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81-670: The patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1589: the first patriarch was Job . The patriarchate was abolished in 1721 by Peter the Great and replaced with the Most Holy Synod , before being restored on 10 November [ O.S. 28 October] 1917, by decision of the All-Russian Local Council . The current patriarch is Kirill , who acceded to the position on 1 February 2009. Different variations of

162-479: A monk . His father, however, insisted that he marry. Once, Ioann asked his father's permission to see his confessor in the Uspensky Monastery in their native town of Staritsa ( Tver Oblast ). Upon his arrival in 1551, Ioann immediately took monastic vows and assumed the religious name of Job. Job spent fifteen years in the cloister and finally became its abbot in 1566 with the help of Ivan

243-769: A stauropegion (church body ruled directly by the Ecumenical Patriarch ) in Kyiv, revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686, and lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two Ukrainian Orthodox churches (the UOC-KP and the UAOC ). Those two churches, the UOC-KP and the UAOC , were competing with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) and were considered "schismatics" (illegally segregated groups) by

324-575: A university in Moscow staffed with foreign professors because he believed their influence and non- Orthodox faith would spread heterodoxy and endanger the purity of the Russian Church. Under Job's supervision, the Russians corrected books for the divine services and prepared them for publication. He assisted in the glorification (canonization) of some of the Russian saints , ordering

405-629: A part of the former Soviet Union, which upon its collapse had become an independent state. The break of communion in 1996 was made by Moscow unilaterally, as in 2018. On 14 September 2018, in response to the appointment of two exarchs (deputies of the Ecumenical Patriarch) in Ukraine, Daniel (Zelinsky) and Hilarion (Rudnyk) , and in response to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's plans to grant autocephalous status to

486-524: Is a signal to the Patriarchate of Constantinople that if the actions of this kind continue, we will have to break the Eucharistic communion entirely. [...] [A]fter the breaking-off of the Eucharistic communion, at least a half of this 300-million-strong population will no longer recognize him as even the first among equals. On 23 September 2018 Patriarch Bartholomew, during a Divine Liturgy he

567-482: Is also "a spiritual concept, a reminder that through the baptism of Rus , God consecrated these people to the task of building a Holy Rus ." On 31 January 2019, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow declared concerning the religious relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and Ukraine : "Ukraine is not on the periphery of our church. We call Kiev 'the mother of Russian cities'. For us Kiev

648-697: Is concerned over something, the monasteries on the Holy Mountain do find ways to inform the Patriarch of Constantinople about it" and called on Russian businessmen to switch donations to Russian sacred places. On 29 December, during an interview to the channel Russia-24 , Metropolitan Hilarion declared the Patriarch of Moscow had informed during the last meeting of the Supreme Diocesan Assembly of Moscow that that faithfuls of

729-405: Is not a rupture of Eucharistic communion and does not concern the laity, but nonetheless added: But we refuse to concelebrate with hierarchs of the Patriarchate of Constantinople since every time they mention the name of their Patriarch during the liturgy while we have suspended it. [...] We do not think, of course, that all this will finally shut the door for dialogue, but our today's decision

810-402: Is what Jerusalem is for many . Russian Orthodoxy began there , so under no circumstances can we abandon this historical and spiritual relationship. The whole unity of our Local Church is based on these spiritual ties." This ideology was condemned as heretical by the Patriarchate of Alexandria on 23 November 2022. The Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 began on 23 February 1996, when

891-565: The de facto independence ( autocephaly ) of the Moscow (north-eastern) part of the Church. Meanwhile, in the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland , the rulers continued to recognise Isidore as metropolitan; Jonah was rejected and was unable to exercise any pastoral control beyond the borders of Muscovy. The metropolis continued to operate beyond Muscovy under

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972-768: The 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism , is a schism between the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC, also known as the Moscow Patriarchate) and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , which began on 15 October 2018 when the former unilaterally severed full communion with the latter. The resolution was taken in response to a decision of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople of 11 October 2018, confirming its intentions to grant autocephaly to

1053-684: The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , signed the official decree ( tomos ) that granted autocephaly (independence) to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and officially established the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. On 6 January, after a Liturgy celebrated by Metropolitan Epiphanius and Patriarch Bartholomew, Patriarch Bartholomew read the tomos of the OCU and then gave it to Metropolitan Epiphanius. On 8 January 2019,

1134-584: The European Union and NATO . This schism is reminiscent of the Moscow–Constantinople schism of 1996 over canonical jurisdiction over Estonia , which was however resolved after less than three months. On 21 October 2019, Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens , the primate of the Church of Greece , sent a peaceful letter to Epiphanius, the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU, that

