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49-556: Prior to its acquisition by Deloitte in January 2013, Monitor Deloitte was an American strategy consulting practice known as Monitor Group , which filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2012. It was founded in 1983, by Michael Porter and five other entrepreneurs with ties to the Harvard Business School . The advisory services now offered by Monitor Deloitte are in line with Monitor Group's legacy expertise, but expanded to

98-474: A "political industry", that competes in ways that serve the parties' interests rather than the public good. Gehl and Porter published a Harvard Business School report on the topic, "Why Competition in the Politics Industry is Failing America" (2017), and later a book, The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democrac y (2020). In 2000, Michael Porter

147-541: A 2010 interview: "What I've come to see as probably my greatest gift is the ability to take an extraordinarily complex, integrated, multidimensional problem and get arms around it conceptually in a way that helps, that informs and empowers practitioners to actually do things." Chris Argyris Chris Argyris (July 16, 1923 – November 16, 2013 ) was an American business theorist and professor at Yale School of Management and Harvard Business School . Argyris, like Richard Beckhard , Edgar Schein and Warren Bennis ,

196-468: A broader set of implementation and capabilities design, focused on greater resilience to economic uncertainty. From 2005 to 2011, Monitor controversially provided services to Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya. Today, Monitor Deloitte is a market-facing Strategy and Business Design consulting practice. At the time of merger with Deloitte, it was led by Bansi Nagji. Prior to the merger with Deloitte, Bansi Nagji

245-684: A mark of Monitor's hyper-confidentiality. Some engagements that have appeared in the press due to their public nature include a major initiative with the Libyan government and an organizational effort with the University of California . Monitor Group recruited both at MBA and undergraduate levels, including online recruiting, for the "consultant" position, the title given to all of Monitor's professional staff. Monitor's candidates typically come from top Ivy League schools and their international equivalents, liberal arts colleges and business schools across

294-437: A model to analyse the industry and to estimate whether it would be profitable and ideal enough to enter the industry after carefully examining the bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, competition among existing firms and threat of substitutes. He first wrote and published about Porter's Five Forces in a 1979 article How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy and has further explained about

343-401: A national venture philanthropy fund, as well as its consulting work through Monitor Institute. More than 250 Monitor Group consultants have participated in projects supporting New Profit and its portfolio organizations. Monitor was hit by the 2008 economic crisis. The company laid off nearly 20% of its workforce and closed several small offices. According to co-founder Joe Fuller, 2008 revenue

392-510: A number of business units that specialize in these areas and work together on client projects and the development of intellectual property , including its own white papers and research reports. They included: Global Business Network (GBN), experts in scenario planning and experiential learning; Doblin specializes in innovation and design thinking ; Monitor Regional Competitiveness supported economic development and regional competitiveness initiatives; Monitor Institute consulted on strategy for

441-430: Is asserted that Porter fails to credit original creators of his postulates originating from pure microeconomic theory. He has written numerous books on modern competitive strategy for business. His concepts and theories with regards to strategic management, such as Porter's Five Forces, Porter's Diamond model , Porter's Generic Strategies and Porter's Value Chain, are widely taught in universities. Porter stated in

490-707: Is known as a co-founder of organization development , and known for seminal work on learning organizations . Argyris was born a twin—along with Thomas S. Argyris (1923–2001) —into a family of Greek immigrants to the United States in Newark, New Jersey . Argyris (pronounced AHR-JUR-ris) grew up in Irvington, New Jersey , and Athens, Greece. In World War II he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. After his service he studied psychology at Clark University , where he met Kurt Lewin . He obtained his MA in 1947, and joined

539-448: Is the author of 20 books and numerous articles including Competitive Strategy , Competitive Advantage , Competitive Advantage of Nations , and On Competition , and is the most cited author in business and economics. Porter wrote The Competitive Advantage of Nations in 1990. The book is based on studies of ten nations and argues that a key to national wealth and advantage was the productivity of firms and workers collectively, and that

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588-458: Is when a business provides the same products and services as its competitors, albeit at a lesser cost. Differentiation advantage is when a business provides better products and services as its competitors. In Porter's view, strategic management should be concerned with building and sustaining competitive advantage. He originally developed the Porter's Five Forces in 1979 which is still widely used as

