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112-517: Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand ), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte elements with the more refined French comedy. Through the patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans —the brother of Louis XIV —Molière procured

224-477: A gaullist member of parliament who would later become the mayor of Paris, was assaulted during a visit of the lycée . A hand grenade exploded inside its premises in early May 1969. A collection of the school's old scientific instruments was curated from 1972 and is now managed autonomously as the Musée Scientifique du lycée Louis-le-Grand . Louis-le-Grand has about 1,800 students, nearly

336-415: A theatre . In the earliest versions of the game, the players hit the ball with their hands, as in palla , volleyball , Fives , or certain varieties of pelota . Jeu de paume , or jeu de paulme as it was formerly spelled, literally means "palm game". In time, gloves replaced bare hands. Even when paddle-like bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game by the late 17th century,

448-489: A tragédie et ballet , Psyché , written in collaboration with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault . In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss and from the worsening of his own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a comedy in five acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas , is considered one of his lesser works. Les Femmes savantes ( The Learned Ladies ) of 1672

560-800: A command performance before the King at the Louvre . Performing a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce of his own, The Doctor in Love , Molière was granted the use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, he was granted the use of the theatre in the Palais-Royal . In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies , The School for Husbands , and The School for Wives . This royal favour brought

672-579: A law awarded a former tree nursery ground of the Jardin du Luxembourg to Louis-le-Grand for the creation of new classrooms, in anticipation of the main building's reconstruction. The new petit lycée  [ fr ] , also designed by Charles Le Cœur  [ fr ] , opened in 1885 and became independent in August 1891 as the Lycée Montaigne . In September 2008, Louis-le-Grand and

784-714: A museum of contemporary art, is housed in a former court on the north side of the Tuileries park in the centre of Paris . The painter Jacques-Louis David 's famous sketch, le Serment du jeu de paume ('the Tennis Court Oath ') now hangs in the court of the Palace of Versailles . It depicts a seminal moment of the French Revolution , when, on 20 June 1789, deputies of the Estates-General met at

896-464: A play and a ballet in the honor of Louis XIV and found that he did not have a big enough cast to meet these demands. Molière therefore decided to combine the ballet and the play so that his goal could be met while the performers catch their breath and change costume. The risky move paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve more comédies-ballets before his death. During the comédies-ballets , Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp . who codified

1008-426: A position as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of Tartuffe , and the author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre to replace it. It was a strange work, derived from a work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a prose that still seems modern today. It describes the story of an atheist who becomes

1120-510: A reference to the infant's large nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family from that time. He lost his mother when he was 10, and he does not seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death, he lived with his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the rue Saint-Honoré , an affluent area of Paris. It is likely that his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school, followed by his enrollment in

1232-411: A religious hypocrite and, for this, is punished by God. This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor of Molière's troupe. With music by Lully , Molière presented L'Amour médecin ( Love Doctor or Medical Love ). Subtitles on this occasion reported that the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) and this work

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1344-603: A royal pension to his troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official author of court entertainments. Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles. For Tartuffe 's impiety, the Catholic Church in France denounced this study of religious hypocrisy , which was followed by a ban by the Parlement , while Dom Juan

1456-452: A satire against the official sciences. This was a success despite a moral treatise by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in general and Molière in particular. In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others with false erudition, and know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies. After

1568-681: A section of the Faculty of Law, but were demolished in 1833 as they had become derelict. During the early Second Republic , an école d'Administration opened in July 1848 on the École Normale's former location, promoted by politician Hippolyte Carnot , but it met overwhelming opposition and ceased operating after about six months. Louis-le-Grand eventually acquired the remaining Plessis buildings in May 1849 and tore them down in 1864. Meanwhile, in 1822, Louis-le-Grand had expanded southwards by taking over

1680-515: A series of purchases in Gentilly to establish a rural retreat there, in 1632, 1638, 1640 and 1659, thus forming a major property that was eventually sold after the order's suppression in the early 1770s. One of its buildings survives and has been repurposed in the 1990s as the Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau . In 1798, Louis-le-Grand (then known as Prytanée) acquired the former grounds of