1215-548: The Novospassky Monastery . In 1581, Job was consecrated as Bishop of Kolomna . Though a person of mediocre mental abilities, he nevertheless managed to draw the attention of Boris Godunov by his talent for reading the longest of prayers by heart in a very expressive manner. During the reign of Feodor I (whose government was controlled by Boris Godunov), Job was appointed archbishop of Rostov and Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia in 1587. Realizing

1296-684: The Patriarchate of Moscow , as well as by the other Orthodox churches . This decision led the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church to break full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 15 October 2018, which marked the beginning of the 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism. Support for the grant of autocephaly had been expressed by the Ukrainian President and the Verkhovna Rada in June 2018, and before that by

1377-476: The Russian Orthodox Church severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , and ended on 16 May 1996 when the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate reached an agreement establishing parallel jurisdictions. The excommunication was in response to the Ecumenical Patriarchate's decision on 20 February 1996 to reestablish an autonomous Orthodox church in Estonia under

1458-527: The Russian Orthodox Church . "This ideology, concocted as a reaction to the loss of Russian control over Ukraine and Belarus after the fall of the Soviet Union , seeks to assert a spiritual and cultural unity of the peoples descended from the Kyivan Rus , presumably under Russian leadership." Patriarch Kiril of Moscow also shares this ideology; for the Russian Orthodox Church, the russkiy mir

1539-454: The UOC-MP argued that the break of communion between the churches of Moscow and Constantinople did not constitute a real schism (like the schism of 1054 ), but a "slit". The American Protestant magazine Christianity Today called the break of communion between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church the "biggest schism since 1054" and "the biggest Christian schism since

1620-518: The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP), were competing with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) and were considered "schismatics" (illegally segregated groups) by the Patriarchate of Moscow , as well as by the other Eastern Orthodox churches . Doctor in theology Cyrill Govorun  [ uk ] of

1701-431: The clergy and faithfuls of two unrecognized Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox churches. Those two unrecognized churches, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP), were competing with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) and were considered "schismatics" (illegally segregated groups) by the Patriarchate of Moscow , as well as by

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1782-519: The mother church of the Ecumenical Patriarchate with the revised title of Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' . In 1589, Jeremias II , the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Moscow's canonical status and raised Job to the status of patriarch . In 1685, the western part of the former metropolis that was situated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was transferred from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to

1863-491: The other Eastern Orthodox churches . In its decision of 15 October 2018, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church barred all members of the Moscow Patriarchate (both clergy and laity ) from taking part in communion , baptism , and marriage at any church controlled by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Before that, in response to the appointment of two exarchs of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Ukraine,

1944-423: The sacraments (for example, receive communion ), and promised punishment to any priests who participate in the divine services together with the local clergy. It is known that Russia makes large donations to the monasteries on Athos: the sum of $ 200 million was announced by a source close to the Moscow Patriarchate and confirmed by Hilarion in his interview. Hilarion hinted that "[h]istory shows that when Athos

2025-477: The tomos was brought back to Istanbul so that all the members of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate could sign the tomos . The tomos was signed by all members of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 9 January 2019. The tomos , signed by all members of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, was brought back to Ukraine on the morning of 10 January 2019. Right after

2106-580: The 1924 Tomos (decree) of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which granted independence to the Polish Orthodox Church , the previous transfer of the Kievan Church to the jurisdiction of Moscow (in 1685–1686) was declared uncanonical. In addition, the decree pointed out that the conditions of the synodal "Act" of 1686 – which specified that the Russian Orthodox Church was only to consecrate the metropolitan of Kiev – were never adhered to by

2187-585: The Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church adopted in 2000, the tenure of a patriarch is for life , and the right to trial a deposed patriarch as well as the question of his retirement belong to the Council of Bishops . Between terms, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church elects the chair from among its permanent members of the locum tenens of the Patriarchal throne. "Not later than six months after

2268-563: The Council of Bishops earlier (and local council had the right to add to the list of new candidates), and the second — the two candidates with the most votes in the first round. Kirill I was elected on 27 January 2009 by the ROC Local Council (the 2009 Pomestny Sobor) as Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, with 508 votes out of 700. He was enthroned on 1 February 2009. The Patriarch enters

2349-463: The Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church warned that "if the project for Ukrainian autocephaly is carried through, it will mean a tragic and possibly irretrievable schism of the whole Orthodoxy." He added that ignoring sacred canons shakes up the whole system of the church organism. Schismatics in other Local Churches are well aware that if autocephaly is given to

