Herrin , W.S. Porter, and Frank H. Balch formed

16375-438: Was down to five; its average for the rest of the 1970s would be even lower. Like RKO in its last days under Hughes, MGM remained a major in terms of brand reputation, but little more. Disney by contrast began to ascend towards major status through a resurgence in its animated movies, beginning with The Rescuers (1977), and the studio began to enter the adult market with The Black Hole (1979), its first non-G rated film. By

16506-499: Was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills, and by 1914 the population had grown enough to qualify for incorporation as an independent city. That same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the land company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of

16637-474: Was for "Awards of Merit", but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented. During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This "award of merit for distinctive achievement"

16768-409: Was intended in 2013 to be extended through Beverly Hills, adding two underground stations at Wilshire/La Cienega and Wilshire/Rodeo by the 2020s. The city of Beverly Hills widely opposed Proposition 8 , the 2008 ballot measure which repealed legal recognition of same-sex marriages. The proposition narrowly passed statewide, but in Beverly Hills, only 34% voted in favor, and 66% voted against it. In

16899-412: Was opened. In the early 1940s, black actors and businessmen had begun to move into Beverly Hills, despite the covenants allowing only whites to live in the city. A neighborhood improvement association attempted to enforce the covenant in court. The defendants included prominent artists Hattie McDaniel , Louise Beavers , and Ethel Waters . Among the white residents supporting the lawsuit against blacks

17030-464: Was originally a primarily agricultural community centered around Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas , a Mexican era rancho grant . Beverly Hills was first incorporated as a city in September 1914 by a group of investors who had failed to find oil but found water instead and eventually decided to develop it into a town. Gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3, 1769, traveling along native trails which followed

17161-400: Was shaken further in late 1980, when the disastrously expensive flop of Heaven's Gate effectively ruined United Artists. The studio was sold the following year to Kerkorian, who merged it with MGM. After a brief resurgence, the combined studio continued to decline. From 1986, MGM/UA has been at best a "mini-major", to use the present-day term. Meanwhile, a new member was finally admitted to

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