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95-500: On 9 October 2020, it was announced that Rally Monza would be the final round of the 2020 World Rally Championship season , staging a round of the FIA World Rally Championship for the first time. The event was included in the 2021 World Rally Championship as the last round of the season. The first editions featured a mixed surface, with special stages run both on the paved track and on dirt roads carved in

190-625: A healthy diet are also recommended. Supportive care in severe cases includes treatment to relieve symptoms , fluid therapy , oxygen support and prone positioning , and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs. More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is recommended to reduce mortality. Noninvasive ventilation and, ultimately, admission to an intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation may be required to support breathing. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address

285-627: A variant of concern (VoC) or a variant of interest (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious D614G . As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections. Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 – BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating. As of 24 September 2024 ,

380-434: A career-best finish. Pierre-Louis Loubet and Vincent Landais also retired from their top-class debut as they broke their steering . Moving to Rally Turkey , where crews had to face the challenge of rock storms, Sébastien Loeb and Daniel Elena took an early lead on Friday. At the age of forty-six, Loeb became the oldest driver to lead a WRC event. Saturday saw reigning world champions Tänak and Järveoja retire from

475-602: A championship round in the WRC. Following the cancellation of Rally Japan , it was announced that Ypres Rally , officially Renties Ypres Rally Belgium, would replace Rally Japan to hold the seventh round of the season. The Sunday's route would feature the iconic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Stavelot , which would run with the 2020 World RX of Benelux of the World Rallycross Championship . Belgium

570-493: A comprehensive international study. Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection). Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic. In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with

665-526: A further nine points behind. In the manufacturers' championship, Hyundai Shell Mobis WRT successfully defended their title, five points cleared of Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT , with M-Sport Ford WRT in third. The 2020 championship was due to be contested over thirteen rounds in Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, North and South America, and Oceania, but the calendar was reduced to seven rounds due to

760-595: A large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged. The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered

855-399: A late road position would be helpful for a good result. Sordo and del Barrio made full use of this advantage to build a commanding lead of over thirty seconds going onto Sunday. The Spanish crew eventually won the rally for the second straight year although their i20's rear subframe was inspected and deemed to be underweight post-race. There was an epic battle for the runner-up spot between

950-467: A manufacturer and driving a 2017-specification World Rally Car. There were also five bonus points awarded to the winners of the Power Stage , four points for second place, three for third, two for fourth and one for fifth. Power Stage points were only awarded in the drivers' and co-drivers' championships. Notes:  – Power Stage position Notes:  – Power Stage position Only

1045-451: A median range of 0.24% to 1.49%. IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ≈10,000 across the age groups. For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than

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1140-562: A part-time basis. Katsuta contested all of the European rallies under the Toyota Gazoo Racing name while Latvala planned to contest two events—with further starts depending on his budget—as an independent entrant. Former Toyota Gazoo Racing driver Juho Hänninen became Latvala's co-driver, replacing Miikka Anttila . Anttila moved to WRC3 , partnering Eerik Pietarinen . Kris Meeke remained under contract with

1235-824: A random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts. Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms. The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, complications of diabetes , anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions. During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested. A retrospective cohort study in China found that children and adults were just as likely to be infected. Among more thorough studies, preliminary results from 9 April 2020 found that in Gangelt ,

1330-576: A replacement event to ensure that the calendar retained its planned fourteen rounds, but were unable to do so. The Rallies in Italy were postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic . Events in Argentina , Portugal , Kenya , Finland , New Zealand , Germany , Great Britain and Japan were cancelled. Organisers of the championship announced that they were considering adding events to

1425-605: A second team for Breen and Mikkelsen to contest selected rallies, and entered Breen at the rally of Sweden , Estonia and Belgium . Mikkelsen returned to action at the Rally Sardegna , co-driving with 2003 World Drivers' Champion Petter Solberg . They contested the rally in Shakedown and Power Stage with Pirelli tyres to be used for the 2021 season. The Citroën World Rally Team had committed to entering two full-time entries instead of three, continuing

1520-463: A series of crew changes in the off-season, which included reigning world champions Ott Tänak and Martin Järveoja moving to Hyundai . Tänak and Järveoja's title defence started poorly when they suffered a high-speed crash on the fourth stage of the rally , which saw their Hyundai i20 flying off a 40 m (131.2 ft) high cliff at 180 km/h (111.8 mph), rolling end-over-end through