1792-601: A smaller number of pensionnaires whose families paid for their boarding. As a broader consequence of the Jesuits' termination, the French state in 1766 initiated the Aggregation examination to raise the standards of teaching in secondary education. Louis-le-Grand aspired to a leading position in supplying future agrégés . Its ambitions failed to materialize, however, as only nine of its boursiers succeeded in

1904-528: A stalemate that lasted over the next three decades: the Collège de Clermont was not readmitted into the university system, but the Jesuits were able to continue and expand their activities, even though Maldonado was removed from Paris in 1575 following accusations of heresy by Sorbonne theologians. While the courses were free of charge, boarding costs for the resident students, who typically came from elite families, were covered by gifts and scholarships, and

2016-468: A tenth of which are non-French from more than 40 countries. About half of these are enrolled in high school, and the other half in the classes préparatoires . Its boarding capacity is of 340 inside the building. Together with its longstanding rival the Lycée Henri-IV , Louis-le-Grand has long been the only French lycée that is exempted from the scheme of location-based enrollment known as

2128-423: A third arrived too late. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors is said to originate from the colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time of his death. Under French law at the time, actors were not allowed to be buried in the sacred ground of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if her spouse could be granted a normal funeral at night. The King agreed and Molière's body

2240-478: A tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent in human relationships. This view is also evident in his later works and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Nobel Prize winner Luigi Pirandello . It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by

2352-569: Is a public Lycée (French secondary school, also known as sixth form college ) located on rue Saint-Jacques in central Paris . It was founded in the early 1560s by the Jesuits as the Collège de Clermont , was renamed in 1682 after King Louis XIV ("Louis the Great"), and has remained at the apex of France's secondary education system despite its disruption in 1762 following the suppression of

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2464-496: Is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from the termination of the legal use of music in theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the best available singers for his own performances), so Molière had to go back to his traditional genre. It was a great success, and it led to his last work, which is still held in high esteem. In his 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of

2576-655: Is considered the creator of modern French comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in current French: Molière plays a small part in Alexandre Dumas 's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne , in which he is seen taking inspiration from the musketeer Porthos for his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme . Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life of Mr. de Molière . It

2688-502: Is generally difficult to ascertain with certainty, and some, like the Mesoamerican ballgame clearly have an independent origin. Various other racquet games ( squash , badminton , etc.) may be related to one degree or another. Étienne Pasquier , a writer and a historian, published an essay regarding jeu de paume in his Recherches ; late 16th century. Pasquier was addicted to the sport. The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ,

2800-523: Is my college"). A black marble slab with the inscription COLLEGIVM LVDOVICI MAGNI (College of Louis the Great) was promptly placed on the façade, in substitution to the earlier text COLLEGIVM CLAROMONTANVM SOCIETATIS IESV, which triggered controversy. (The anecdote was narrated by Gérard de Nerval in his short story Histoire de l’Abbé de Bucquoy , published in 1852 in the collection titled Les Illuminés .) The new inscription survived later turmoil, and

2912-549: Is played by Tchéky Karyo , shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully , as well as his illness and on-stage death. The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based on the life of Molière, starring Romain Duris , Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier . David Hirson 's play La Bête , written in the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody of him. The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain , directed by Bruno Berberes and staged at

3024-1032: The Agrégation exams between 1766 and 1792, out of a total of 206 successful candidates during that period. During and after the French Revolution , the college was renamed several times in response to France's changing politics: Collège Égalité in January 1793, Institut central des boursiers in 1797, Prytanée français in July 1798, Lycée de Paris in 1803, Lycée impérial in 1805, Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1814, Collège royal de Louis le Grand in 1815, Collège royal Louis-le-Grand in 1831, Lycée Descartes in 1848, Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1849, Lycée impérial Louis-le-Grand in 1853, again Lycée Descartes in 1870, and finally again Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1873. It has kept that name ever since. Throughout

3136-540: The Château de Vanves . In the 1840s it initiated the project of establishing there an annex, known as the petit collège . In 1853 this became the sole location of its petites classes or middle school . The facilities were expanded in 1858–1860 on a design by Joseph-Louis Duc . It became an independent establishment by imperial decree in August 1864, known since 1888 as the Lycée Michelet . In 1882,

