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41-513: The primary facilities provided by MAP are: The Mobile Application Part specifications were originally defined by the GSM Association, but are now controlled by ETSI/ 3GPP . MAP is defined by two different standards, depending upon the mobile network type: In cellular networks based on ANSI standards (currently CDMA2000 , in the past AMPS , IS-136 and cdmaOne ) plays the role of the MAP

82-456: A variety of other organizations as associate members ("market representation partners"). The 3GPP organizes its work into three different streams: Radio Access Networks , Services and Systems Aspects, and Core Network and Terminals. The project was established in December 1998 with the goal of developing a specification for a 3G mobile phone system based on the 2G GSM system, within

123-540: A 24-hour production plant, due to higher security and efficiency. The majority of automotive manufacturers companies have production plants in different countries, where different components of the same vehicle are built. IIoT makes it possible to connect these production plants to each other, creating the possibility to move within facilities. Big data can be visually monitored which enables companies to respond faster to fluctuations in production and demand. With IIOT support, large amounts of raw data can be stored and sent by

164-489: A Deloitte report states that by implementing an IIOT solution integrating data from multiple internal and external sources (such as work management system, control center, pipeline attributes, risk scores, inline inspection findings, planned assessments, and leak history), thousands of miles of pipes can be monitored in real-time. This allows monitoring of pipeline threats, improving risk management, and providing situational awareness. Benefits also apply to specific processes of

205-1104: A Market Representation Partner to take part in 3GPP, which: As of June 2021 , the Market Representation Partners are: 3GPP standards are structured as Releases . Discussion of 3GPP thus frequently refers to the functionality in one release or another. TSG SA groups focused on further enhancements to the 5G system and enablers for new features and services: Enhanced support of: non-public networks, industrial Internet of Things , low complexity NR devices, edge computing in 5GC, access traffic steering, switch and splitting support, network automation for 5G, network slicing , advanced V2X service, multiple USIM support, proximity-based services in 5GS, 5G multicast broadcast services, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), satellite access in 5G, 5GC location services, Multimedia Priority Service... Each release incorporates hundreds of individual Technical Specification and Technical Report documents, each of which may have been through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate

246-439: A Project Coordination Group, which is the highest decision-making body. Its missions include the management of overall timeframe and work progress. 3GPP standardization work is contribution-driven. Companies ("individual members") participate through their membership to a 3GPP Organizational Partner. As of December 2020, 3GPP is composed of 719 individual members. Specification work is done at WG and at TSG level: 3GPP follows

287-578: A network of smart devices as early as 1982, when a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University became the first internet-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. As early as in 1994, greater industrial applications were envisioned, as Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". The concept of

328-412: A similar protocol usually called IS-41 or ANSI-41 (ANSI MAP). Since 2000 it is maintained by 3GPP2 as N.S0005 and since 2004 it is named 3GPP2 X.S0004 . MAP is a Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) user, and as such can be transported using 'traditional' SS7 protocols or over IP using Transport Independent Signalling Connection Control Part (TI-SCCP) ; or using SIGTRAN . Yate

369-466: A third party HVAC vendor. The pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has been slow to adopt IIoT advances because of security concerns such as these. One of the difficulties in providing security solutions in IIoT applications is the fragmented nature of the hardware. Consequently, security architectures are turning towards designs that are software-based or device-agnostic. Hardware-based approaches, like

410-658: A three-stage methodology as defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.130: Test specifications are sometimes defined as stage 4, as they follow stage 3. Specifications are grouped into releases. A release consists of a set of internally consistent set of features and specifications. Timeframes are defined for each release by specifying freezing dates. Once a release is frozen, only essential corrections are allowed (i.e. addition and modifications of functions are forbidden). Freezing dates are defined for each stage. The 3GPP specifications are transposed into deliverables by

451-645: Is a partial open source implementation of MAP. In mobile cellular telephony networks like GSM and UMTS the SS7 application MAP is used. Voice connections are Circuit Switched (CS) and data connections are Packet Switched (PS) applications. Some of the GSM/UMTS Circuit Switched interfaces in the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) transported over SS7 include the following: There are also several GSM/UMTS PS interfaces in

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492-433: Is also enabled by IIoT due to the modularity and connectivity of this technology. While in the past they worked separately, IIoT now enables humans and robots to cooperate. Robots take on heavy and repetitive activities, so the manufacturing cycles are quicker and the vehicle comes to the market more rapidly. Factories can quickly identify potential maintenance issues before they lead to downtime and many of them are moving to

