Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips , such as [k͡p] . They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant [kʷ] and the approximant [w] .
22-666: Mount Sabyinyo ("Sabyinyo" is derived from the Kinyarwanda word "Iryinyo", meaning "tooth"; also "Sabyinyo, Sabyinio") is an extinct volcano in eastern Africa in the Virunga Mountains . Mount Sabyinyo is the oldest volcano of the range. It is north-east of Lake Kivu , one of the African Great Lakes , and west of Lake Bunyonyi in Uganda . The summit of the mountain, at 3,669 metres (12,037 ft), marks
44-765: A voiceless implosive [ƙ͜ƥ] . Floyd (1981) and Clark (1990) report that voiced and voiceless implosives /ɠ͡ɓ, ƙ͜ƥ/ occur in Central Igbo. As stated above, the voiced implosive has been confirmed in Lese. The Yele language of Rossel Island , Papua New Guinea , has both labial–velars and labial–alveolar consonants . Labial–velar stops and nasals also occur in Vietnamese but only word-finally. These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than consonant clusters . For example, Eggon contrasts /bɡ/ , /ɡb/ , and /ɡ͡b/ . The following possibilities are possible if tone
66-411: A few morphological contexts, the sequences 'ki' and 'ke' may be pronounced interchangeably as [ki] and [ke] or [ci] and [ce] according to speaker's preference. The letters ⟨a, e, i⟩ at the end of a word followed by a word starting with a vowel often follows a pattern of omission in common speech ( sandhi ), though the orthography remains the same. Consider the following excerpt of
88-420: A variety of morphophonological changes in the preceding segment) and the subjunctive (ending in the morpheme -e ). According to Botne (1983), a verb may belong to any of eight Aktionsart categories, which may be broadly grouped into stative and dynamic categories. In the immediate tense, dynamic verbs take the imperfective stem while stative verbs take the perfective stem, while both use the imperfective stem in
110-679: Is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda . It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that is also spoken in adjacent parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda , where the dialect is known as Rufumbira or Urufumbira . Kinyarwanda is universal among the native population of Rwanda and is mutually intelligible with Kirundi , the national language of neighbouring Burundi. Kinyabwishya and Kinyamulenge are mutually intelligible dialects spoken in
132-589: Is ignored: Allophonic labial-velars are known from Vietnamese , where they are variants of the plain velar consonants /k/ and /ŋ/ . Some languages, especially in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu , combine the labial–velar consonants with a labial–velar approximant release : [k͡pʷ] , [ŋ͡mʷ] . The extinct language Volow had a prenasalised labial-velar stop with labialization [ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡bʷ] . Bilabial clicks are stops that involve closure at both
154-469: Is normally pronounced [ɾɡw] . The differences are the following: These are all sequences; [bɡ] , for example, is not labial-velar [ ɡ͡b ] . Even when Rwanda is pronounced [ɾwaːnda] rather than [ɾɡwaːnda] , the onset is a sequence, not a labialized [ɾʷ] . Kinyarwanda uses 16 of the Bantu noun classes . Sometimes these are grouped into 10 pairs so that most singular and plural forms of
176-529: Is only found in Lese , a Nilo-Saharan language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In Southeast Asia, they occur in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi) , which aside from its isolated location, is unusual in having a relatively large inventory of labial-velar consonants, including the rare aspirated version : /k͡pʰ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ᵑɡ͡b, ŋ͡m/ . Labial–velar stops can also occur as an ejective [k͡pʼ] (unattested) and
198-651: The North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of neighbouring DR Congo. In 2010, the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture (RALC) was established to help promote and sustain Kinyarwanda. The organization attempted an orthographic reform in 2014, but it was met with pushback due to their perceived top-down and political nature, among other reasons. Kinyarwanda is spoken in Rwanda , the Democratic Republic of
220-573: The Rwandan anthem : Reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka. would be pronounced as Reka tukurate tukuvug' ibigwi wow' utubumiye hamwe twes' abanyarwand' uko watubyaye berwa, sugira singizw' iteka. There are some discrepancies in pronunciation from orthographic Cw and Cy. The glides /w j/ strengthen to stops in consonant clusters. For example, rw (as in Rwanda )
242-424: The subject . Then a tense marker can be inserted. The class I prefixes y-/a- and ba- correspond to the third person for persons. The personal prefix n- becomes m- before a labial sound (p, b, f, v), while personal prefix tu- becomes du- under Dahl's Law. Every regular verb has three stems: the imperfective (ending in the morpheme -a ), the perfective (ending in the morpheme -:ye , which may trigger