1615-495: A series of trees and landing on the road below; both Tänak and Järveoja walked away uninjured. Following the crash, Hyundai's hopes rode on the shoulders of Thierry Neuville and Nicolas Gilsoul . Despite holding the lead on Thursday night, Friday saw the Toyota crews of Sébastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia and their teammates Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin take the lead. The lead would swing backwards and forwards throughout

1710-461: A social phenomenon, not just a biological one. Time reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website. During the initial outbreak in Wuhan , the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus", "the coronavirus outbreak" and

1805-497: A terminal engine fault. Esapekka Lappi and Janne Ferm also retired when their Fiesta caught fire. Ogier and Ingrassia enjoyed a trouble-free weekend and won their first rally of the season. With a consistent performance in the early season, the six-time world champions took an early lead in the championships. The result also saw Toyota expand their lead in the manufacturers' championship, twenty-one points ahead of defending manufacturer champions Hyundai. The season restarted in

1900-451: A test. Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included. Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts. Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because excess mortality (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that

1995-453: A trouble-free weekend, scoring their first points in a World Rally Car by finishing seventh overall. The championship finished in Monza , featuring tricky weather conditions, which spelt trouble for all terms. The very first stage saw Katsuta and Barritt overshoot a corner and crash into a wall. Neuville and Gilsoul had a mathematical chance of winning the titles coming to the event, but it

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2090-518: Is associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of cases. The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an aerosol ) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing. Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors. SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to

2185-611: Is discouraged altogether by the World Health Organization (WHO), due to limited evidence of its efficacy. The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold . In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died,

2280-439: Is intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This knowledge accelerated

2375-490: Is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone. Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5 million (≈27.4 million) by 18 November 2023 by The Economist , as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and ≈18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by

2470-452: Is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global CFR was 1.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023. The number varies by region and has generally declined over time. Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as

2565-406: Is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E , NL63 , OC43 , HKU1 , MERS-CoV , and the original SARS-CoV . The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a nucleic acid test , which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments. As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited." The test

2660-614: Is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab ; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease. Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching

2755-539: The COVID-19 pandemic . The following rounds were included on the original calendar published by WRC Promoter GmbH , but were later cancelled: With the addition of Rally Chile to the calendar in 2019, the FIA opened the tender process for new events to join the championship in 2020. Bids to revive Rally Japan and the Safari Rally were received, and candidate events were run in 2019. Both events were accepted to

2850-514: The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market there, but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019. The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a zoonotic origin, from bats or another closely related mammal. While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2

2945-407: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions. One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by

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3040-549: The Italian Grand Prix is held every year. Prior to the Rally Sweden , it was confirmed that the route for the rally had to be shortened due to a lack of snow. The route of Rally Mexico was shortened to allow teams time to pack up and return to their headquarters before several European nations imposed travel bans in a bid to manage the pandemic. The following teams and crews were under contract to contest

3135-409: The Shakedown on Thursday, and then retired from the rally on Saturday when they crashed out. Lappi and Ferm also retired from the event due to a terminal engine failure. A suspension issue saw reigning world champions Tänak and Järveoja only manage to complete the rally in sixth position, but they won the Power Stage to score five bonus points. Pierre-Louis Loubet and Vincent Landais enjoyed

3230-602: The basic reproduction number (R 0 ) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28   December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected. As of 14 April 2022 , over 500 million cases were confirmed globally. Most cases are unconfirmed, with

3325-474: The variants of interest as specified by the World Health Organization are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC. Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste , nasal congestion and runny nose , cough, muscle pain , sore throat , fever, diarrhoea , and breathing difficulties . People with

3420-429: The "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia ". In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent social stigma . WHO finalised

3515-549: The 2019 championship with the team, contested an expanded programme in 2020. Reigning WRC2 champions Pierre-Louis Loubet and Vincent Landais made their debut in a World Rally Car in Estonia . Loubet was set to combine his World Rally Championship programme with a factory-supported drive in WRC2 , but was unable to do so. Ole Christian Veiby made his World Rally Car debut in Monza , taking over Loubet's i20. Other than

