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25-467: It changed hands from the House of Thiern, to the House of Beaujeau, to the House of Drieux, to the House of Beaujeau again, and finally to the House of Ventadour, before it was sold in 1384 by Bernard and Robert de Ventadour to John, Duke of Berry , whose sons Charles and John were the first two to hold the title of Count of Montpensier . After their deaths without issue, their younger sister Marie brought

50-471: A Scottish woman: In 1389 he married his second wife, Joan II, Countess of Auvergne (c.1378-1424). John of Berry was also a notable patron who commissioned works such as the most famous Book of Hours , the Très Riches Heures . "Like other works produced on the duke’s auspices, this model of elegance reflected many of the artistic tendencies of the time in its fusion of Flemish realism, of

75-589: A canonist and prelate, served John in his efforts to find a way to end the Great Western schism that was not unfavorable to French interests. In his later years, John became a more conciliatory figure in France. After the death of Philip the Bold in 1404, he was the last surviving son of King John, and generally tried to play the role of a peacemaker between the factions of his nephews Louis of Orléans and John

100-566: A captive after the Battle of Poitiers fifty-nine years before, he feared the fate of France if the king and his heirs should be taken captive and he therefore successfully prevented their participation. John died on 15 June 1416 in Paris a few months after the battle, which proved as disastrous as he had feared. John sired the following children by his first wife, Joanna of Armagnac (1346–1387), whom he married in 1360: Illegitimate son by

125-461: A courtesy title by other members of the House of Orléans: John, Duke of Berry John of Berry or John the Magnificent ( French : Jean de Berry , Latin : Johannes de Bituria ; 30 November 1340 – 15 June 1416) was Duke of Berry and Auvergne and Count of Poitiers and Montpensier . His brothers were King Charles V of France , Duke Louis I of Anjou and Duke Philip

150-734: The Limbourg brothers , Jean de Berry made a decisive contribution to the renewal of art which took place in his time and to a number of religious houses, notably Notre Dame de Paris . After the death of John's maternal grandfather, John the Blind , during the Battle of Crecy (1346), the famed court composer and poet Guillaume de Machaut entered into the service of John of Berry. Poitou Poitou ( UK : / ˈ p w ʌ t uː / PWUH -too , US : / p w ɑː ˈ t uː / pwah- TOO , French: [pwatu] ; Latin : Pictaviensis, Pictavia ; Poitevin : Poetou )

175-570: The Orléans family, and was borne in particular by Antoine Philippe (1775–1807), son of Philippe Egalité , and by Antoine Marie Philippe Louis (1824–1890), son of King Louis-Philippe and father-in-law of King Alphonso XII of Spain . Mademoiselle de Montpensier was a title conferred upon some women of the royal family, namely during the years previous to the French Revolution . The title Duke of Montpensier has been used as

200-789: The Poitevin Marsh (French Marais Poitevin ) is located along the Gulf of Poitou , on the west coast of France, just north of La Rochelle and west of Niort . At the conclusion of the Battle of Taillebourg in the Saintonge War , which was decisively won by the French, King Henry III of England recognized his loss of continental Plantagenet territory to France. This was ratified by the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , by which King Louis annexed Normandy , Maine , Anjou , and Poitou). During

225-482: The Bold of Burgundy. He was Regent of France from 1380 to 1388 during the minority of his nephew Charles VI . John is primarily remembered as a collector of the important illuminated manuscripts and other works of art commissioned by him, such as the Très Riches Heures . His personal motto was Le temps venra ("the time will come"). John was born at the castle of Vincennes on 30 November 1340,

250-529: The Duke of Burgundy, were the dominant figures in the kingdom. The king ended the regency and took power into his own hands in 1388, giving the governance of the kingdom largely to his father's former ministers, who were political enemies of the king's powerful uncles. John was also stripped of his offices in Languedoc at that time. John and the duke bided their time, and were soon able to retake power, in 1392, when

275-531: The Fearless . After the murder of Orléans at the orders of the Duke of Burgundy, he generally took the Orléanist or Armagnac side in the civil war that erupted, but was always a moderate figure, attempting to reconcile the two sides and promote internal peace. It was largely due to John's urging that Charles VI and his sons were not present at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Remembering his father's fate as

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300-797: The French Roman Catholic Church conducted a strong Counter-Reformation effort. In 1793, this effort had contributed to the three-year-long open revolt against the French Revolutionary Government in the Bas-Poitou (Département of Vendée ). Similarly, during Napoleon 's Hundred Days in 1815, the Vendée stayed loyal to the Restoration Monarchy of King Louis XVIII . Napoleon dispatched 10,000 troops under General Lamarque to pacify