3248-669: The Abu Dhabi Education Council launched the Advanced Math and Science Pilot Class, with one class of 20 girls and another of 20 boys. Classes were taught in English in Abu Dhabi , by professors sent from France. The students who made up the Advanced Math and Science Pilot Class graduated at the end of the 12th grade and were awarded a certificate of academic recognition by Louis-le-Grand. The final cohort of

3360-496: The Carte scolaire  [ fr ] , even after the introduction in 2008 of the nationwide application known as Affelnet  [ fr ] . This exemption has been criticized as a breach of territorial equality and a device for the self-perpetuation of French elites. It was decided to reform it in 2022. Louis-le-Grand has long been considered to play an important role in the education of French elites. In 1762, just before

3472-535: The Catholic League , as did the university too. On 27 December 1594, an alumnus of the college, Jean Châtel , attempted to assassinate King Henry IV . As a reaction, the king took the side of the Jesuits' longstanding accusers such as Parlement lawyer Antoine Arnauld , and expelled the Jesuits from France, including those in Paris. In 1595, the bibliothèque du roi was relocated into the college's premises and stayed there until 1603. That year, Henry allowed

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3584-526: The Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] , one of the petits collèges , were purchased by the monarchy in 1770 and repurposed as headquarters ( French : chef-lieu ) of the University of Paris. Meanwhile, by 1764 the former faculty of the Collège de Beauvais took over teaching at Louis-le-Grand from those of the Collège de Lisieux . Between then and the French Revolution , there were about 190 boursiers every year at Louis-le-Grand, and

3696-452: The Collège des Lombards  [ fr ] . From 1550 on, Guillaume Duprat , the bishop of Clermont , who in the previous decade had met early Jesuit leaders Claude Le Jay  [ fr ] and Diego Laynez and corresponded with Ignatius of Loyola , invited Jesuit students to stay in his mansion, the Hôtel de Clermont on rue de la Harpe . The Hôtel de Clermont thus became

3808-511: The Compagnie de Saint Sacrement . In Lyon , Mademoiselle Du Parc , known as Marquise, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Racine . Racine offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of the early works he wrote after he had abandoned his theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he encouraged Racine to pursue his artistic career. Molière

3920-564: The Duke of Modena .) The same year, he premiered L'École des femmes ( The School for Wives ), subsequently regarded as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited education that was given to daughters of rich families and reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his marriage attracted much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes" , in which he imagined

4032-451: The Dôme de Paris from November 11, 2023 to February 18, 2024, is a retelling of the life of Molière using a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres. Lyc%C3%A9e Louis-le-Grand The Lycée Louis-le-Grand ( French pronunciation: [lise lwi lə gʁɑ̃] ), also referred to simply as Louis-le-Grand or by its acronym LLG ,

4144-568: The Lycée Condorcet in the former couvent des Capucins de la Chaussée d’Antin , and in 1820, another new lycée took the premises of the former Collège d'Harcourt  [ fr ] , now the Lycée Saint-Louis . Louis-le-Grand was thus one of only five public lycées in Paris for most of the 19th century, until Jules Ferry 's reforms greatly expanded secondary education in the 1880s. Bordering Louis-le-Grand to

4256-538: The Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique , he tried again to perform a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this time with the name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur . As soon as the King left Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned the play. The King finally imposed respect for Tartuffe a few years later, after he had gained more power over the clergy. Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre

4368-478: The Palace of Versailles . Tartuffe , ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction of the hypocrisy of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage and violently contested. It also aroused the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was banned. Molière was always careful not to attack the institution of monarchy. He earned

4480-617: The Professed House of the Jesuits ( école centrale de la rue Saint-Antoine , later Lycée Charlemagne ), and the Collège des Quatre-Nations ( école centrale des Quatre-Nations ). The latter building, however, was repurposed in 1801 for artistic training, and its secondary school was relocated to the Collège du Plessis  [ fr ] adjacent to Louis-le-Grand then known as the Prytanée ( école centrale du Plessis ), then merged into it in 1804. In 1803, Napoleon created

