35-604: A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae . This family has two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae . The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe , Africa and Asia , whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in
70-652: A facultative carnivore from an omnivore . Obligate or "true" carnivores are those whose diet requires nutrients found only in animal flesh in the wild. While obligate carnivores might be able to ingest small amounts of plant matter, they lack the necessary physiology required to fully digest it. Some obligate carnivorous mammals will ingest vegetation as an emetic , a food that upsets their stomachs, to self-induce vomiting. Obligate carnivores are diverse. The amphibian axolotl consumes mainly worms and larvae in its environment, but if necessary will consume algae. All wild felids , including feral domestic cats , require
105-534: A diet of primarily animal flesh and organs. Specifically, cats have high protein requirements and their metabolisms appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as retinol , arginine , taurine , and arachidonic acid ; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply these nutrients. Characteristics commonly associated with carnivores include strength, speed, and keen senses for hunting, as well as teeth and claws for capturing and tearing prey. However, some carnivores do not hunt and are scavengers , lacking
140-660: A diprodontan dentition completely unlike that of any other mammal; and eutriconodonts like gobiconodontids and Jugulator , with a three-cusp anatomy which nevertheless functioned similarly to carnassials. Yellow mongoose The yellow mongoose ( Cynictis penicillata ), sometimes referred to as the red meerkat , is a member of the mongoose family. It averages about 0.45 kg (1 lb) in weight and about 510 mm (20 in) in length. It lives in open country, semi-desert scrubland and grasslands in Angola , Botswana , South Africa , Namibia , and Zimbabwe . It
175-511: A form of endosymbiosis , might have led to symbiogenesis that gave rise to eukaryotes and eukaryotic autotrophs such as green and red algae . The earliest predators were microorganisms , which engulfed and "swallowed" other smaller cells (i.e. phagocytosis ) and digested them internally . Because the earliest fossil record is poor, these first predators could date back anywhere between 1 and over 2.7 bya (billion years ago). The rise of eukaryotic cells at around 2.7 bya,
210-639: A great diversity of eutherian carnivores in the northern continents and Africa . In South America , sparassodonts were dominant, while Australia saw the presence of several marsupial predators, such as the dasyuromorphs and thylacoleonids . From the Miocene to the present, the dominant carnivorous mammals have been carnivoramorphs . Most carnivorous mammals, from dogs to deltatheridiums , share several dental adaptations, such as carnassialiforme teeth, long canines and even similar tooth replacement patterns. Most aberrant are thylacoleonids , with
245-409: A large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status. The dental formula of mongooses is 3.1.3–4.1–2 3.1.3–4.1–2 . They range from 24 to 58 cm (9.4 to 22.8 in) in head-to-body length, excluding the tail. In weight, they range from 320 g (11 oz) to 5 kg (11 lb). Mongooses are one of at least four known mammalian taxa with mutations in
280-496: A visual marker of territory . Other members of the group mark their dens with cheek secretions. A colony can have 20-40 members. Predators of the yellow mongoose are birds of prey , snakes and jackals . When frightened, the yellow mongoose will growl and secrete from its anal glands. It can also scream, bark, and purr, though these are exceptions, as the yellow mongoose is usually silent, and communicates mood and status through tail movements. The yellow mongoose's mating season
315-502: Is hierarchical , based around a central breeding pair and their most recent offspring. There are also subadults, the elderly, or adult relatives of the central pair. Male ranges tend to overlap, while females from other dens have contiguous non-overlapping ranges. Every day, the alpha male will mark members of his group with anal gland secretions, and his boundaries with facial and anal secretions, as well as urine. The alpha male also rubs his back against raised objects, leaving behind hair as
350-409: Is an animal or plant whose nutrition and energy requirements are met by consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle , fat and other soft tissues ) as food , whether through predation or scavenging . The technical term for mammals in the order Carnivora is carnivoran , and they are so-named because most member species in the group have a carnivorous diet, but the similarity of