2430-504: The Eastern Orthodox church in Ukraine, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church held an extraordinary session to take "retaliatory measures" and decided: A statement was released the same day explaining the situation and the sanctions taken to protest against the Ecumenical Patriarch's behavior. On the same day, ROC Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeyev) clarified the situation in an interview, stating that this decision

2511-541: The Ecumenical Patriarchate on 11 October 2018 which confirmed the intention of moving towards granting autocephaly (independence) to the Eastern Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and to immediately: reestablish a stauropegion (church body ruled directly by the Ecumenical Patriarch ) in Kyiv, revoke the legal binding of the letter of 1686, and lift the excommunications which affected clergy and faithful of two Ukrainian Orthodox churches. Those two churches,

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2592-478: The Ecumenical Patriarchate's jurisdiction . The 1996 schism has similarities with the schism of October 2018: both schisms were caused by a dispute between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate concerning the canonical jurisdiction over a territory in Eastern Europe over which the Russian Orthodox Church claimed to have the exclusive canonical jurisdiction, such territory being

2673-535: The Grand Duchy of Moscow. Constantinople twice agreed to create a separate metropolitan for Lithuania , but these decisions were not permanent, Constantinople being inclined to maintain a single church government on the lands of the former Kievan Rus'. In 1439, Constantinople entered into union with the Rome . In Moscow, this decision was rejected outright, and Metropolitan Isidor , consecrated by Constantinople,

2754-485: The Holy Synod of the Moscow Patriarchate had decided, on 14 September 2018, to break off participation in any episcopal assemblies, theological discussions, multilateral commissions, and any other structures that are chaired or co-chaired by representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The schism forms part of a wider political conflict involving Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea and its military intervention in Ukraine , as well as Ukraine's subsequent desire to join

2835-504: The Moscow Patriarchate as the Metropolis of Kiev . It is a matter of dispute as to whether Moscow abided by the terms of the transfer. Upon the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I did not permit the election of a new patriarch; after 20 years he established a Theological College, soon renamed the Most Holy Synod , which, as a public body, acted as the general church administration from 1721 to 1917. The emperor (to 2 March 1917)

2916-568: The OCU. On Sunday, 3 November 2019, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow did not mention the primate of the Church of Greece in the liturgy , removing him from the diptych . On 26 December, the ROC broke eucharistic communion with the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria , Theodore II , and ceased commemorating him, because he had recognized the OCU the month before. On 20 November 2020, the Holy Synod of

2997-670: The Orthodox (but not the Eastern Catholic ) Metropolis of Kiev in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was eliminated and re-established only in 1620, in subsequent co-existence with Uniate Metropolis. That led to sharp conflict and numerous revolts culminating in the Khmelnytsky uprising . In 1654, Russia entered the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; it quickly occupied, for a while,

3078-464: The Orthodox Church of Ukraine in the future. The decision also stated that the Holy Synod would immediately: reestablish a stauropegion in Kyiv , i.e. a church body subordinated directly to the ecumenical patriarch ; revoke the "Letter of issue" (permission) of 1686 that had given permission to the patriarch of Moscow to ordain the metropolitan of Kiev ; and lift the excommunications which affected

3159-561: The Patriarchate of Constantinople was taken today." On 18 October 2018, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia has expressed "complete support of the position taken by the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Moscow, following its meeting of 15th October 2018" and severed Eucharistic communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The break of communion was done in response to a decision of the Holy synod of

3240-521: The Patriarchate of Moscow. The historical rivalry between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church intensified after the Cold War . Indeed, after the Cold War, Moscow and Constantinople both emerged as "two centers of Orthodox power". The Patriarchate of Constantinople claims that: Russkiy mir (literally "Russian world") is an ideology promoted by many in the leadership of

3321-633: The Protestant Reformation" On 17 October, Metropolitan Hilarion , head of the Moscow Patriarchate Department for External Church Relations , was interviewed by the BBC Russian Service; this interview was published on the official website of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church the very same day. Hilarion declared: "As of today, we have very clearly stated:

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3402-760: The ROC could communicate in the territory of the Mount Athos , but only in the Saint Panteleimon Monastery . The territory of the Mount Athos is under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Hilarion declared the Saint Panteleimon Monastery "belongs to the Constantinople Church, as do all monasteries on Mt. Athos, but we know that it was built with Russian money by Russian monks and houses

3483-422: The ROC declared that Patriarch Kirill can no longer commemorate Archbishop Chrysostomos II of Cyprus as a result of Chrysostomos' commemoration of Epiphanius on 24 October 2020. On 22 November 2022, Theodore II of Alexandria stopped the commemoration of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow. After the baptism of Rus' these lands were under the control of the metropolitan of Kiev . Among the 24 metropolitans who held

