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30-619: The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou . In the southeast corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204). Eleanor's son, Richard the Lionheart often had his base in Talmont . The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into

60-617: A battleground. Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants , including control by Jeanne d'Albret mother of Henry IV of France, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. In April of that year King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from

90-612: A new concept in higher education, that of the "University School": halfway between the French Grande École and the traditional state university. The primary factors of the Vendéen economy are: The Vendée has been cited as the most economically dynamic department in France by L'Express magazine in a 2006 survey. Its economy is characterised by a low rate of unemployment (around 7% in late 2006 compared to more than 9% nationally) and

120-638: A very high proportion of small and medium-sized businesses (one business for every 14 inhabitants). The coast of the Vendée extends over 200 kilometres (120 mi) of mostly sandy beaches. Tourists from overseas and locally frequent them. Some resorts include Les Sables-d'Olonne , La Tranche-sur-Mer and Saint-Jean-de-Monts . Some beaches are certified for the FEE Blue Flag for cleanliness. With more than 160 kilometres (100 mi) of sandy beaches edged with dunes and pine woods. There are several nude beaches including just south of La Faute sur Mer on

150-735: Is La Roche-sur-Yon , the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 10 most populous communes are: The main University of this department is the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies - ICES in La Roche-sur-Yon. The main goal of this institute is to achieve academic excellence through an enhancement of the Christian and human dimension in seven areas of study. Founded in 1989, Catholic Institute of Higher Studies - ICES has pioneered

180-591: Is a 82.5-kilometre-long (51.3 mi) river in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions in western France . It a right tributary of the Sèvre Niortaise . Its source is near L'Absie , in the west of the Deux-Sèvres department . For a few kilometres, it forms the border between the departments of Vendée (named after the river) and Charente-Maritime , before it flows into

210-408: Is home to a number of food processing firms. A manufacturer of ready-meals and charcuterie employs the majority of its workforce (some 3000 people) at local plants. Other employers include bakeries and biscuit producers. The department also has some speciality products, including brioche ( Label Rouge ) and a raw cured ham ( Jambon de Vendée ) similar in flavour to bacon. Wine is also produced in

240-630: Is the subject of Ninety-Three ( Quatrevingt-treize ), the last novel by the French writer Victor Hugo , an episode in Mr. Midshipman Hornblower and also the backdrop of Les Chouans by Balzac . In the writings of Karl Marx regarding revolutionary struggles in various countries, he uses the term "a Vendée" as meaning "a focus of persistent counter-revolutionary activities". Vladimir Lenin , when speaking about Cossacks as potential counter-revolutionary opposition, identified them as Russian Vendée . In

270-810: The Catholic Church by the provisions of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy act (1790) and broke into open revolt after the Revolutionary government's imposition of military conscription . A massacre of Republicans at Machecoul in March was followed by guerrilla warfare , led at the outset by peasants who were chosen in each locale, and cost more than 240,000 lives before it ended in 1796 (190,000 Vendeans who were republicans or royalists and 50,000 non-Vendean republican soldiers; according to

300-692: The Gallo or Old Breton languages. Vendée's highest point is Puy-Crapaud (295 m). The department is crossed by four rivers: the Sèvre Nantaise (135 kilometres (84 mi) long), the Vendée (70 kilometres (43 mi)), the Lay (110 kilometres (68 mi)) and the Sèvre Niortaise (150 kilometres (93 mi)). Vendée's inhabitants are referred to as Vendeans ( French Vendéens pronounced [vɑ̃.de.ɛ̃] ). The most populous commune

330-467: The Orléanist monarch, King Louis Philippe of the French (1830–1848). In 1850, English author Anthony Trollope published his book La Vendée , detailing the history of the region and the war. In the preface he pays tribute to Madame de la Rochejaquelein , on whose memoirs of the war he based his story. The name Vendée is taken from the river Vendée which runs through the southeastern part of

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360-788: The Poitevin Marsh (French Marais Poitevin ) is located along the Gulf of Poitou , on the west coast of France, just north of La Rochelle and west of Niort . At the conclusion of the Battle of Taillebourg in the Saintonge War , which was decisively won by the French, King Henry III of England recognized his loss of continental Plantagenet territory to France. This was ratified by the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , by which King Louis annexed Normandy , Maine , Anjou , and Poitou). During

390-605: The Sèvre Niortaise , near Marans . The name is attested as Fluvium Vendre in the 10th century, and as Flumen Vendee and Vendeia by the 11th century. According to Pierre-Henri Billy, the name ultimately derives from the Celtic toponym *vindo- meaning white or brilliant in a sacred context (as in the Modern Welsh gwyn/wyn ). The name likely originates in Proto-Celtic or Gaulish , but may also have originated in

420-744: The French Roman Catholic Church conducted a strong Counter-Reformation effort. In 1793, this effort had contributed to the three-year-long open revolt against the French Revolutionary Government in the Bas-Poitou (Département of Vendée ). Similarly, during Napoleon 's Hundred Days in 1815, the Vendée stayed loyal to the Restoration Monarchy of King Louis XVIII . Napoleon dispatched 10,000 troops under General Lamarque to pacify

450-577: The French colonists, later known as Acadians , who settled beginning in 1604 in eastern North America came from southern Poitou. They established settlements in what is now Nova Scotia , and later in New Brunswick —both of which were taken over in the later 18th century by the English, (after their 1763 victory in the Seven Years' War ). After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685,