4592-532: The bishop of Langres on rue Saint-Jacques , where its current cour d'honneur now stands, and started teaching there in late 1563 ( Old Style ). The new institution was named Collège de Clermont , in recognition of Duprat's support but also because one of the conditions that the Jesuits accepted to overcome local opposition was not to formally name the college after the Society of Jesus as they did elsewhere. The college soon met considerable success, as it

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4704-431: The gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans to win aristocratic patronage and, ultimately, move the troupe to a position in a Paris theater-venue. Later Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for years the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Italian (e.g.

4816-422: The 85 plays performed on his stage. In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux . These ballets were a transitional form of dance performance between the court ballets of Louis XIV and the art of professional theatre which was developing in the advent of the use of the proscenium stage . The comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both

4928-498: The Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over a canovaccio (a vague plot outline). He began to write full, five-act comedies in verse ( L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in

5040-511: The Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte , and displayed his talent for mockery. In the course of his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti , the governor of Languedoc , who became his patron, and named his company after him. This friendship later ended when Armand, having contracted syphilis from a courtesan, turned toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and

5152-514: The Jesuit order's first permanent home in Paris. It no longer exists following its annexation in the 17th century by the nearby Collège d'Harcourt  [ fr ] , and stood on a location that is now part of the Lycée Saint-Louis . Upon his death on 23 October 1560, Duprat bequested an endowment for a new Jesuit college in Paris, as well as funds for two other colleges in the vicinity of Clermont, at Billom at Mauriac . The Parisian project

5264-501: The Jesuits from teaching in Paris. That ruling, however, was reversed by a decision of Louis XIII on 15 February 1618, allowing the Jesuits to resume teaching for good. Despite its near-continuous interruption between 1595 and 1618, the College de Clermont almost immediately recovered and reached an equivalent level of activity to its heyday of the 1570s and 1580s. Its adversaries made sure that it would still not obtain admission into

5376-406: The Jesuits from the start, in line with its general rejection of novel initiatives and long before that hostility took doctrinal undertones in the 17th and 18th centuries as the Jesuits became a key adversary for Jansenists . In 1554, the university's College of Sorbonne had already issued a negative opinion regarding the opening of a college in Paris. That opposition was temporarily overcome at

5488-492: The Jesuits opened an observatory , and in 1679 they created the elaborate sundials , augmented in the 18th century, that survive to this day on the northern side of the cour d'honneur thanks to preservation campaigns in 1842 and 1988. The college undertook a rebuilding campaign in 1628, on a design attributed to Paris municipal architect Augustin Guillain. It expanded by acquiring more buildings, to its northeast from

5600-404: The Jesuits to return to France on the conditions that they be French nationals. They were allowed to retake the college building in 1606, and to fully restart their teaching in 1610. On 22 December 1611, however, upon a new case brought by the university and in the changed political context resulting from Henry IV's assassination in May 1610 by François Ravaillac , the Parlement of Paris forbade

5712-499: The Jesuits were ordered to cease their teaching and leave the college on 3 May 1762. The establishment was immediately nationalized and renamed Collège royal Louis-le-Grand . Teachers from the nearby Collège de Lisieux  [ fr ] replaced the Jesuit fathers as faculty. This change triggered a broader reform of the University of Paris . The scholarship students ( French : boursiers ) of twenty-six smaller colleges of

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5824-434: The King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of the sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment. On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart , whom he believed to be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her illegitimate daughter with

5936-637: The Panthéon campus of Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University to its south, across rue Cujas ; the former Collège Sainte-Barbe to its east, across impasse Chartière  [ fr ] ; and the Sainte-Geneviève Library to its southeast. Jesuit students, mostly from Spain and Italy, were present in Paris immediately after the Society of Jesus 's foundation, first in 1540 at the Collège du Trésorier  [ fr ] and from 1541 at

6048-530: The Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659. Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau 's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française , a group created by Richelieu under a royal patent to establish

