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63-572: Morsum (North Frisian: Muasem ) derives from "settlement of Mar". Morsum was first mentioned in a document of 1462 ( Zinsbuch of the Bistum Schleswig ). Until the 19th century, it was the most populous village on Sylt. In 1695, Morsum had 118 taxable dwellings. A school house was built in 1705. In 1927, Morsum was connected to the railway on the Niebüll-Westerland line. Morsum is a Ringdorf  [ de ] located on

126-631: A batch reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000 °C. Dilute hydrochloric acid is then used to leach the salt from the product. The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps: reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet , bar, plate , sheet , strip, and tube ; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products. Because it cannot be readily produced by reduction of titanium dioxide, titanium metal

189-464: A carbon monoxide atmosphere with chlorine gas before reducing it to titanium metal by the use of sodium. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl 4 with sodium at 700–800 °C (1,292–1,472 °F) under great pressure in a batch process known as the Hunter process . Titanium metal was not used outside

252-624: A component of smoke screens and catalysts ; and titanium trichloride (TiCl 3 ), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene . Titanium can be alloyed with iron , aluminium , vanadium , and molybdenum , among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace ( jet engines , missiles , and spacecraft ), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants , pulp , and paper ), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics . Titanium

315-687: A couple of dozen are readily available commercially. The ASTM International recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and grade 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%). The remaining grades are alloys, each designed for specific properties of ductility, strength, hardness, electrical resistivity, creep resistance, specific corrosion resistance, and combinations thereof. In addition to

378-622: A lustrous transition metal with a silver color , low density , and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water , aqua regia , and chlorine . Titanium was discovered in Cornwall , Great Britain , by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology . The element occurs within a number of minerals , principally rutile and ilmenite , which are widely distributed in

441-438: A mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index. Also known is Ti 2 O 3 , with the corundum structure, and TiO , with the rock salt structure , although often nonstoichiometric . The alkoxides of titanium(IV), prepared by treating TiCl 4 with alcohols , are colorless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO 2 via

504-680: A railway station on the line between Westerland and Niebüll . However, long-distance trains and the Sylt Shuttle do not stop there. However, local services by Nord-Ostsee-Bahn stop at Morsum station. So there are direct connections to Hamburg-Altona, Husum or Niebüll for example. Morsum is where the Hindenburgdamm and its railway line connects the island of Sylt with the mainland. The K117 road connects Morsum to Keitum and Westerland. Sylter Verkehrsgesellschaft  [ de ] operates buses that provide public transport on

567-434: A reducing agent in organic chemistry. Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride ((C 5 H 5 ) 2 TiCl 2 ). Related compounds include Tebbe's reagent and Petasis reagent . Titanium forms carbonyl complexes , e.g. (C 5 H 5 ) 2 Ti(CO) 2 . Following

630-472: A sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained titanium. The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide. An extraction of 95% pure titanium was achieved by Lars Fredrik Nilson and Otto Petterson . To achieve this they chlorinated titanium oxide in

693-725: A variety of conditions, such as embrittlement , which reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead to joint failure. Titanium is very difficult to solder directly, and hence a solderable metal or alloy such as steel is coated on titanium prior to soldering. Titanium metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel . Common titanium alloys are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with copper added), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with coke in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced. About fifty grades of titanium alloys are designed and currently used, although only

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756-421: Is positron emission (with the exception of Ti which undergoes electron capture ), leading to isotopes of scandium , and the primary mode for isotopes heavier than Ti is beta emission , leading to isotopes of vanadium . Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with deuterons , emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays . The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry, but compounds in

819-472: Is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy . Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C ) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi). However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F). Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because

882-473: Is about 4 picomolar in the ocean. At 100 °C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10 M at pH 7. The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ oxidation state is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological role, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium. Titanium

945-548: Is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses , orthopedic implants , dental implants , and surgical instruments . The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio , the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels , but less dense. There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, Ti through Ti, with Ti being

1008-500: Is also very hard, is found in cutting tools and coatings. Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl 4 ) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds. Via the Kroll process , TiCl 4 is used in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium metal. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to make titanium dioxide, e.g., for use in white paint. It

1071-854: Is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively. Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in Australia , Canada , China , India , Mozambique , New Zealand , Norway , Sierra Leone , South Africa , and Ukraine . About 210,000 tonnes of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2020, mostly in China (110,000 t), Japan (50,000 t), Russia (33,000 t) and Kazakhstan (15,000 t). Total reserves of anatase, ilmenite, and rutile are estimated to exceed 2 billion tonnes. The concentration of titanium