3610-596: The 2020 calendar, as was a proposal to revive Rally New Zealand . However, none of the aforementioned events were run due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The addition of these events saw the Tour de Corse and the Rallies of Catalunya and Australia removed from the calendar. Organisers of Rally Catalunya agreed to forfeit their place on the 2020 calendar as part of a rotation system that will see European events host rallies in two out of three calendar years. The Tour de Corse

3705-501: The 2020 championship. Ford , Hyundai and Toyota were all represented by manufacturer teams and eligible to score points in the FIA World Rally Championship for Manufacturers. All competitors used tyres supplied by Michelin . Reigning World Champions Ott Tänak and Martin Järveoja left Toyota and moved to Hyundai . The Estonian pair chose not to compete with the number 1, which may only be used by

3800-476: The French crew won their seventh world titles. Hyundai had a 2–3 finish in the final weekend, which was enough to secure their second consecutive manufacturers' title. Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers in each event. In the manufacturers' championship, teams were eligible to nominate three crews to score points, but these points were only awarded to the top two classified finishers representing

3895-602: The Manufacturers' championship. The championship began in January 2020 with the Rallye Monte-Carlo and concluded in December 2020 with Rally Monza . The series was supported by the WRC2 , WRC3 and Junior WRC categories at selected events. The championship was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic . Thirteen events were planned prior to the pandemic, but with several events being cancelled due to

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3990-628: The Power Stage. Hyundai's third entry of Craig Breen and Paul Nagle finished second after a consistent performance to complete a Hyundai 1–2. Rovanperä became the youngest driver to lead a WRC rally at the age of nineteen when he was briefly leading the event at an early stage, but a one-minute time penalty was given after his co-driver Halttunen illegally removed the radiator blanking plate. Takamoto Katsuta and Daniel Barritt were running fifth overall until they rolled their Yaris on Sunday morning. The Japanese driver lost what would've been

4085-625: The Power Stage. Rovanperä and Halttunen also achieved their maiden podium finish. At the age of nineteen, Rovanperä became the youngest driver ever to claim a WRC podium finish. As the championship continued on to Latin America , the world began to feel the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic . Although the Rally Mexico began as planned, the final leg of the rally was cancelled to allow teams enough time to return to their home bases in Europe before travel restrictions came into effect. This meant

4180-640: The WHO in the past. As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88   million deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020. These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health. Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality. Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without

4275-419: The WHO, US, European Union, and Australia. On 12 November 2022, the WHO released its Global Vaccine Market Report. The report indicated that "inequitable distribution is not unique to COVID-19 vaccines"; countries that are not economically strong struggle to obtain vaccines. On 14 November 2022, the first inhalable vaccine was introduced, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company CanSino Biologics , in

4370-586: The best two results of each manufacturer at each rally were taken into account for the World Manufacturers’ Championship. COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic ), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan , China, in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared

4465-448: The broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses . It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species. Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, fatality rate ≈34%). SARS-CoV-2

4560-433: The calendar newcomer Estonia . The rally marked the return of the FIA World Rally Championship after a half-year hiatus caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and was the 600th event since the championship was founded back in 1973 . Winning the warm-up event, local favourites Tänak and Järveoja were determined to prevail their home soil for the third straight year. The reigning world champions showed impressive speed throughout

4655-648: The centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for antibodies . Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City , and blood donors in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported. Seroprevalence -based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies. Initial estimates of

4750-663: The championship's support categories. The company also expressed a willingness to sell or rent their C3 WRCs to teams looking to compete in the sport's premier category. Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT featured an entirely new line-up in 2020. Sébastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia replaced Ott Tänak and Martin Järveoja, while Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin were recruited from M-Sport Ford WRT . Reigning WRC2 Pro champions Kalle Rovanperä and Jonne Halttunen made their competitive début in Toyota's third car. Toyota entered an additional two cars for Jari-Matti Latvala and Takamoto Katsuta on

4845-403: The circuit inland areas. From 1985 onwards the rally became an all-tarmac event. During the 80's and 90's the organizers usually allowed a class for special racing cars, such as touring cars , grand tourers and specially prepared rally cars. In the following years the event gradually changed from a classical rally to a challenge between rally and track racing drivers, as well as characters from