3564-547: The Rada in June 2016. On 15 December 2018, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) was formed after a unification council between the UAOC , the UOC-KP , and two bishops of the UOC-MP ; Epiphanius was elected primate of the OCU during this unification council. Most of the hierarchs of the UOC-MP ignored the council and over half of them had sent invites back to the Ecumenical Patriarch. On 5 January 2019, Bartholomew I ,

3645-554: The Russian Orthodox Church), announced there would be a meeting of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on 15 October in Minsk . He said that "The situation with the Orthodox Church in Ukraine will be on the agenda of the meeting". This meeting had been announced previously on 7 January 2018 and was at the time "most likely to take place in mid October." On 9 October 2018, Metropolitan Hilarion , chairman of

3726-582: The Terrible , who had made Staritsa his residence during the time of the Oprichnina . According to Debra A. Coulter, "Job was known as a humble man of impeccable morals, learned for his times, who worked for the good of the church and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity." In 1571, Job was transferred to Moscow and appointed abbot of the Simonov Monastery . In 1575, he became the abbot of

3807-504: The Ukrainian schismatics, it will be possible to repeat the same scenario anywhere. That is why we state that autocephaly in Ukraine will not be "the healing of the schism" but its legalization and encouragement. On 11 October 2018 the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate announced that it would grant autocephaly to the "Church of Ukraine" in the future. In the same decision the Holy Synod announced that it will immediately: reestablish

3888-565: The canonical space, outside the understanding of church order that distinguishes the Orthodox Church." On 2 October 2018, Patriarch Kirill of the ROC sent a letter to all the autocephalous Orthodox churches to ask them to hold a "Pan-Orthodox discussion" concerning the question of Ukraine's autocephaly. On 5 October 2018, the Metropolitan Pavel , head of the Belarusian Orthodox Church ( exarchate of

3969-469: The celebration of the memory of Basil Fool for Christ in 1588, as well as that of Joseph Volotsky and others. Patriarch Job also favored the construction of new cathedrals and monasteries and Christian missionary activities in the recently conquered Astrakhan Khanate and Siberia . He also corresponded with Catholicos Nicholas V of Georgia and exchanged gifts with him. After the mysterious death of tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in 1591, Job accepted

4050-559: The death of Tsar Feodor I and the refusal of his wife, Irina Godunova, to accept the throne, Patriarch Job became the head of state in 1598. As he was much obliged to Boris Godunov for his promotion to the post of patriarch, Job offered his candidature as tsar to the Land Assembly (Zemsky sobor). On 21 February 1598, he headed a religious procession to Boris Godunov at the Novodevichy Convent, imploring him to accept

4131-461: The dignity during a special ceremony of enthronement, which is held a few days after the election. Patriarch Job of Moscow Job ( Russian : Иов , Iov ), also known as Job of Moscow (d. 19 June 1607), was the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . He is venerated as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church. He was the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1587 to 1589. He

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4212-423: The election of Metropolitan Sergius as patriarch in 1943. The church has its origins in the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' that was erected on the territory of Kievan Rus' . It existed between 988 AD and 1596 AD. Canonically , it was under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The episcopal seat ( cathedra ) was located in the city of Kiev . In 1325, Metropolitan Peter moved

4293-628: The episcopal seat from Vladimir to Moscow . Following the Union of Florence , the Grand Prince of Moscow — Vasily II of Moscow — voided the union in his lands and imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev for some time. Having adjudged Isidore to have apostatized to Catholicism , he was deposed by a local synod. After the metropolitan throne lay vacant for seven years, the secular authorities replaced him with Jonah of Moscow . Like his immediate predecessors , he permanently resided in Moscow, and

4374-475: The fact that the Patriarchate of Constantinople has recognized a schismatic structure means for us that Constantinople itself is now in schism. It has identified itself with a schism. Accordingly, we cannot have the full Eucharistic communion with it." Hilarion added that when members of the Russian Orthodox of Moscow Patriarchate pay visits to the monasteries on Mount Athos , they cannot participate in

4455-407: The grant of the dignity to the Patriarch Ignatius. Job was sent into exile to his monastery in Staritsa , where he went completely blind. Job was succeeded by Archbishop Ignatius of Ryazan and only returned to Moscow following the murder of False Dmitry I , the imprisonment of Patriarch Ignatius at the Monastery of the Miracle and the accession of Vasili IV of Russia . On 20 February 1607, at

