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37-611: Mozabite may refer to: the Mozabite people the Mozabite language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mozabite . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozabite&oldid=933005128 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

74-685: A result of a spike in anti-Semitism in the later 1800s and early 1900s, but the Mozabite Jewish community would remain small, with most Jewish migrants settling in the north. In 1882, when the French military annexed the M'zab, it began an administrative rule that was separate from the northern departments. Unlike their northern Jewish counterparts, many of the Mozabite Berber Jews in Southern Algeria were classified by

111-775: A sample of Arabs from Zriba , 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous), and 100% in Berbers from Chenini-Douiret , Jradou and Takrouna. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb ( Oran , Tunis , Algiers ). It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72.4% in Marrakesh Berbers, 80% in Mozabite , and 71% in Middle Atlas Berbers (Moyen). It also reaches high levels (77.8%) among

148-678: A substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, M81 is found in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic " demic diffusion " from the Middle East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from

185-768: Is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Middle East ; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa , with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands . E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe , and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa . The following phylogeny

222-577: Is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa by South Cushites into Southern Africa . So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with

259-579: Is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from

296-618: Is concentrated in North Africa, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 2284-2984 ybp. The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% in some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt. The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North African Berber -speaking populations. In Tunisia , it reached 100% frequency among

333-737: Is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia , and also some in the neighboring Somali population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara , and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta . E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara . Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for

370-406: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mozabite people Mozabites mainly live in five oases ; namely, Ghardaïa , Beni Isguen , El Atteuf , Melika and Bounoura , as well as two other isolated oases farther north: Berriane and El Guerrara . Ghardaïa is the capital of the confederation, followed in importance by Beni Isguen ,

407-708: Is estimated at 10600 years by yfull. Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century. A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE. Scientists have examined

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444-498: Is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72 . This is a subclade of E-M293. E-V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews . It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well. The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515

481-680: The Fertile Crescent via the Nile , although pastoralism rather than agriculture . E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia , or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro , Canary Islands , which are dated to

518-749: The Pasiegos from Cantabria , ranging from 18% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%). E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as Britain – especially Wales and Scotland – and France , where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91). E-M81

555-690: The Tuareg population inhabiting the Sahara in Burkina Faso , near Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger . In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean , report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West (but reports West to East for M183), accompanied by

592-931: The 10th century (~44%). Also found in ifri n'ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East. In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula , where unlike in the rest of Europe, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia , 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile . However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in

629-508: The 1500s, they recognized nominal Ottoman authority. After the capture of Laghouat by the French in 1852, the Mozabites concluded a convention in 1853 and accepted to pay an annual contribution of 1,800 francs in return for their independence. In November 1882, the M'zab country was definitely annexed to French Algeria . Since the establishment of French control, Beni Isguen has become

666-906: The Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America , for example 6.1% in Cuba , (8 out of 132), 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal , quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295), In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with

703-580: The DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981. E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago, but all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago. E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It

740-526: The French sought to assimilate the Northern Jewry as French citizens, they recognised religious rule of the Mozabite Jewish population and kept them separate under indigenous law, which meant severely limiting its political and social power. With anti-Semitism on the rise in the late 1800s, the French colonial powers sought to decrease Jewish commerce in the south and prevent further Jewish collaboration with Muslim communities. They continued to distance

777-576: The French under the “indigenous code”. Given the diversity of the M'zab Jewish population, the French administration incorporated some “culturally Saharan” but ethnically non-indigenous Jews to the north and gave them citizenship under the Crémieux Decree of 1870. That perceived distinction by the French between Berber and non-Berber Jews of the Mzab was not a reflection of “technical precision” but rather “a manufactured form of legal difference”. While

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814-532: The Ibadite leadership in the 14th century from Tunisia, as part of a merchant trade route. They continued as a merchant community, with subsequent waves of immigration during times of anti-Semitism across the Sahara, Europe, and the Middle East. In 1881, one year before the French annexed the M'zab, there were estimated 3,000 Mozabite Jews out of the 30,000 Algerian Jews. By 1921, the latter number would grow to 74,000,

851-737: The Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia , 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria . The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in

888-654: The M293 mutation. Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state... Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution. They also say that "M293

925-479: The Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan , and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon , Turkey , and amongst Sephardic Jews . The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes

962-570: The Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it

999-659: The Mozabite Jews from other Algerian Jewish affairs by keeping Mozabite, or “Mosaic” laws for civil matters, and French indigenous laws for public and criminal matters. It was not until 1961, with the French National Assembly Law 61-805, that the Mozabite Jews were granted “common law civil status” and French citizenship. Mozabite people are characterized by a very high level of North African haplogroups E1b1b1b (M81) (86%) and U6 (28%). Haplogroup E-Z827 E-Z827 , also known as E1b1b1b ,

1036-642: The Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at

1073-628: The chief commercial centre. In 767, a refugee Persian Ibadi leader founded the Rustamid Kingdom , leading to most of the Berber population adopting Ibadi Islam . After being defeated at Tiaret by the Fatimids in 911, they were banished to Ouargla in the Sahara and founded an independent state in the M'zab in 1012. In 1012, further persecutions made them flee to their present location, where they long remained invulnerable. In

1110-478: The confirmed sub-clades of E-M123 , E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin . The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia. E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade. A new clade (E-V1515)

1147-542: The depot for the sale of goods from Europe . The Mozabite engineers built a system of irrigation works that made the oases much more fertile than before. Mozabites speak the Mozabite language , a branch of the Zenati group of Berber languages. Many also speak Algerian Arabic as a second language. The Mozabite language is spoken by around 150,000 people. It is not canonically agreed when Jews first came to Southern Algeria, but one theory suggests they were sent there by

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1184-452: The majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008),

1221-409: The typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool. As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of

1258-733: Was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0,7% to 5,8% in Sardinia , approximately 2.12% overall in Sicily (but up to 7.14% in Piazza Armerina ), and in very much lower frequency near Lucera (1.7%), in continental Italy , possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic , Roman , and Carthaginian empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from Cosenza , Reggio Calabria , Lecce and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but

1295-472: Was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny. We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia ), where

1332-618: Was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara . Its TMRCA

1369-497: Was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times. Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia. E-M293

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