480-596: The Jacques Hussenet and Centre Vendéen de Recherche Historique's book Détruisez la Vendée ). The Revolt in the Vendée must not be confused with the revolt of the Chouans , which took place at the same time in Maine and Brittany . The revolt was led by able officers, mostly aristocrats with some commoners. England provided funds and weapons but various plans for military support were thwarted or cancelled, such as

510-528: The Pointe d'Arçay. The department also has churches and abbeys, museums, and—for nature lovers—thousands of marked footpaths, a signposted bicycle route running along the coastal mudflats, and marshes that attract unusual birds. There is fishing in the Vendée's rivers and lakes. Inland, the chief attractions include the Marais Poitevin (an area of marshlands famed for wildlife), the forested area around

540-449: The Vendée reflects its status as a major tourist destination. Mobile homes are manufactured at plants in Luçon and the building of motor and sail yachts takes place at locations all over the department. The service sector too is strongly inclined towards tourism with campsites, restaurants and other tourism businesses being important sources of revenue and employment. The War in the Vendée

570-473: The Vendée refused to recognise him and stayed loyal to King Louis XVIII . General Lamarque led 10,000 men into the Vendée to pacify the region. A failed rebellion in the Vendée in 1832 in support of Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchess de Berry , the former King Charles X 's widowed daughter-in-law, was an unsuccessful attempt to restore the Legitimist Bourbon dynasty during the reign of

600-863: The Vendée, 31 members, elected through universal suffrage , govern the affairs of the department , with 26 members on the right-wing and 5 members on the left-wing . The Prefect represents the French State in the department . The president of the Departmental Council is Alain Lebœuf, elected in July 2021. Previous Presidents were Bruno Retailleau and Philippe de Villiers . Poitou Poitou ( UK : / ˈ p w ʌ t uː / PWUH -too , US : / p w ɑː ˈ t uː / pwah- TOO , French: [pwatu] ; Latin : Pictaviensis, Pictavia ; Poitevin : Poetou )

630-614: The Vendée. In the void, the region became rigorously Catholic due to the influence of a preacher and Marian missionary Louis de Montfort who radically changed the spirituality of the region. Many attribute the effect of his preaching to prepare the Vendeans for their revolt against the French Revolution. The Vendeans revolted against the Revolutionary government in 1793. They resented the harsh oppression imposed on

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660-461: The area around the communes of Vix, Brem, Pissotte and Mareuil-sur-Lay, and is marketed under the "Fiefs Vendéens" designation. Production quality has improved markedly over recent years, and, having already achieved the classification Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS), the wines are on their way towards A.O.C status ( Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée ). Much of the manufacturing industry in

690-410: The department. The river is attested as Fluvium Vendre in the 10th century, and as Flumen Vendee and Vendeia by the 11th century. According to Pierre-Henri Billy, the name ultimately derives from the Celtic toponym *vindo- meaning white or brilliant in a sacred context (as in the Modern Welsh gwyn/wyn ). The name likely originates in Proto-Celtic or Gaulish , but may also have originated in

720-549: The ill-fated 1795 Quiberon Expedition . In 1804, Napoleon I chose La Roche-sur-Yon to be the capital of the department . At the time, most of La Roche had been eradicated in the Vendée Revolt (1793–96); the renamed Napoléonville was laid out and a fresh population of soldiers and civil servants was brought in. Napoléonville had a square-grid street network and was designed to accommodate 15,000 people. In 1815, when Napoleon escaped exile on Elba for his Hundred Days ,

750-473: The late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poitou was a hotbed of Huguenot (French Calvinist Protestant) activity among the nobility and bourgeoisie. The Protestants were discriminated against and brutally attacked during the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Under the Edict of Nantes , such discrimination was temporarily suspended but this measure was repealed by the French Crown. Some of

780-544: The offshore farming of shellfish (oysters and mussels). Poultry from Challans is highly regarded nationwide as is lamb produced from the salt marshes in the North of the Vendée. Demonstrating its support for the agricultural sector, the Conseil Général of the Vendée has a stated policy to promote the construction of irrigation reservoirs to reduce dependence on ground water during key summer growing seasons. The Vendée

810-608: The region where Louis XIII and Louis XIV had encountered stiff resistance, the House of Bourbon gained loyal and militant supporters exactly when it had been overthrown and when a Bourbon loyalty came to imply a local loyalty in opposition to the new central government, that of Robespierre ." 46°38′55″N 0°14′52″W  /  46.6486°N 0.2478°W  / 46.6486; -0.2478 Vend%C3%A9e (river) The Vendée ( US : / v ɒ̃ ˈ d eɪ / , French: [vɑ̃de] ; Occitan : Vendèa )

840-518: The region. As noted by historian Andre Lampert: "The persistent Huguenots of 17th Century Poitou and the fiercely Catholic rebellious Royalists of what came be the Vendée of the late 18th Century had ideologies very different, indeed diametrically opposed to each other. The common thread connecting both phenomena is a continuing assertion of a local identity and opposition to the central government in Paris , whatever its composition and identity. (...) In

870-524: The village of Mervent and the rolling countryside of the Bocage. In the north of the department, the historical theme park Puy du Fou attracts more than 1.45 million of visitors per year. Agriculture remains a significant source of employment in the Vendée. Among departments, it has the second highest level of revenue from agriculture in France. The major arable crops grown are maize, colza , wheat and sunflowers. Meat and dairy production also feature, as does

900-616: Was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers . Both Poitou and Poitiers are named after the Pictones Gallic tribe. The main historical cities are Poitiers (historical capital city), Châtellerault (France's kings' establishment in Poitou), Niort , La Roche-sur-Yon , Thouars , and Parthenay . Historically Poitou was ruled by the count of Poitou , a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778. A marshland called

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