1134-615: Is around 1,164 hectares. Morsum is located at the transition between higher lying geest and the low-lying marshes that, until the Nössedeich was constructed in 1936/37, were constantly threatened with flooding. Northeast of the village lies the Morsum-Kliff  [ de ] (see below). Morsum has around 1,160 inhabitants (2013). The use of the local dialect, Söl'ring is still more prevalent in Morsum than in other parts of

1197-637: Is contained in meteorites , and it has been detected in the Sun and in M-type stars (the coolest type) with a surface temperature of 3,200 °C (5,790 °F). Rocks brought back from the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO 2 . Native titanium (pure metallic) is very rare. Naturally occurring titanium is composed of five stable isotopes : Ti, Ti, Ti, Ti, and Ti, with Ti being

1260-489: Is corroded by concentrated acids. Titanium is a very reactive metal that burns in normal air at lower temperatures than the melting point. Melting is possible only in an inert atmosphere or vacuum. At 550 °C (1,022 °F), it combines with chlorine. It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide . Titanium

1323-406: Is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature. Like aluminium and magnesium , the surface of titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air to form a thin non-porous passivation layer that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation or corrosion. When it first forms, this protective layer

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1386-480: Is located a bit outside of the village centre on a slight elevation in the marshes. It was built in the early 13th century and thus, with St. Severin at Keitum, is one of the oldest surviving church buildings on Sylt. During the Thirty Years War , the church was turned into a fortified church . St. Martin has no steeple or tower. The wooden bell tower is separate from the church building itself, sitting in

1449-829: Is manufactured using a flow production process known as the Armstrong process that is similar to the batch production Hunter process . A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride. Methods for electrolytic production of Ti metal from TiO 2 using molten salt electrolytes have been researched and tested at laboratory and small pilot plant scales. The lead author of an impartial review published in 2017 considered his own process "ready for scaling up." A 2023 review "discusses

1512-426: Is not the case. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals. Titanium is superconducting when cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K. Commercially pure (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434  MPa (63,000  psi ), equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium

1575-565: Is obtained by reduction of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) with magnesium metal in the Kroll process. The complexity of this batch production in the Kroll process explains the relatively high market value of titanium, despite the Kroll process being less expensive than the Hunter process. To produce the TiCl 4 required by the Kroll process, the dioxide is subjected to carbothermic reduction in

1638-511: Is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800 °C (1,470 °F) to form titanium nitride , which causes embrittlement. Because of its high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen, and many other gases, titanium that is evaporated from filaments is the basis for titanium sublimation pumps , in which titanium serves as a scavenger for these gases by chemically binding to them. Such pumps inexpensively produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems. Titanium

1701-469: Is only 1–2  nm thick but it continues to grow slowly, reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years. This layer gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids, but it will dissolve in dilute hydrofluoric acid , hot hydrochloric acid, and hot sulfuric acid. Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids at room temperature, chloride solutions, and most organic acids. However, titanium

1764-483: Is surrounded by six oxide ligands that link to other Ti centers. The term titanates usually refers to titanium(IV) compounds, as represented by barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ). With a perovskite structure, this material exhibits piezoelectric properties and is used as a transducer in the interconversion of sound and electricity . Many minerals are titanates, such as ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ). Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism (star-forming shine) from

1827-681: Is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth 's crust (0.63% by mass ) and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present as oxides in most igneous rocks , in sediments derived from them, in living things, and natural bodies of water. Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey , 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5–1.5%. Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase , brookite , ilmenite , perovskite , rutile , and titanite (sphene). Akaogiite

1890-471: Is used in steel as an alloying element ( ferro-titanium ) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer , and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content. Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), vanadium , copper (to harden), iron , manganese , molybdenum , and other metals. Titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) find application in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium

1953-514: Is widely used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid , for example in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation . In the van Arkel–de Boer process , titanium tetraiodide (TiI 4 ) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal. Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides. A notable example is titanium(III) chloride (TiCl 3 ), which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolefins (see Ziegler–Natta catalyst ) and

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2016-716: The Defense National Stockpile Center , until the stockpile was dispersed in the 2000s. As of 2021, the four leading producers of titanium sponge were China (52%), Japan (24%), Russia (16%) and Kazakhstan (7%). The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter , a chemist born in New Zealand who worked in the United States. The process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) with sodium (Na) in