637-488: The Porter five forces analysis framework for analyzing industries, inspired by classes in industrial organization economics that he took at Harvard. During his career, Porter has emphasized that the essence of strategy is about making choices. He has delivered public speaking based on the importance of strategy formulation and has served as a consultant to many governments and NGOs devising strategy formulations. Porter

686-481: The Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health . Porter acting as a consultant to business, government, and the social sector . He has been a strategy advisor to US and international companies, including Caterpillar , Procter & Gamble , Scotts Miracle-Gro , Royal Dutch Shell , and Taiwan Semiconductor . The Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración of Venezuela

735-658: The London School of Economics (LSE), Joseph Nye of Harvard’s Kennedy School , Benjamin Barber of Rutgers University and Michael Porter . Monitor also provided research support for a doctoral thesis which Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi , submitted to the LSE. During this period Monitor also proposed a separate project to write a book for a fee of $ 2.45 million, to be published in Gaddafi's name and which would "allow

784-666: The University of Kansas , where he obtained his MSc in Psychology and Economics in 1949. In 1951 received his PhD from Cornell University, with a thesis under the supervision of William F. Whyte on organizational behavior . In 1951 Argyris started his academic career at Yale University as part of the Yale Labor and Management Center where he worked under its director and an early influence, E. Wight Bakke . At Yale he subsequently became appointed Professor of Management science. In 1971 he moved to Harvard University , where he

833-550: The Center for Effective Philanthropy, which creates rigorous tools for measuring foundation effectiveness; FSG Social Impact Advisors, a leading non-profit strategy firm which he co-founded with Mark Kramer, serving NGOs, corporations, and foundations in the area of creating social value; and International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurements (ICHOM), which he co-founded in 2012 with Stefan Larsson and Martin Ingvar. ICHOM supports

882-613: The Firm: Governance, Residual Claims and Organizational Forms , by Michael C. Jensen ; The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Growing More Profitably , by Thomas T. Nagle, John E. Hogan and Joseph Zale; and The Art of the Long View: Paths to Strategic Insight for Yourself and Your Company by Peter Schwartz . Monitor was first hired by the Muammar Gaddafi -led Libyan government in 2005 to assess

931-492: The Five Forces in his 1980 article Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Porter introduced the concept of competitive advantage in 1985. which later went onto become one of the key concepts in management science at present. He also published a book titled Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance in order to explain the concept of competitive advantage and

980-654: The James A. Hamilton award of the American College of Healthcare Executives in 2007 for book of the year. His New England Journal of Medicine research article, "A Strategy for Health Care Reform – Toward a Value-Based System" (July 2009), lays out a health reform strategy for the US. His work on health care is employed to address the health care delivery problems in developing countries, in collaboration with Dr. Jim Yong Kim , Dr. Kevin J. Bozic, and others at

1029-427: The LSE. This, combined with public exposure of wider connections between the LSE and Libya , resulted in the resignation of its director, Howard Davies . In March 2011, Monitor announced that it had launched an internal investigation into its work for the Libyan government. In May 2011, Monitor announced it would register some of its past work in Libya with the U.S. Department of Justice in accordance with FARA. Around

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1078-408: The US ranks relative to other countries on a comprehensive scorecard called "The Social Progress Index", an effort which he co-authored. This scorecard rated the US on a comprehensive set of metrics; overall, the US placed 16th. Michael Porter defined the two ways in which an organization can achieve competitive advantage over its rivals: cost advantage and differentiation advantage. Cost advantage

1127-703: The ability to participate in decisions. He also came to the conclusion that problems with employees are the result of mature personalities managed using outdated practices. Argyris' collaborative work with Robert W. Putnam, (not to be confused with Robert D. Putnam ), and Diana McLain Smith advocates an approach to research that focuses on generating knowledge that is useful in solving practical problems. Other key concepts developed by Argyris include ladder of inference , double-loop learning ( Argyris & Schön 1974 ), theory of action/espoused theory/theory-in-use, high advocacy/high inquiry dialogue and actionable knowledge and

1176-609: The basis for diagnosis and action ( Theory in Practice (1974); Organizational Learning (1978); Organizational Learning II (1996) – all with Donald Schön). He has also developed this thinking in Overcoming Organizational Defenses (1990) and Knowledge for Action (1993). Argyris believed that managers who treat people positively and as responsible adults will achieve productivity. Mature workers want additional responsibilities, variety of tasks, and