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#1732802517616264-414: The Congo and Uganda . The table below gives the consonants of Kinyarwanda. The table below gives the vowel sounds of Kinyarwanda. Kinyarwanda is a tonal language . Like many Bantu languages , it has a two-way contrast between high and low tones (low-tone syllables may be analyzed as toneless). The realization of tones in Kinyarwanda is influenced by a complex set of phonological rules . Except in
286-568: The children to go . In this construction, the original S can be deleted. Abantu people ba-rá-bon-a. they- PRES -see- ASP Abantu ba-rá-bon-a. people they-PRES-see-ASP "People see" Ku-geenda INF -go gu-teer-a Labial-velar consonant Labial-velars are often written as digraphs . In the Kâte language , however, /k͡p/ is written Q q, and /ɡ͡b/ as Ɋ ɋ. Globally, these types of consonants are quite rare, only existing in two regions: West and Central Africa on
308-614: The critically endangered mountain gorilla . The mountain carries the local nickname "Old Man's Teeth," because its serrated summit resembles worn teeth in a gum line (in contrast to the perfect conical summits of the adjacent mountains in this range). The peaks of Mountain Sabyinyo , can be easily done and accessed and trekked along the foothills from the side of Mgahinga National park. in Uganda. Kinyarwanda Kinyarwanda , Rwandan or Rwanda , officially known as Ikinyarwanda ,
330-457: The habitual or gnomic tense. Simple tense/mood markers include the following: Object affixes corresponding to the noun classes of an object may be placed after the tense marker and before the verb stem: The personal object affixes are as follows: Kinyarwanda employs the use of periphrastic causatives , in addition to morphological causatives. The periphrastic causatives use the verbs -teer- and -tum- , which mean cause . With -teer- ,
352-583: The intersection of the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda , and Uganda, and holds religious significance for local tribes. It also is within the adjoining national parks established by these countries: Virunga National Park in the DRC, the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda. The slopes of Mt. Sabyinyo are a habitat for
374-399: The lips and the soft palate. Treatments often analyze the dorsal articulation as part of the airstream mechanism , and so consider such stops to be labial. However, there may be a distinction between the velar labial clicks [k͡ʘ ɡ͡ʘ ŋ͡ʘ] and the uvular labial clicks [q͡ʘ ɢ͡ʘ ɴ͡ʘ] , which is not captured if they are described as simply labial. Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to
396-434: The lips. While 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar so the preceding vowel sounds as if it were followed by a velar, and the following vowel sounds as if it were preceded by a labial. The order of the letters in ⟨ k͡p ⟩ and ⟨ ɡ͡b ⟩ is therefore not arbitrary but motivated by
418-489: The one hand, Eastern New Guinea and northern Vanuatu on the other. There are 2 other isolated cases, allophonically in Vietnamese and in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi). Truly doubly articulated labial-velars include the stops [k͡p, ɡ͡b] , the nasal [ŋ͡m] , and the implosive [ɠ͜ɓ] . To pronounce them, one must attempt to say the velar consonants but then close their lips for the bilabial component, and then release
440-563: The original subject becomes the object of the main clause, leaving the original verb in the infinitive (just like in English): Ábáana children b-a-gii-ye . they- PST -go- ASP Ábáana b-a-gii-ye . children they-PST-go-ASP "The children left ." Umugabo man y-a-tee-ye he- PST -cause- ASP ábáana children ku-geend-a . INF -go- ASP Umugabo y-a-tee-ye ábáana ku-geend-a . man he-PST-cause-ASP children INF-go-ASP "The man caused
462-512: The phonetic details of the sounds. Phonemic labial–velars occur in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa (for example in the name of Laurent Gbagbo , former president of Ivory Coast ; they are found in many Niger–Congo languages as well as in the Ubangian , Chadic and Central Sudanic families), and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea . The rare implosive
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#1732802517616484-412: The same word are included in the same class. The table below shows the 16 noun classes and how they are paired in two commonly used systems. All Kinyarwanda verb infinitives begin with ku- (morphed into k(w)- before vowels, and into gu- before stems beginning with a voiceless consonant due to Dahl's Law ). To conjugate , the infinitive prefix is removed and replaced with a prefix agreeing with
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