2079-409: The Earth's crust and lithosphere ; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide , is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ),

2142-685: The Wadden Sea side of the island of Sylt. Morsum is the easternmost village on Sylt and consists of the sub-villages Abort (North Frisian: Abuurt ), Groß-Morsum (North Frisian: Gurtmuasem , Danish: Store Morsum ), Klein-Morsum (North Frisian: Litjmuasem , Danish: Lille Morsum ), Holm (North Frisian: Holerem , Danish: Holmen ), Klampshörn (North Frisian: Klaampshörn ), Nösse (North Frisian: Nösi , Danish: Næsodde ), Osterende (North Frisian: Uasterjen , Danish: Østerende ), Schellinghörn (North Frisian: Skelinghör , Danish: Skellinghjørne ) and Wall (North Frisian: Val , Danish: Vold ). The total area

2205-520: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Ringdorf " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

2268-572: The electrochemical principles involved in the recovery of metals from aqueous solutions and fused salt electrolytes", with particular attention paid to titanium. While some metals such as nickel and copper can be refined by electrowinning at room temperature, titanium must be in the molten state and "there is a strong chance of attack of the refractory lining by molten titanium." Zhang et al concluded their Perspective on Thermochemical and Electrochemical Processes for Titanium Metal Production in 2017 that "Even though there are strong interests in

2331-547: The ice age they were compressed and folded by glacial activity, so that in places they are now horizontally next to each other. The Kliff and the nearby heath-covered area (around 43 hectares) have been a nature preserve since 1923. This prevented the planned use of the sand deposits in construction of the Hindenburgdamm. In 2006, the Kliff was declared a Nationaler Geotop  [ de ] (national geotope). In

2394-484: The sol-gel process . Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the Sharpless epoxidation . Titanium forms a variety of sulfides, but only TiS 2 has attracted significant interest. It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of lithium batteries . Because Ti(IV) is a "hard cation" , the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to

2457-540: The +3 oxidation state are also numerous. Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes, but tetrahedral TiCl 4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of covalent bonding . The most important oxide is TiO 2 , which exists in three important polymorphs ; anatase, brookite, and rutile. All three are white diamagnetic solids, although mineral samples can appear dark (see rutile ). They adopt polymeric structures in which Ti

2520-464: The ASTM specifications, titanium alloys are also produced to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards, and country-specific specifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military, medical, and industrial applications. Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account of the tendency of

2583-488: The beginning of World War II no thorough prospection and evaluation had taken place. Another attempt was undertaken during the 1950s, when businesses were looking for a supply of rare ores such as titanium for the resurgent German economy. Currently, the Kliff is threatened by erosion made worse by visitors or fossil hunters leaving the designated paths. The area around Morsum features a large number of prehistoric tumuli  [ de ] and other sites. In addition,

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2646-416: The creation of potentially effective, selective, and stable titanium-based drugs. Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the clergyman and geologist William Gregor as an inclusion of a mineral in Cornwall , Great Britain. Gregor recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite when he found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet . Analyzing the sand, he determined

2709-524: The early 1950s, titanium came into use extensively in military aviation, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the F-100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A-12 and SR-71 . Throughout the Cold War period, titanium was considered a strategic material by the U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium sponge (a porous form of the pure metal) was maintained by

2772-471: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringdorf " Titanium Titanium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide , it can be reduced to produce

2835-551: The grave yard. St. Martin features a 13th-century baptismal font and a 17th-century oaken pulpit . Today, St. Martin is a Protestant church. Morsum-Kliff has been described as "one of the most important geological monuments in Germany". It stretches for around 1.8 kilometres along the northeastern coast and rises to a height of up to 21 metres. The Kliff is made up of various layers of soil: These three layers were originally on top of each other but about 15,000 years ago during

2898-558: The industry for finding a better method to produce Ti metal, and a large number of new concepts and improvements have been investigated at the laboratory or even at pilot plant scales, there is no new process to date that can replace the Kroll process commercially." The Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) process uses titanium dihydride . All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen). Contamination causes

2961-437: The island. Agriculture has always been more important in Morsum than in the other villages on Sylt. Today, like elsewhere on Sylt, tourism is the dominant industry. Since 1958, Morsum has held the status of Luftkurort (climatic spa). There are many traditional Uthland-Frisian houses and a number of craftspeople and galleries have established themselves in the village. The Romanesque church St. Martin  [ de ]