6160-615: The Society of Jesus . It offers both a high school curriculum, and a Classes Préparatoires post-secondary-level curriculum in the sciences, business and humanities . Louis-le-Grand is located in the heart of the Quartier Latin , the centuries-old student district of Paris. It is surrounded by other storied educational institutions: the Sorbonne to its west, across rue Saint-Jacques; the Collège de France to its north, across rue du Cimetière-Saint-Benoist  [ fr ] ;

6272-435: The University of Paris, known as the petits collèges , were invited to follow classes at Louis-le-Grand. By 1764, these students also boarded at Louis-le-Grand. By then, the petits collèges effectively ceased autonomous activity, after which their property were gradually sold. Louis-le-Grand thus became the center of the university, even though ten other grands collèges survived until 1792. The nearby buildings of

6384-406: The action of the play and the style of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time; additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the actors play an important role in advancing the story. Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even played

6496-459: The ceiling of the main entrance hall on 24 March 1918, and another left a large hole in the pavement of rue Saint-Jacques in front of the lycée 's entrance on 27 May 1918. During World War II , Jacques Lusseyran founded the resistance group Volontaires de la Liberté , in which a number of his fellow Louis-le-Grand students participated. The last significant new building project was a new auditorium ( French : salle des fêtes ), located in

6608-525: The college to change its name to Collegium Ludovici Magni ( French : Collège Louis-le-Grand ). That act confirmed its royal patronage, despite the near-simultaneous Declaration of the Clergy of France and the kingdom's ongoing conflicts with the Papacy , to which the Jesuits were directly tied by their vows. Already in 1674, during his visit, Louis was said to have remarked "c'est mon collège" ("this

6720-1269: The college's nationalization, scholar Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Élie de Beaumont wrote: "The Jesuit College of Paris has for a long time been a state nursery, the most fertile in great men." Many of its former students have become influential statesmen, diplomats, prelates, writers, artists, intellectuals and scientists. It counts seven Nobel Prize laureates as alumni, second only to the Bronx High School of Science in New York City , one Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and six Fields Medal winners. The Louis-le-Grand alumni laureates are, by chronological order of prize-winning: Frédéric Passy (Peace, 1901); Henri Becquerel (Physics, 1903); Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (Medicine, 1907); Paul d'Estournelles de Constant (Peace, 1909); Romain Rolland (Literature, 1915); Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964); Maurice Allais (Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1988); and Serge Haroche (Physics, 2012). Other notable alumni include: The Collège de Clermont made

6832-507: The college, was its music master ( maître de musique ) between 1688 and 1698. The college library had about 40,000 volumes as of 1718, and included unique manuscripts such as the Chronicle of Fredegar (occasionally known for that reason as Codex Claromontanus ) or Anonymus Valesianus . As in other Jesuit colleges, theatrical representations became increasingly prominent during the 17th century. Also as in other colleges, in 1660

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6944-450: The company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a company of his own, which had sufficient success and obtained the patronage of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans . Few plays survive from this period. The most noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux (The Doctor in Love) ; with these two plays, Molière moved away from the heavy influence of

7056-447: The context of broader urban remodeling of the neighborhood around rue Saint-Jacques, also including the rebuilding of the Sorbonne (1884-1901, architect Henri Paul Nénot ) and the extension of what is now the Panthéon campus of Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University (1891-1897, architect Ernest Lheureux). During World War I , the neighborhood was hit by Paris Gun shells, known to Parisians as la grosse Bertha . One shell tore through

7168-505: The corresponding accounts were kept separate until the Jesuits' departure in 1762. In the 1580s, the college's students numbered in the thousands, of which several hundreds were resident ( pensionnaires and boursiers ). The faculty included several dozen Jesuit priests. Unlike most colleges of the university, the Jesuit college remained open during the Siege of Paris in 1590, albeit with reduced activity, and inevitably colluded with

7280-731: The court and vowed that they would not disband before the proclamation of a formal Constitution for France. Le Jeu de Paume is a moral ode published in 1791 by André Chénier . In the 1981 film The French Lieutenant's Woman , socialite Charles Smithson ( Jeremy Irons ) is seen playing jeu de paume in London. In the Agatha Christie's Poirot TV series episode "Death in the Clouds", Poirot mentions that tennis, considered an English game, originated in 11th-century France as jeu de paume. The 2014 Whitney Biennial exhibition featured