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4940-760: The city of Shanghai, China. For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available. In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral protease inhibitor , Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral ritonavir ), to treat adult patients. FDA later gave it an EUA. Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as paracetamol or NSAIDs to relieve symptoms (fever, body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest. Good personal hygiene and

5035-405: The crew of Neuville and Gilsoul and world champions Ogier and Ingrassia, with Neuville and Gilsoul ultimately coming out on top. The top three crews were separated by only 6.1 seconds, the smallest margin to cover the podium places in WRC history. With a 1-2 finish, Hyundai reclaimed the championship lead. Rovanperä and Halttunen had a weekend to forget. The Finnish crew first rolled their Yaris in

5130-484: The cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals). It is expressed in percentage points. Other studies refer to this metric as the infection fatality risk . In November 2020, a review article in Nature reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found

5225-523: The day. The Estonian crew's i20 speared off the road because of a steering issue. Ogier and Ingrassia led the rally on Saturday morning until a puncture and hydraulics issue dropped them over half a minute, which gave the lead to Neuville and Gilsoul. Sunday's first pass through the Çetibeli stage saw tyre dramas, with five crews suffering punctures , including the crew of Neuville and Gilsoul, Loeb and Elena, Ogier and Ingrassia, Rovanperä and Halttunen, and Lappi and Ferm, with two more crews retiring from

5320-572: The defending Manufacturers' Champions. Hyundai won their maiden manufacturers' title when the final round of the 2019 championship was cancelled. At the conclusion of the championship, Sébastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia won their seventh world titles after winning the 2020 Rally Monza . In doing so, Ogier and Ingrassia became the first crew to win the championship with three different manufacturers. Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin finished second, trailing Ogier and Ingrassia by eight points. Defending World Champions Tänak and Järveoja were third,

5415-470: The defending champions. Thierry Neuville and Nicolas Gilsoul remained with Hyundai, marking their seventh season with the team. Sébastien Loeb and Daniel Elena also renewed their contracts with the team. Loeb and Elena contested the championship on a part-time basis, sharing their car with the crew of Dani Sordo and Carlos del Barrio . Crews led by Andreas Mikkelsen and Craig Breen were left without drives. Hyundai announced that they could form

5510-441: The development of various vaccine platforms during early 2020. The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness. The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19. As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine

5605-483: The entertainment world and other sports. Since 2003 the name was changed to Monza Rally Show. In 2020 the event was renamed Rally Monza as it became an official World Rally Championship round including stages inside the circuit and public stages north of Bergamo . The event was again included in the 2021 World Rally Championship , as the final round of the season. Complete results. 2020 World Rally Championship The 2020 FIA World Rally Championship

5700-412: The event to record a second win of the season with a margin of over thirty seconds over Neuville and Gilsoul, who won the Power Stage. Without retirements, Evans and Martin regained the championship lead. Gus Greensmith and Elliott Edmondson were the leading M-Sport crew. They had a rather trouble-free rally to finish a career-high fifth place. The thin layer of slippery gravel of Sardegna meant

5795-513: The eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items. A COVID-19 vaccine

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5890-474: The general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and international programs such as COVAX , aiming to provide vaccine equity . Treatments include novel antiviral drugs and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included travel restrictions , lockdowns , business restrictions and closures, workplace hazard controls , mask mandates , quarantines, testing systems, and contact tracing of

5985-665: The infected. The pandemic caused severe social and economic disruption around the world, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression . Widespread supply shortages , including food shortages , were caused by supply chain disruptions and panic buying . Reduced human activity led to an unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution . Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. Telework became much more common for white-collar workers as

6080-487: The issue of respiratory failure. Existing drugs such as hydroxychloroquine , lopinavir/ritonavir , and ivermectin are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect. The antiviral remdesivir is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and

6175-576: The majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because people with other conditions could not access medical services . A December 2022 WHO study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding ≈14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like years of potential life lost and may make