385-500: Is between July and September, and it gives birth underground between October and December, with no bedding material, in a clean chamber of the burrow system. Usually, two offspring are produced per pregnancy, and they are weaned at 10 weeks, reaching adult size after 10 months. There is some concern about the yellow mongoose's role as a natural reservoir of rabies . Most African wild animals die within several weeks of infection with rabies, but it seems that certain genetic strains of
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#1732772036230420-548: Is the only species in the genus Cynictis . Herpestes penicillatus was the scientific name proposed by Georges Cuvier in 1829 for a mongoose specimen from the Cape. The generic name Cynictis was proposed by William Ogilby in 1833 for a specimen collected in Kaffraria . Cynictis penicillata is the only member of the genus , but as many as twelve subspecies of yellow mongoose have been described. In general,
455-623: The Cambrian substrate revolution led to increased active predation among animals, likely triggering various evolutionary arms races that contributed to the rapid diversification during the Cambrian explosion . Radiodont arthropods , which produced the first apex predators such as Anomalocaris , quickly became the dominant carnivores of the Cambrian sea. After their decline due to the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction event ,
490-749: The Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main genetic lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago . The name is derived from names used in India for Herpestes species: muṅgūs or maṅgūs in classical Hindi ; muṅgūs in Marathi ; mungisa in Telugu ; mungi , mungisi and munguli in Kannada . The form of the English name (since 1698)
525-524: The Viverridae . In 1864, John Edward Gray classified the mongooses into three subfamilies: Galidiinae , Herpestinae and Mungotinae. This grouping was supported by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1919, who referred to the family as "Mungotidae". Genetic research based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Galidiinae are more closely related to Madagascar carnivores, including
560-2339: The fossa and Malagasy civet . Galidiinae is considered a subfamily of Eupleridae . Phylogenetic research of 18 mongoose species revealed that the solitary and social mongooses form different clades . The phylogenetic relationships of Herpestidae are shown in the following cladogram: Bdeogale jacksoni ( Jackson's mongoose ) Bdeogale nigripes ( Black-footed mongoose ) Bdeogale crassicauda ( Bushy-tailed mongoose ) Rhynchogale melleri ( Meller's mongoose ) [REDACTED] Paracynictis selousi ( Selous's mongoose ) Cynictis penicillata ( Yellow mongoose ) Ichneumia albicauda ( White-tailed mongoose ) Herpestes ichneumon ( Egyptian mongoose ) Herpestes sanguinea ( Slender mongoose ) Herpestes pulverulenta ( Cape gray mongoose ) Herpestes ochracea ( Somalian slender mongoose ) Herpestes flavescens ( Angolan slender mongoose ) (including black mongoose ) Atilax paludinosus ( Marsh mongoose ) Xenogale naso ( Long-nosed mongoose ) † " Herpestes lemanensis " Urva brachyura ( Short-tailed mongoose ) Urva semitorquata ( Collared mongoose ) Urva urva ( Crab-eating mongoose ) Urva smithii ( Ruddy mongoose ) Urva vitticolla ( Stripe-necked mongoose ) Urva fusca ( Indian brown mongoose ) Urva edwardsii ( Indian gray mongoose ) Urva javanica ( Small Asian mongoose ) [REDACTED] Helogale parvula ( Common dwarf mongoose ) Helogale hirtula ( Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ) Dologale dybowskii ( Pousargues's mongoose ) Crossarchus alexandri ( Alexander's kusimanse ) Crossarchus ansorgei ( Angolan kusimanse ) Crossarchus platycephalus ( Flat-headed kusimanse ) Crossarchus obscurus ( Common kusimanse ) [REDACTED] Liberiictis kuhni ( Liberian mongoose ) Mungos gambianus ( Gambian mongoose ) Mungos mungo ( Banded mongoose ) [REDACTED] Suricata suricatta ( Meerkat ) [REDACTED] Atilax Cuvier , 1826 Herpestes Illiger , 1811 Leptoplesictis Major, 1903 Mongooses mostly feed on insects , crabs , earthworms , lizards , birds , and rodents . However, they also eat eggs and carrion . Some species can learn simple tricks. They can be tamed and are kept as pets to control vermin . In ancient Mesopotamia , mongooses were sacred to