7392-401: The first Western European translator of One Thousand and One Nights , had studied in this section and taught Arabic there from 1709. In 1742 the college had five Chinese students: Paul Liu, Maur Cao, Thomas Liu, Philippe-Stanislas Kang, and Ignace-Xavier Lan, who had come from China via Macau together with Jesuit Father Foureau. With the suppression of the Society of Jesus in France,

7504-621: The first complete version in English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted. The first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page , who produced blank verse versions of three of the plays in his 1908 translation. Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur , Donald M. Frame , and many others. In his memoir A Terrible Liar , actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier that he (Cronyn)

7616-572: The five balletic positions of the feet and arms and was partly responsible for the creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation . Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully. Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years. Under his command, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves. The comédies-ballets closely integrated dance with music and

7728-402: The former Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] from the university. Louis-le-Grand's main buildings themselves were in an increasingly dilapidated state, implying danger for the students. From the 1840s onwards multiple attempts were made to start their reconstructions, but faltered for several decades. In the mid-1860s, Georges-Eugène Haussmann promoted a project to move Louis-le-Grand to

7840-587: The honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans ). With the help of Monsieur, his company was allowed to share the theatre in the large hall of the Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo , famous for the character of Scaramouche . (The two companies performed in the theatre on different nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules ( The Affected Young Ladies ) took place at

7952-512: The king expressed support for the Moliere, granting him a pension and agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he included in his Art poétique . Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet ), written for royal " divertissements " at

8064-442: The last play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed to the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire ( The Imaginary Invalid ). Molière insisted on completing his performance. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage before being taken home, where he died a few hours later, without receiving the last rites because two priests refused to visit him while

8176-473: The monarchy's initiative during the Colloquy of Poissy on 15 September 1561, but the university kept debating the matter after the college started teaching in 1564. On 16 February 1565, it refused to recognize it and thereby nullified the prior favorable decision of Poissy. The multiple cases brought by the university before the court of the Parlement of Paris , and counter-cases from the Jesuits, resulted in

8288-445: The name did not change. It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis ) , and later " real tennis " after the derived game of lawn tennis became the more widely known sport. The term is used in France today to denote the game of tennis on a court in which the ancient or modern game might be played. The indoor version is sometimes called jeu de courte paume or just courte paume ("short palm") to distinguish it from

8400-532: The north, some of the buildings of the former Collège du Plessis  [ fr ] were partly used by the École normale from 1810 to 1814 and again from 1826 to 1847, after which it moved to its present campus designed by architect Alphonse de Gisors on rue d'Ulm  [ fr ] . Others parts of the Plessis complex were temporarily awarded to the Paris University's Faculty of Letters and

8512-628: The office of Louis-le-Grand's principal. Several notable scholars were resident in the college, including mathematician Pierre Bourdin (1595-1653), historian Philippe Labbe (1607-1667), or Latinist Charles de la Rue (1643-1725). Other faculty included author René Rapin (1621-1687), scientist Ignace-Gaston Pardies (1636-1673), historian Claude Buffier (1661-1737), theologian René-Joseph de Tournemine (1661-1739), sinologist Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (1674-1743), rhetorician Charles Porée (1675-1741), and humanist Pierre Brumoy (1688-1742). Composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier , who may have studied at

8624-467: The other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre , L'École des maris and L'École des femmes . In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into the abandoned theatre in the east wing of the Palais-Royal . After a period of refurbishment they opened there on 20 January 1661. In order to please his patron, Monsieur, who

8736-508: The outdoor version, longue paume ("long palm"), played on a field of variable length. At the 1908 Summer Olympics , jeu de paume was a medal event: American Jay Gould II won the gold medal. Since 1740, jeu de paume has been the subject of an amateur world championship, held each year in September. It is the oldest active trophy in international sport. Various other forms of handball may be related to one degree or another; this