6270-765: The normal approach to the WRC Manufacturer Championship, the FIA introduced a new regulation of "WRC Team" this year. A WRC team is eligible to score points only when there is a team scoring points in the WRC Manufacturer Championship with the same car homologation. The FIA implemented a temporary testing ban in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ban was imposed because the three manufacturer teams were based in different countries—Hyundai in Germany, M-Sport in Britain and Toyota in Finland—;each with their own restrictions. This created

6365-495: The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained: CO   for corona , VI   for virus , D   for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019). WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications. WHO named variants of concern and variants of interest using Greek letters . The initial practice of naming them according to where

6460-534: The outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed the outbreak as having become a pandemic on 11 March. COVID-19 symptoms range from asymptomatic to deadly, but most commonly include fever, sore throat , nocturnal cough , and fatigue. Transmission of the virus is often through airborne particles . Mutations have produced many strains (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence . COVID-19 vaccines were developed rapidly and deployed to

6555-407: The pandemic 2021's leading cause of death . The time between symptom onset and death ranges from   6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days. Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions. The infection fatality ratio (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by

6650-495: The pandemic evolved. Misinformation circulated through social media and mass media , and political tensions intensified . The pandemic raised issues of racial and geographic discrimination , health equity , and the balance between public health imperatives and individual rights . The WHO ended the PHEIC for COVID-19 on 5 May 2023. The disease has continued to circulate, but as of 2024, experts were uncertain as to whether it

6745-412: The pandemic, and some new ones added as replacements, eventually seven events were held. This was the fewest completed rallies of any season in the history of the series. Ott Tänak  and  Martin Järveoja were the defending Drivers' and Co-drivers' Champions, having secured their maiden titles at the 2019 Rally Catalunya . Hyundai Shell Mobis WRT , the team Tänak and Järveoja compete for, were

6840-509: The policy they introduced in 2019 . Sébastien Ogier and Esapekka Lappi were under contract to lead the team's crews until the team announced that they would withdraw from the championship with immediate effect. Citroën cited Ogier's decision to leave the team as the reason for withdrawing, but pledged support for independent teams competing with the R5 variant of the Citroën C3 WRC in

6935-478: The population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections. There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV. For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19. Another metric in assessing death rate is the case fatality ratio (CFR), which

7030-520: The potential for one team to gain a competitive advantage because of their home nation's restrictions. The road order was revised in response to the shortened route at the calendar newcomers, Rally Estonia . Saturday's morning loop was started as championship order, while the afternoon loop was reverted to the standard reversed order, which usually comes into effect on the second leg. The 2020 FIA World Rally Championship started in Monaco . The sport saw

7125-523: The rally until Neuville and Gilsoul won seven out of the eight final stages—including winning the Power Stage —to record their first win in Monte Carlo. As championship leaders, Neuville and Gilsoul became the first crew on the road in Sweden . This saw them struggle throughout the weekend as their road position meant they swept loose gravel away from the faster road base underneath, which

7220-439: The rally was shortened to two legs. Tänak and Järveoja were leading the first leg until suspension damage saw them drop over forty seconds. Neuville and Gilsoul were running third overall, but they had to retire from the day with electrical problem. Hyundai's third entry of Dani Sordo and Carlos del Barrio suffered a radiator pipe issue on the morning loop of Friday which lost them five minutes, and they ultimately retired with

7315-452: The rally. This massively changed the overall rally standings—Evans and Martin moved up three places to become the new rally leaders. By contrast, teammate Ogier and Ingrassia's weekend went even worse. The engine of the French crew's Toyota Yaris caught fire during the second test through Çetibeli. The six-time world champions had no choice but to stop in the stage and retire from the rally. Eventually, Evans and Martin safely complete

7410-462: The risk of dying from seasonal influenza . In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in

7505-465: The road on the icy and slushy surface, which left the championship wide open. The other major retirement of the rally was the M-Sport Ford crew of Teemu Suninen and Jarmo Lehtinen . An unfixable misfiring engine led their season to an early end. Ogier and Ingrassia were the crew who won the season's finale after overcoming a limited-visibility issue. Benefiting from their rivals' retirements,

7600-422: The running date of Rally Sardegna moved forward by three weeks. This decision was intended to avoid the clash with the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix of Formula One . On 2 July 2020, it was announced that the season would return with an updated calendar. The season restarted with newcomers Rally Estonia hosting the resuming round between 4 and 6 September. The country became the thirty-third nation to stage