325-628: The French colonists, later known as Acadians , who settled beginning in 1604 in eastern North America came from southern Poitou. They established settlements in what is now Nova Scotia , and later in New Brunswick —both of which were taken over in the later 18th century by the English, (after their 1763 victory in the Seven Years' War ). After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685,

350-405: The countship to her third husband, John I, Duke of Bourbon (1381–1434). The countship was subsequently held by Louis de Bourbon , the younger son of John and Marie, and by his descendants up to Charles de Bourbon-Montpensier , the famous constable, who became duke of Bourbon by his marriage with his cousin, Suzanne de Bourbon , in 1505. In 1384–1434 and 1505–27, Montpensier followed

375-454: The duchy to her husband Gaston, Duke of Orléans , brother of Louis XIII , whom she married in 1626, and their daughter and heiress, known as La Grande Mademoiselle was duchess of Montpensier. When Mademoiselle Anne died childless, her heir (but an ancestress' Huguenot marriage after being a nun may have been regarded invalid) was Elisabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine , the then wife of Duke of Orléans . The title subsequently remained in

400-447: The king had his first attack of insanity, an affliction which would remain with him throughout his life. In the 1390s, the dukes of Berry and Burgundy would jockey for royal favor against the Duke of Orléans, Charles VI's brother. In April of 1401, while the Duke of Orléans was away from court, King Charles VI's uncles made him sign the lieutenancy of Languedoc, Berry, Auvergne, and Poitou back over to Jean de Berry. Simon of Cramaud ,

425-532: The late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poitou was a hotbed of Huguenot (French Calvinist Protestant) activity among the nobility and bourgeoisie. The Protestants were discriminated against and brutally attacked during the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Under the Edict of Nantes , such discrimination was temporarily suspended but this measure was repealed by the French Crown. Some of

450-665: The refined Parisian style, and of Italian panel-painting techniques." Admiring the artistic productions of Jean Pucelle , John employed several well-known artists such as the Limbourg Brothers , Jacquemart de Hesdin , the Master of the Brussels Initials , and André Beauneveu . His curiosity to illumination and patronage led to much success on preserving and absorbing talented miniaturist painters. His spending on his art collection severely taxed his estates, and he

475-467: The region. As noted by historian Andre Lampert: "The persistent Huguenots of 17th Century Poitou and the fiercely Catholic rebellious Royalists of what came be the Vendée of the late 18th Century had ideologies very different, indeed diametrically opposed to each other. The common thread connecting both phenomena is a continuing assertion of a local identity and opposition to the central government in Paris , whatever its composition and identity. (...) In

500-556: The succession in Duchy of Auvergne , and from 1434 onwards that of Dauphinate of Auvergne . Confiscated by King Francis I , the countship was restored in 1538 to Louise de Bourbon , sister of the Constable of France , and widow of the prince de La Roche-sur-Yon , and to her son Louis , and was erected into a duchy in the peerage of France ( duché-pairie ) in 1539. Marie , daughter and heiress of Henry, Duke of Montpensier, brought

525-543: The terms of the Treaty of Brétigny , signed that May, John became a hostage of the English Crown and remained in England until 1369. Upon his return to France, his brother, now King Charles V, appointed him lieutenant general for Berry, Auvergne, Bourbonnais , Forez , Sologne , Touraine , Anjou , Maine , and Normandy . Upon the death of his older brother Charles V in 1380, the latter's son and heir, Charles VI

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550-432: The third son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg . In 1356, he was made Count of Poitou by his father, and in 1358 he was named king's lieutenant of Auvergne , Languedoc , Périgord , and Poitou to administer those regions in his father's name while the king was a captive of the English. When Poitiers was ceded to England in 1360, his father granted John the newly raised duchies of Berry and Auvergne. By

575-616: Was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers . Both Poitou and Poitiers are named after the Pictones Gallic tribe. The main historical cities are Poitiers (historical capital city), Châtellerault (France's kings' establishment in Poitou), Niort , La Roche-sur-Yon , Thouars , and Parthenay . Historically Poitou was ruled by the count of Poitou , a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778. A marshland called

600-574: Was a minor, so John and his brothers, along with the king's maternal uncle the Duke of Bourbon acted as regents. He was also appointed Lieutenant General in Languedoc in November of the same year, where he was forced to deal with the Harelle , a peasants' revolt spurred by heavy taxation in support of the war effort against the English. Following the death of Louis of Anjou in 1384, John and his brother,

625-853: Was deeply in debt when he died in 1416 at Paris. Works created for him include the manuscripts known as the Très Riches Heures , the Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry and (parts of) the Turin-Milan Hours . Goldsmith's work includes the Holy Thorn Reliquary and Royal Gold Cup , both in the British Museum . The web site of the Louvre says of him: By his exacting taste, by his tireless search for artists, from Jacquemart de Hesdin to

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