533-444: Is an evolution of a distributed control system (DCS) that allows for a higher degree of automation by using cloud computing to refine and optimize the process controls. The IIoT is enabled by technologies such as cybersecurity , cloud computing , edge computing , mobile technologies , machine-to-machine , 3D printing , advanced robotics , big data , internet of things , RFID technology, and cognitive computing . Five of

574-610: Is done in Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) and Working Groups (WGs). There are three Technical Specifications Groups, each of which consists of multiple WGs: The closure of GERAN was announced in January 2016. The specification work on legacy GSM/EDGE system was transferred to RAN WG, RAN6. RAN6 was closed in July 2020 ( https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/2128-r6_geran ). The 3GPP structure also includes

615-411: Is the infection of internet-connected industrial controllers, like in the case of Stuxnet , without the need for physical access to the system to spread the worm. Additionally, IIoT-enabled devices can allow for more “traditional” forms of cybercrime, as in the case of the 2013 Target data breach, where information was stolen after hackers gained access to Target's networks via credentials stolen from

656-537: The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) transported over SS7: 3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) is an umbrella term for a number of standards organizations which develop protocols for mobile telecommunications . Its best known work is the development and maintenance of: 3GPP is a consortium with seven national or regional telecommunication standards organizations as primary members ("organizational partners") and

697-519: The Sophia Antipolis technology park in France. The seven 3GPP Organizational Partners are from Asia, Europe and North America. Their aim is to determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks: Together with the Market Representation Partners (MRPs) perform the following tasks: The Organizational Partners are: The 3GPP Organizational Partners can invite

738-473: The IIoT can become a potential liability. Gartner estimates that by 2020, more than 25% of recognized attacks on enterprises will involve IoT-connected systems, despite accounting for less than 10% of IT security budgets. Existing cybersecurity measures are vastly inferior for internet-connected devices compared to their traditional computer counterparts, which can allow for them to be hijacked for DDoS -based attacks by botnets like Mirai . Another possibility

779-635: The Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation devices like transformers and reclosers. As of 2016, other real-world applications include incorporating smart LEDs to direct shoppers to empty parking spaces or highlight shifting traffic patterns, using sensors on water purifiers to alert managers via computer or smartphone when to replace parts, attaching RFID tags to safety gear to track personnel and ensure their safety, embedding computers into power tools to record and track

820-550: The Organizational Partners. Industrial Internet of Things The industrial internet of things ( IIoT ) refers to interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices networked together with computers' industrial applications, including manufacturing and energy management. This connectivity allows for data collection, exchange, and analysis, potentially facilitating improvements in productivity and efficiency as well as other economic benefits. The IIoT

861-407: The core technology of industrial big data and they will be an interface between human and the cyber world. Integration of sensing and actuation systems connected to the Internet can optimize energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to communicate with

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902-407: The customers to the company's systems, and then to individual sections of the production process. With IIoT, new tools and functionalities can be included in the manufacturing process. For example, 3D printers simplify the way of shaping pressing tools by printing the shape directly from steel granulate. These tools enable new possibilities for designing (with high precision). Customization of vehicles

943-564: The development of distributed applications . The term industrial internet of things is often encountered in the manufacturing industries, referring to the industrial subset of the IoT. Potential benefits of the industrial internet of things include improved productivity, analytics and the transformation of the workplace. The potential of growth by implementing IIoT is predicted to generate $ 15 trillion of global GDP by 2030. While connectivity and data acquisition are imperative for IIoT, they are not

984-421: The drilling gear and research stations for cloud storage and analysis. With IIOT technologies, the oil and gas industry has the capability to connect machines, devices, sensors, and people through interconnectivity, which can help companies better address fluctuations in demand and pricing, address cybersecurity, and minimize environmental impact. Across the supply chain, IIOT can improve the maintenance process,

1025-457: The driver dashboard. The top-most stratum of the stack is the content layer or the user interface. The history of the IIoT begins with the invention of the programmable logic controller (PLC) by Richard E. Morley in 1968, which was used by General Motors in their automatic transmission manufacturing division. These PLCs allowed for fine control of individual elements in the manufacturing chain. In 1975, Honeywell and Yokogawa introduced

1066-506: The end goals, but rather the foundation and path to something bigger. Of all the technologies, predictive maintenance is an "easier” application, as it is applicable to existing assets and management systems. Intelligent maintenance systems can reduce unexpected downtime and increase productivity, which is projected to save up to 12% over scheduled repairs, reduce overall maintenance costs up to 30%, and eliminate breakdowns up to 70%, according to some studies. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are