7695-496: The same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum , shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell

7790-431: The schedule that had not been part of the original calendar. Estonia, Belgium, Latvia, Croatia and Czech Republic were among the countries who had expressed interest hosting the event. The running date of Rally Turkey was moved forward by a week, which facilitated the opportunity for additional rounds. Further calendar options included Ypres Rally and Croatia Rally . Following the cancellation of Rallye Deutschland ,

7885-402: The team, but stepped back from full-time competition. M-Sport Ford WRT continued their policy of entering two crews on a full-time basis and a third crew contesting selected rounds. Teemu Suninen and Jarmo Lehtinen were retained, while Esapekka Lappi and Janne Ferm replaced Evans and Martin in the team's second car. Gus Greensmith and Elliott Edmondson , who contested three rounds of

7980-411: The time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged prothrombin time and elevated C-reactive protein levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to intensive care units (ICU). Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience long COVID , a condition characterised by long-term consequences persisting after

8075-694: The typical convalescence period of the disease. The most commonly reported clinical presentations are fatigue and memory problems, as well as malaise , headaches, shortness of breath , loss of smell, muscle weakness , low fever and cognitive dysfunction . Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as " zero-COVID ") that aim to completely stop

8170-543: The variants were identified (e.g. Delta began as the " Indian variant") is no longer common. A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's PANGO lineage (e.g., Omicron 's lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants. SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to bat coronaviruses , pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV . The first known outbreak (the 2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China ) started in Wuhan , Hubei, China, in December 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited

8265-427: The weekend, leading almost the entire rally to win their first rally for Hyundai in their home country. Teammate Neuville and Gilsoul had another weekend to forget. The Belgian crew retired on Saturday afternoon after they damaged their rear-right suspension . Things went from bad to worse after rejoining the rally on Sunday as another electrical issue in the penultimate stage meant no chance for consolation points from

8360-443: Was accidentally released from a laboratory have been proposed, as of 2021 these were not supported by evidence. Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease. Due to the effect of sampling bias , studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from

8455-468: Was further complicated by the rally being shortened due to a lack of snow. The rally was eventually won by Evans and Martin. They dominated the rally, winning five stages out of nine, to take victory; Evans' second and a first for Martin. They then led both drivers' and co-drivers' standings for the first time in their careers. Their teammate Kalle Rovanperä recorded his first stage win at the sport's highest level when he and co-driver Jonne Halttunen won

8550-404: Was removed in response to concerns from teams about the logistics of visiting Corsica , while Rally Australia was removed as the event's base in a regional centre rather than a major metropolitan area meant that the rally struggled to attract spectators. Rally Chile was included on the original calendar, but was later removed in the face of ongoing political unrest in the country. The FIA sought

8645-491: Was set to be the thirty-fourth country to hold a WRC event, but were unable to do so as the rally was eventually called off due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Rally Monza was announced to be the final round of the season on 9 October. This meant Italy staged two WRC events in one season as the country also stages the Sardinia rally. The rally was based in the famous Autodromo Nazionale di Monza circuit near Milan , where

8740-448: Was smashed during the fourth stage when a pool of heavy standing water drowned out their car as their i20's right-front suspension was damaged earlier in the stage. Greensmith and Edmondson were caught out during the first test of Saturday's afternoon loop, while Ole Christian Veiby and Jonas Andersson also retired from the rally at the same spot after a violent crash. The very next stage saw championship leader Evans and Martin go off

8835-457: Was still a pandemic. Pandemics and their ends are not well-defined, and whether or not one has ended differs according to the definition used. As of 24 November 2024, COVID-19 has caused 7,075,455 confirmed deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks as the fifth- deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history . In epidemiology , a pandemic is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting

8930-729: Was the forty-eighth season of the World Rally Championship , a rallying competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Teams and crews competed in seven rallies for the World Rally Championships for Drivers , Co-drivers and Manufacturers . Crews were free to compete in cars complying with various regulations, however, only manufacturers competing with World Rally Cars homologated under regulations introduced in 2017 were eligible to score points in

9025-509: Was the most widely used. According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. On 8 November 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax's booster Nuvaxovid ) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from

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