595-666: The giant panda , is nearly exclusively herbivorous . Dietary carnivory is not a distinguishing trait of the order . Many mammals with highly carnivorous diets are not members of the order Carnivora . Cetaceans , for example, all eat other animals, but are paradoxically members of the almost exclusively plant-eating hooved mammals . Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements in nature are called hypercarnivores or obligate carnivores , whilst those that also consume non-animal food are called mesocarnivores , or facultative carnivores , or omnivores (there are no clear distinctions). A carnivore at
630-423: The lobe-finned fish , became the dominant carnivores of freshwater wetlands formed by early land plants . Some of these fish became better adapted for breathing air and eventually giving rise to amphibian tetrapods . These early tetrapods were large semi-aquatic piscivores and riparian ambush predators that hunt terrestrial arthropods (mainly arachnids and myriopods ), and one group in particular,
665-410: The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom . Their modified receptors prevent the snake venom α-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected, uniquely, by glycosylation . Herpestina was a scientific name proposed by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1845 who considered the mongooses a subfamily of
700-531: The temnospondyls , became terrestrial apex predators that hunt other tetrapods. The dominance of temnospondyls around the wetland habitats throughout the Carboniferous forced other amphibians to evolve into amniotes that had adaptations that allowed them to live farther away from water bodies. These amniotes began to evolve both carnivory, which was a natural transition from insectivory requiring minimal adaptation; and herbivory , which took advantage of
735-423: The triconodontid Jugulator , the deltatheroidans and Cimolestes . Many of these, such as Repenomamus , Jugulator and Cimolestes , were among the largest mammals in their faunal assemblages, capable of attacking dinosaurs. In the early-to-mid-Cenozoic, the dominant predator forms were mammals: hyaenodonts , oxyaenids , entelodonts , ptolemaiidans , arctocyonids and mesonychians , representing
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#1732772036230770-452: The abundance of coal forest foliage but in contrast required a complex set of adaptations that was necessary for digesting on the cellulose - and lignin -rich plant materials. After the Carboniferous rainforest collapse , both synapsid and sauropsid amniotes quickly gained dominance as the top terrestrial animals during the subsequent Permian period. Some scientists assert that sphenacodontoid synapsids such as Dimetrodon "were
805-651: The deity Ninkilim , who was conflated with Ningirama , a deity of magic who was invoked for protection against serpents. According to a Babylonian popular saying, when a mouse fled from a mongoose into a serpent's hole, it announced, "I bring you greetings from the snake-charmer!" A creature resembling a mongoose also appears in Old Babylonian glyptic art , but its significance is not known. Carnivorous A carnivore / ˈ k ɑːr n ɪ v ɔːr / , or meat-eater ( Latin , caro , genitive carnis , meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"),
840-468: The first terrestrial vertebrate to develop the curved, serrated teeth that enable a predator to eat prey much larger than itself". In the Mesozoic , some theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex are thought probably to have been obligate carnivores. Though the theropods were the larger carnivores, several carnivorous mammal groups were already present. Most notable are the gobiconodontids ,
875-405: The hotter climate. The yellow mongoose is primarily diurnal , though nocturnal activity has been observed. Living in colonies of up to 20 individuals in a permanent burrow complex, the yellow mongoose will often co-exist with Cape ground squirrels or suricates and share maintenance of the warren, adding new tunnels and burrows as necessary. The tunnel system has many entrances, nearby which
910-496: The name of the order and the name of the diet causes confusion. Many but not all carnivorans are meat eaters; a few, such as the large and small cats ( Felidae ) are obligate carnivores (see below). Other classes of carnivore are highly variable. The ursids , for example: while the Arctic polar bear eats meat almost exclusively (more than 90% of its diet is meat), almost all other bear species are omnivorous , and one species,