1225-400: The book which later went onto become a bestseller also focuses on value chain concept. Porter introduced the concept of value chain analysis in his 1985 book, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance . The value chain comprises each of the activities, from design through distribution, that a company performs to produce a product; these activities are viewed as

1274-564: The economic development of regions and countries, and the differences in economic outcomes and competitiveness across different regions. Porter said in an interview that he first became interested in competition through sports. He was on the NCAA championship golf squad at Princeton and also played football, baseball and basketball growing up. Porter received a BSE with high honors in aerospace and mechanical engineering from Princeton University in 1969, where he graduated first in his class and

1323-437: The founders of the consulting firm The Monitor Group (now part of Deloitte ) and FSG, a social impact consultancy. He is credited with creating Porter's five forces analysis , which is instrumental in business strategy development at present. He is generally regarded as the father of the modern strategy field. He is also regarded as one of the world's most influential thinkers on management and competitiveness as well as one of

1372-754: The impact of formal organizational structures, control systems and management on individuals and how they responded and adapted to them. This research resulted in the books Personality and Organization (1957) and Integrating the Individual and the Organization (1964). He then shifted his focus to organizational change, in particular exploring the behaviour of senior executives in organizations, in Interpersonal Competence and Organizational Effectiveness (1962) and Organization and Innovation (1965). From there he moved on to an inquiry into

1421-523: The internet in 2009, Monitor entered into further contracts with the Libyan regime in 2006 which were worth at least $ 3m (£1.8m) per year plus expenses. According to the memo these contracts were for a campaign to "enhance international understanding and appreciation of Libya... emphasize the emergence of the new Libya... [and] introduce Muammar Gaddafi as a thinker and intellectual." In connection with these contracts Monitor engaged and flew to Libya several leading Western academics, including Anthony Giddens of

1470-472: The key strategic agenda items in Porter's Value-Based Health Care Delivery framework by working with patients and leading healthcare providers to create a global standard for measuring health outcomes. He also currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Princeton University . An analysis by Porter in collaboration with Katherine Gehl frames the US two-party system as a duopoly , a business best described as

1519-418: The most influential business strategists. His work has been recognized by governments, non-governmental organizations and universities. Michael Porter's father was a civil engineer and Georgia Tech graduate who had also gone on to a career as an army officer. During Porter's childhood, his family moved around the United States, and to France and Canada. This contributed to Porter's interest in understanding

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1568-421: The national and regional environment supports that productivity. He proposed the "diamond" framework, a mutually-reinforcing system of four factors that determine national advantage: factor conditions; demand conditions; related or supporting industries; and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Information, incentives, and infrastructure were also key to that productivity. During April 2014, Porter discussed how

1617-483: The philanthropy and non-profit sectors; Monitor 360 works on strategy for government and non-governmental agencies; and Monitor Talent, a network of authors, experts, and academics who shared ideas about the future of business, science and society. According to Monitor Group, about 85 percent of its revenues came from repeat clients. Monitor Group did not disclose its list of clients. Even when discussing clients in-house, Monitor used acronyms to protect client's identities,

1666-505: The presidents of Rwanda and South Korea. In 1983, Porter co-founded the Monitor Group , a strategy-consulting firm acquired by Deloitte Consulting in 2013 through a structured bankruptcy proceeding . Michael Porter has founded four major non-profit organizations : Initiative for a Competitive Inner City – ICIC, founded in 1994, and which he still chairs, which addresses economic development in distressed urban communities;

1715-450: The reader to hear Gaddafi elaborate, in his own words and in conversation with renowned international experts, his core ideas on individual freedom, direct democracy vs. representative democracy, [and] the role of state and religion". The book was never completed and Monitor later stated that the project had been a "serious mistake on our part". Monitor's work for the Libyan government, and its hiring of academics in connection with it, became

1764-501: The role of the social scientist as both researcher and actor ( Intervention Theory and Method (1970); Inner Contradictions of Rigorous Research (1980) and Action Science (1985) – with Robert Putnam and Diana McLain Smith). His fourth major area of research and theorizing – in significant part undertaken with Donald Schön – was in individual and organizational learning and the extent to which human reasoning, not just behavior, can become