8848-443: The part of an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also appeared as Neptune and Apollo in his retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques (1670). Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as a young man. The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673, became legend. He collapsed on stage in a fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in

8960-402: The performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later. Molière was born in Paris shortly before his christening as Jean Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Known as Jean-Baptiste, he was the first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621. His mother was the daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family. Upon seeing him for the first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!",

9072-464: The premises of the hôpital des incurables on rue de Sèvres  [ fr ] , but that initiative was short-lived and the complex on rue de Sèvres was instead repurposed a decade later as Hôpital Laennec  [ fr ] . Eventually, Louis-le-Grand was almost entirely reconstructed between 1885 and 1898 on a design by architect Charles Le Cœur  [ fr ] , on a complex schedule so that teaching activities could continue during

9184-488: The prestigious Jesuit Collège de Clermont , where he completed his studies in a strict academic environment and got a first taste of life on the stage. In 1631, his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court of Louis XIII the posts of " valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi " ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641. The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres;

9296-610: The program graduated in 2017, marking the end of the program. (These pages are in French) Jeu de paume Jeu de paume ( UK : / ˌ ʒ ɜː d ə ˈ p oʊ m / , French: [ʒø d(ə) pom] ; originally spelled jeu de paulme ; lit.   ' palm game ' ), nowadays known as real tennis , (US) court tennis or (in France) courte paume , is a ball-and-court game that originated in France . It

9408-543: The public. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's works continued to garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this time. However, during the French Restoration of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and the critics. Romanticists admired his plays for

9520-429: The purpose of filling out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison to the wealth of character he portrayed, to his brilliancy of wit, and to the resourcefulness of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible mirth and his triumphant gaiety". Molière

9632-441: The recently closed Collège de Marmoutiers  [ fr ] in 1641, and to its south from the Collège des Cholets  [ fr ] in 1656 and 1660. In 1682, the college was able to expand further by acquiring the buildings of the Collège du Mans  [ fr ] to its east, after a century of attempts, as that college's activities were relocated elsewhere in Paris. Also in 1682, Louis XIV formally authorized

9744-423: The rules of the fledgling French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. Molière is often associated with the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean de Santeuil and sometimes mistaken for a classical Latin proverb ). Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with

9856-512: The same name in the Midi near Le Vigan . It was likely that he changed his name to spare his father the shame of having an actor in the family (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to be buried in sacred ground). After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of the provinces with a new theatre troupe ; this life was to last about twelve years, during which he initially played in

9968-515: The semi-improvisatory style that in the 1750s writers started calling commedia dell'arte ), Spanish, and French plays, all also drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of the clever slave/servant. Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the attention and the criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire ( The Imaginary Cuckold ) seems to be

10080-408: The southeastern corner of the premises and completed in the late 1950s. Louis-le-Grand had its share of May 68 turmoil and subsequent violence between far-left and far-right student factions. On 18 May 1968, it hosted the general assembly of the high-school students' action committees ( Comité d'action lycéen  [ fr ] ) which called for a general strike. On 23 April 1969 Jean Tiberi ,

10192-486: The spectators of his previous work attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by showing them at dinner after watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised about the piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique ( War of Comedy ), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé , Edmé Boursault , and Montfleury . However, more serious opposition

10304-470: The title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a provincial lawyer some time around 1642, probably in Orléans , but it is not documented that he ever qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office. In June 1643, when Molière

10416-430: The troubled 1790s, it was the only Parisian educational institution that remained continuously open, as it had been during the 1590s siege of Paris. Part of its premises, however, were used as barracks for soldiers, then as political prison and workshops. In 1796, three more écoles centrales opened in Paris, respectively in the former Abbey of Saint Genevieve ( école centrale du Panthéon , later Lycée Henri-IV ),

10528-415: The troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent of the theatre (a court for jeu de paume ), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether his father or the lover of a member of his troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour stint in prison he returned to the acting circuit. It was at this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small village of

10640-443: The unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this interest in Molière and his plays and have continued to study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to the study of his comic technique. Molière's works were translated into English prose by John Ozell in 1714, but