3024-1073: The island. The public broadcaster NDR operates an 80-metre radio antenna ( Sender Morsum  [ de ] ) outside of the village. Ringdorf Look for Ringdorf on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Ringdorf in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

3087-522: The laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll produced it by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ) with calcium . Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and with sodium in what became known as the Kroll process. Although research continues to seek cheaper and more efficient routes, such as the FFC Cambridge process , the Kroll process is still predominantly used for commercial production. Titanium of very high purity

3150-431: The material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The metal is a dimorphic allotrope of a hexagonal close packed α form that changes into a body-centered cubic (lattice) β form at 882 °C (1,620 °F). The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it

3213-503: The metal to springback . This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys. Exposure to the oxygen in air at the elevated temperatures used in forging results in formation of a brittle oxygen-rich metallic surface layer called " alpha case " that worsens the fatigue properties, so it must be removed by milling, etching, or electrochemical treatment. The working of titanium is very complicated, and may include Friction welding , cryo-forging , and Vacuum arc remelting . Titanium

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3276-403: The most abundant (73.8%). As a metal , titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio . It is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen -free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in color . Due to its relatively high melting point (1,668 °C or 3,034 °F) it has sometimes been described as a refractory metal , but this

3339-507: The most abundant (73.8% natural abundance ). At least 21 radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable of which are Ti with a half-life of 63 years; Ti, 184.8 minutes; Ti, 5.76 minutes; and Ti, 1.7 minutes. All other radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds, with the majority less than half a second. The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.002  Da ( Ti) to 63.999 Da ( Ti). The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than Ti

3402-589: The only extant burial mound on Sylt dating from the Viking Age is located on Morsum's territory. These monuments make up the "largest burial mound site in Germany" and include the Bronze Age burial mounds known as Munkhoog and Markmannhoog . In the Gebietsreform of 1970, Morsum became part of Sylt-Ost . Prior to that, the sub-villages had been Ortsteile of the municipality Morsum. Sylt-Ost

3465-530: The oxide with release of hydrogen sulfide . Titanium nitride (TiN) is a refractory solid exhibiting extreme hardness, thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point. TiN has a hardness equivalent to sapphire and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs scale ), and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill bits . It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a barrier layer in semiconductor fabrication . Titanium carbide (TiC), which

3528-455: The past there have been several attempts to mine the cliff. In the 1870s, Ludwig Meyn bought local properties to operate an iron mine here. He planned to use the mining waste in the construction of a causeway to the mainland. However, the soil did not contain sufficient iron ore for the scheme to be implemented. In the 1930s, the Nazi government took an interest in the local iron ore deposits, but by

3591-475: The presence of chlorine . In this process, the chlorine gas is passed over a red-hot mixture of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon. After extensive purification by fractional distillation , the TiCl 4 is reduced with 800 °C (1,470 °F) molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere. The van Arkel–de Boer process was the first semi-industrial process for pure Titanium. It involves thermal decomposition of titanium tetraiodide . Titanium powder

3654-505: The presence of titanium dioxide impurities. A variety of reduced oxides ( suboxides ) of titanium are known, mainly reduced stoichiometries of titanium dioxide obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying . Ti 3 O 5 , described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO 2 with hydrogen at high temperatures, and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapor-coated with titanium dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO 2 evaporates as

3717-440: The presence of two metal oxides: iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify. Realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any known element, in 1791 Gregor reported his findings in both German and French science journals: Crell's Annalen and Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique . He named this oxide manaccanite . Around

3780-640: The same time, Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary (now Bojničky in Slovakia). Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology . After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained

3843-517: The success of platinum-based chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first non-platinum compounds to be tested for cancer treatment. The advantage of titanium compounds lies in their high efficacy and low toxicity in vivo . In biological environments, hydrolysis leads to the safe and inert titanium dioxide. Despite these advantages the first candidate compounds failed clinical trials due to insufficient efficacy to toxicity ratios and formulation complications. Further development resulted in

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3906-482: Was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications ( Alfa class and Mike class ) as part of programs related to the Cold War. Starting in

3969-448: Was merged on 1 January 2009 with Rantum and the town of Westerland . In separate referendums in 2008, Westerland (by a large majority) and Sylt-Ost (narrowly) agreed to the merger in May 2008. Rantum followed. In September 2008, the merger contract was signed. Morsum is now an Ortsteil of Gemeinde Sylt . Since 1 May 2015, the mayor of Gemeinde Sylt has been Nikolas Häckel. Morsum has

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