1813-403: The same time, Mark Fuller, Monitor Group's founder, chairman, and CEO, announced his resignation, which, according to Monitor executives, had been planned for several months. The company said it would also register for work with Jordan . Michael Porter Michael Eugene Porter (born May 23, 1947) is an American businessman and professor at Harvard Business School . He was one of

1862-609: The state of Libya’s economy, develop plans for economic modernization and reform of the banking system, and train leaders from different sectors of society. The work did not involve any wider political reforms in the North African nation. According to a 2007 memo from Monitor to Libya's intelligence chief which was subsequently obtained by the National Conference for the Libyan Opposition and posted on

1911-450: The study of adult personality. Argyris' concept of Action Science begins with the study of how human beings design their actions in difficult situations. Human actions are designed to achieve intended consequences and governed by a set of environment variables. How those governing variables are treated in designing actions are the key differences between single-loop learning and double-loop learning . When actions are designed to achieve

1960-584: The subject of increasing scrutiny and controversy after Gaddafi’s forces attacked anti-government protesters in February 2011. Questions arose about whether Monitor should have registered as a foreign lobbyist under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) in connection with its work in Libya. During this time, details also came to public notice of the role which Monitor had played in the writing of Saif Gaddafi's thesis submitted to

2009-407: The world. Only around 2% of the undergraduate applicant pool received offers. Several authors affiliated with the firm have written business consulting books related to Monitor's work, including Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors , by Michael Porter; Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change , by Chris Argyris ; A Theory of

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2058-437: The “basic units of competitive advantage". Porter has focused on addressing pressing problems in health care delivery in the US and other countries. His book, Redefining Health Care (written with Elizabeth Teisberg), develops a new strategic framework for transforming the value delivered by the health care system, with implications for providers, health plans, employers, and government, among other actors. The book received

2107-507: Was President of Monitor Group and led the firm’s global innovation practice. Monitor Group was founded in 1983, by six entrepreneurs with ties to Harvard Business School , including Michael Porter , Mark B. Fuller , and Joseph B. Fuller . In 2008, the Corporation for National and Community Service honored Monitor for outstanding pro bono service for its 10-year partnership with and providing consulting resources for New Profit Inc.,

2156-577: Was Professor of Education and Organizational Behavior, until his retirement. Argyris was active as director of the consulting firm Monitor in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Argyris received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Toronto in 2006 and a Doctor of Science award from Yale University in 2011. Argyris died on November 16, 2013, age 90, and is buried at Linwood Cemetery in Weston, Massachusetts . Argyris' early research explored

2205-593: Was appointed Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard , the university's highest recognition awarded to Harvard faculty. He is a six-time winner of the McKinsey Award for the best Harvard Business Review article of the year. Porter's work has received criticism from peers within academia for inconsistent logical argument in his assertions. Porter's conclusions have been critiqued as "lacking in empirical support" and as "justified with selective case studies". In these analysis of his work it

2254-453: Was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Tau Beta Pi . He received an MBA with high distinction in 1971 from Harvard Business School (HBS), where he was a George F. Baker Scholar, and a PhD in business economics from Harvard University in 1973. Porter credits Harvard professor Roland "Chris" Christensen with inspiring him and encouraging him to speak up during class. Porter reached the top of his class by his second year at HBS. Porter developed

2303-474: Was influenced under the guidance of Porter, taught American business administration. Porter has served on two public boards of directors, those of Thermo Fisher Scientific and Parametric Technology Corporation . He influence economic policy , working with the Executive Branch and with Congress , and has led national economic-strategy programs in other countries. As of 2009 , he was working with

2352-697: Was officially bought out by Deloitte on January 11, 2013. "The new combined practices will operate under the Monitor Deloitte brand, resulting in a new global presence in strategy consulting", according to the Monitor website in February 2013. Monitor was based in Cambridge , Massachusetts , and has 27 offices in 17 countries. Monitor's consulting areas included: Strategy and Uncertainty, Leadership and Organization, Innovation, Economic Development, Marketing Pricing and Sales, and Social Action. Monitor had

2401-517: Was up on the previous year, but he stated that Monitor continued to anticipate "a demanding and tough market in the short term". Monitor also operated a research captive called Grail Research which was sold to Integreon in 2010, which is a member company of the Ayala Corporation . On November 7, 2012, Monitor's US subsidiary filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and it was announced that Deloitte had agreed to acquire Monitor Group. The company

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