10752-440: The university, but otherwise their attempts to undermine it met with decreasing success, given the continuing support the Jesuits were able to secure from the monarchy and high nobility. The college was regularly bolstered by royal visits, including by Louis XIII in 1625 and Louis XIV in 1674. On the latter occasion, the king donated a painting by Jean Jouvenet , Alexander and the family of Darius , which remains to this day in

10864-413: The works, and at a record high cost. Le Coeur's design only preserved the northern and southern sides of the inner court (now cour d'honneur ) from the earlier college facilities. He created two vast courtyards to the north ( Cour Molière ) and south ( Cour Victor-Hugo ) of that central space, with multiple levels of classrooms connected by airy arcaded corridors. That rebuilding project took place

10976-525: Was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Taking leave of his father, he joined the actress Madeleine Béjart , with whom he had crossed paths before, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister. The theatre troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the troupe, due in part, perhaps, to his acting prowess and his legal training. However,

11088-483: Was about to play the title role in The Miser , and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that made me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong." Author Martha Bellinger points out that: [Molière] has been accused of not having a consistent, organic style, of using faulty grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary words for

11200-399: Was an indoor precursor of tennis played without racquets , and so "game of the hand", though these were eventually introduced. It is a former Olympic sport , and has the oldest ongoing annual world championship in sport, first established over 250 years ago. The term also refers to the court on which the game is played and its building, which in the 17th century was sometimes converted into

11312-458: Was both free and of high quality, disrupting the antiquated business models and longstanding conventions of the University of Paris . In particular, its theology course, led from the 1564 inception by Juan Maldonado , was so popular that the college's buildings were too small to contain the audience. Other prominent early faculty included Pierre Perpinien, Juan de Mariana , and Francisco Suárez . The University of Paris had been hostile to

11424-512: Was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal life. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive " realism " and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of having married his daughter. The Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. However,

11536-419: Was buried in the part of the cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants. In 1792, his remains were brought to the museum of French monuments , and in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, close to those of La Fontaine . Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really diminish his widespread success with

11648-401: Was eagerly supported by Laynez, by then the Jesuits' Superior General , who wanted it to become "the most celebrated college of the Society". It was delayed, however, by dilatory initiatives by the Parlement of Paris , University of Paris , and local clergy, all of which opposed the Jesuits' establishment. In July 1563, the Jesuits were finally able to purchase the former Parisian estate of

11760-493: Was forced to reach Paris in stages, staying outside for a few weeks in order to promote himself with society gentlemen and allow his reputation to feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the Louvre (then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farce Le Docteur Amoureux with some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe de Monsieur ( Monsieur being

11872-453: Was little appreciated, but success returned with L'Avare ( The Miser ), now very well known. With Lully, he again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac , for Les Amants magnifiques , and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme ( The Middle Class Gentleman ), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to be particularly directed against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully ended with

11984-448: Was received much more warmly than its predecessors. In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. It is now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the one with the highest moral content, but it was little appreciated at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui ( The Doctor Despite Himself ),

12096-484: Was relocated on the eastern side of the cour d'honneur during the late-19th-century rebuilding. In 1700, Louis-le-Grand took over the École des Jeunes de langues , founded in 1669 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert , in line with the Jesuits' leadership in studying foreign languages and foreign cultures, reinforced since 1685 with the permanent mission in China initiated by six Jesuits from Louis-le-Grand. Antoine Galland ,

12208-465: Was so enthralled with entertainment and art that he was soon excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux ( The Jealous Prince , 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived from a work of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris ( The School for Husbands ) and Les Fâcheux ( The Bores ), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy for

12320-401: Was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière. His hard work in so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play, The Imaginary Invalid , Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished

12432-402: Was written for festivities at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon , inspired both by Plautus ' work of the same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen to allude to the love affairs of Louis XIV, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu ( The Confounded Husband )

12544-521: Was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962. The French 1978 film simply titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. It was in competition for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1978. He is portrayed among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989). The 2000 film Le Roi Danse ( The King Dances ), in which Molière

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