945-596: The niches of large carnivores were taken over by nautiloid cephalopods such as Cameroceras and later eurypterids such as Jaekelopterus during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. The first vertebrate carnivores appeared after the evolution of jawed fish , especially armored placoderms such as the massive Dunkleosteus . The dominance of placoderms in the Devonian ocean forced other fish to venture into other niches, and one clade of bony fish ,
980-468: The percentage of meat in their diet. The diet of a hypercarnivore consists of more than 70% meat, that of a mesocarnivore 30–70%, and that of a hypocarnivore less than 30%, with the balance consisting of non-animal foods, such as fruits , other plant material, or fungi . Omnivores also consume both animal and non-animal food, and apart from their more general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant vs. animal material that distinguishes
1015-555: The physical characteristics to bring down prey; in addition, most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity arises. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems, as they are not required to break down the tough cellulose found in plants. Many hunting animals have evolved eyes facing forward, enabling depth perception. This is almost universal among mammalian predators, while most reptile and amphibian predators have eyes facing sideways. Predation (the eating of one living organism by another for nutrition ) predates
1050-402: The rise of commonly recognized carnivores by hundreds of millions (perhaps billions) of years. It began with single-celled organisms that phagocytozed and digested other cells, and later evolved into multicellular organisms with specialized cells that were dedicated to breaking down other organisms. Incomplete digestion of the prey organisms, some of which survived inside the predators in
1085-663: The rise of multicellular organisms at about 2 bya, and the rise of motile predators (around 600 Mya – 2 bya, probably around 1 bya) have all been attributed to early predatory behavior, and many very early remains show evidence of boreholes or other markings attributed to small predator species. The sudden disappearance of the precambrian Ediacaran biota at the end-Ediacaran extinction , who were mostly bottom-dwelling filter feeders and grazers , has been hypothetized to be partly caused by increased predation by newer animals with hardened skeleton and mouthparts. The degradation of seafloor microbial mats due to
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1120-1007: The top of the food chain (adults not preyed upon by other animals) is termed an apex predator , regardless of whether it is an obligate or facultative carnivore. In captivity or domestic settings, obligate carnivores like cats and crocodiles can, in principle, get all their required nutrients from processed food made from plant and synthetic sources. Outside the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing carnivorous plants (predominantly insectivores) and several phyla containing carnivorous fungi (preying mostly on microscopic invertebrates , such as nematodes , amoebae , and springtails ). Carnivores are sometimes characterized by their type of prey . For example, animals that eat mainly insects and similar terrestrial arthropods are called insectivores , while those that eat mainly soft-bodied invertebrates are called vermivores . Those that eat mainly fish are called piscivores . Carnivores may alternatively be classified according to
1155-400: The yellow mongoose has lighter highlights on the underbelly and chin, a bushy tail, and a complete lack of sexual dimorphism . Southern yellow mongooses are larger, have yellow or reddish fur, longer fur, and a longer tail with a characteristic white tip. Northern subspecies tend towards smaller size, grey colouration, a grey or darker grey tip to the tail, and shorter hair more appropriate to
1190-475: The yellow mongoose makes its latrines . The yellow mongoose is a carnivore , feeding mostly on beetles , termites , grasshoppers , crickets , caterpillars , and ants , but also on rodents , small birds , reptiles , amphibians , carrion , eggs , grass , and seeds . In urban environments in South Africa, it also forages among human food garbage. The social structure of the yellow mongoose
1225-498: Was altered to its "- goose " ending by folk etymology . It was spelled "mungoose" in the 18th and 19th centuries. The plural form is "mongooses". Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most are brindled or grizzly; a few have strongly marked coats which bear a striking resemblance to mustelids . Their nonretractile claws are used primarily for digging. Mongooses, much like goats, have narrow, ovular pupils . Most species have
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