1107-563: The internet of things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) was seen by Kevin Ashton (one of the founders of the original Auto-ID Center) as a prerequisite for the internet of things at that point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them. Besides using RFID,

1148-452: The latest revision of the GSM standards. The documents are made available without charge on 3GPP's web site. The Technical Specifications cover not only the radio part (" Air Interface ") and Core Network, but also billing information and speech coding down to source code level. Cryptographic aspects (such as authentication , confidentiality ) are also specified. The 3GPP specification work

1189-419: The lineage, weight, or health. The integration of IIoT data in the photovoltaic (PV) industry can significantly enhance the efficiency, reliability, and performance of solar power systems. IIoT with AI data can be utilized for real-time monitoring, performance optimization, fault detection, diagnostics. As the IIoT expands, new security concerns arise with it. Every new device or component that connects to

1230-487: The most important ones are described below: IIoT systems are usually conceived as a layered modular architecture of digital technology. The device layer refers to the physical components: CPS, sensors or machines. The network layer consists of physical network buses, cloud computing and communication protocols that aggregate and transport the data to the service layer , which consists of applications that manipulate and combine data into information that can be displayed on

1271-443: The need for human intervention or interfaces. One of the first consequences of implementing the industrial internet of things (by equipping objects with minuscule identifying devices or machine-readable identifiers) would be to create instant and ceaseless inventory control. Another benefit of implementing an IIoT system is the ability to create a digital twin of the system. Using this digital twin allows for further optimization of

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1312-439: The oil and gas industry. The exploration process of oil and gas can be done more precisely with 4D models built by seismic imaging. These models map fluctuations in oil reserves and gas levels, they strive to point out the exact quantity of resources needed, and they forecast the lifespan of wells. The application of smart sensors and automated drillers gives companies the opportunity to monitor and produce more efficiently. Further,

1353-509: The overall safety, and connectivity. Drones can be used to detect possible oil and gas leaks at an early stage and at locations that are difficult to reach (e.g. offshore). They can also be used to identify weak spots in complex networks of pipelines with built-in thermal imaging systems. Increased connectivity (data integration and communication) can help companies with adjusting the production levels based on real-time data of inventory, storage, distribution pace, and forecasted demand. For example,

1394-412: The refineries and production plants to adjust production levels. In the agriculture industry, IIoT helps farmers to make decisions about when to harvest. Sensors collect data about soil and weather conditions and propose schedules for fertilizing and irrigating. Some livestock farms implant microchips into animals. This allows the farmers not only to trace their animals, but also pull up information about

1435-625: The scope of the International Telecommunication Union's International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 , hence the name 3GPP. It should not be confused with 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which developed a competing 3G system, CDMA2000 . The 3GPP administrative support team (known as the "Mobile Competence Centre") is located at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute headquarters in

1476-529: The storing process can also be improved with the implementation of IIOT by collecting and analyzing real-time data to monitor inventory levels and temperature control. IIOT can enhance the transportation process of oil and gas by implementing smart sensors and thermal detectors to give real-time geolocation data and monitor the products for safety reasons. These smart sensors can monitor the refinery processes, and enhance safety. The demand for products can be forecasted more precisely and automatically be communicated to

1517-479: The system by allowing for experimentation with new data from the cloud without having to halt production or sacrifice safety, as the new processes can be refined virtually until they are ready to be implemented. A digital twin can also serve as a training ground for new employees who won't have to worry about real impacts on the live system. IoT frameworks help support the interaction between "things" and allow for more complex structures like distributed computing and

1558-554: The tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies as near field communication , barcodes , QR codes and digital watermarking . The current conception of the IIoT arose after the emergence of cloud technology in 2002, which allows for the storage of data to examine for historical trends, and the development of the OPC Unified Architecture protocol in 2006, which enabled secure, remote communications between devices, programs, and data sources without

1599-425: The torque level of individual tightenings, and collecting data from multiple systems to enable the simulation of new processes. Using IIoT in car manufacturing implies the digitalization of all elements of production. Software, machines, and humans are interconnected, enabling suppliers and manufacturers to rapidly respond to changing standards. IIoT enables efficient and cost-effective production by moving data from

1640-556: The utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation and energy usage. Besides home based energy management, the IIoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid since it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an automated fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to

1681-513: The world's first DCSs, the TDC 2000 and the CENTUM system, respectively. These DCSs were the next step in allowing flexible process control throughout a plant, with the added benefit of backup redundancies by distributing control across the entire system, eliminating a singular point of failure in a central control room. With the introduction of Ethernet in 1980, people began to explore the concept of

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