4536-491: The granting of the tomos of autocephaly to the OCU (6 January 2019), a leadership conflict arose within the OCU . On 15 October 2018, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church , meeting in Minsk , decided to cut all ties with the Constantinople Patriarchate. This decision forbade for any member of the ROC (both clergy and laity ) joint participation in all sacraments , including communion, baptism, and marriage, at any church worldwide controlled by Constantinople . At

4617-467: The head of "all Russia and Northern countries", and Chernigov (now in Ukraine) was one of his dioceses. However, he had no power among the Orthodox bishops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , who remained under the rule of Constantinople. At the same time, the Orthodox hierarchs of those lands were inclined to the Union with Rome, despite the resistance of their parishes, who formed the Orthodox brotherhoods (or fraternities) to keep their identity. On

4698-401: The lands of present Belarus , and gained some power over the Hetmanate pursuant to the Pereyaslav Agreement (1654). The official title of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow was "Patriarch of Moscow and all Greater, Lesser , and White Russia ". However, the Metropolitan of Kiev Sylvester Kosiv had managed to defend his independence from the Moscow Patriarchate. The Moscow government, which needed

4779-442: The metropolis of Kiev (de facto in Novogrudok ) stayed under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Moscow's de facto independence from Constantinople remained unrecognized until 1589 when Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople approved the creation of a new, fifth Orthodox Patriarchate in Moscow . This decision was finally confirmed by the four older patriarchs in 1593. The Patriarch of Moscow became

4860-460: The necessity of strengthening the ecclesiastic authority in Russia , Godunov managed to persuade the Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II to establish a patriarchate in Russia. On 5 February 1589 (26 January, J.C.) Job was elected the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . He exercised all his influence and played a major part in Boris Godunov's ascending to the Russian throne. Job did not approve, however, of Godunov's proposal to open

4941-420: The non-criminal version of his demise, supporting Boris Godunov every step of the way. In 1591, he headed the official enquiry into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. After consulting with the church council and the duma of boyars, the patriarch announced his verdict – the tsarevich had accidentally stabbed himself and not been murdered. In that year he also founded the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. After

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5022-421: The patriarch of the charter was not detailed, "place-holder establishes the procedure for electing the Holy Synod". In 2011, the Presidium of the Inter-Council Presence reviewed the draft document "The procedure and criteria for the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' " and decided to send it to the diocese for comment and publish the discussion. In the 20th century, Metropolitan Tikhon as patriarch

5103-405: The release of locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, and the Holy Synod of the local council ... shall convene to elect a new Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' ." The candidate for the patriarch must be a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, not younger than 40 years old, have a "higher theological education, the expertise of the diocesan administration". The procedure for the election of

5184-404: The request of Tsar Vasili Shuisky , Patriarchs Hermogen and Job jointly celebrated the Holy Liturgy at the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin , where he forgave the people of Moscow and gave them his blessing. He died a very sick man in 1607. In 1652, Job's relics were transferred to the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin , where they remain to this day. Patriarch Job

5265-411: The rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland , which entered into rivalry with Moscow. In particular, the Grand Dukes of Lithuania sought from Constantinople a separate metropolitan for the Orthodox who lived in their lands. Although the metropolitan in Moscow continued to retain the title of "metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus ' ", he could not rule the Orthodox outside the borders of

5346-419: The support of the Orthodox clergy, postponed the resolution of this issue. In 1686, Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV approved the new metropolitan of Kiev, Gedeon Chetvertinsky , who would be ordained by the Moscow Patriarchate and thus transferred, albeit with certain qualifications, a part of the Kiev ecclesiastical province to the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church). In

5427-412: The throne before the Mongol invasion , only two were of local origin and the rest were Greek. Usually, they were appointed by Constantinople and were not chosen by the bishops of their dioceses , as it should be done according to the canon. After the Mongol invasion, the southern part of Rus' was heavily devastated and the disintegration of Kievan Rus' accelerated. Metropolitan Kirill II , who occupied

5508-409: The throne for 30 years, spent almost all of his time in the lands of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' and visited Kiev only twice, although earlier he had come from Galicia and had been nominated for the post of metropolitan by Prince Daniel of Galicia . After the new Mongol raid in 1299, Metropolitan Maksim finally moved to Vladimir in the north, and did not even leave a bishop behind. In 1303 a new cathedra

5589-451: The throne. Job was known as a harsh critic of False Dmitry I and he tried to persuade the people of Moscow to remain loyal to the deceased tsar . The armed supporters of the impostor burst into the Cathedral of the Dormition and a boyar named P. F. Basmanov declared Job a traitor. Job's formal removal from office was on 24 June 1605, when the council announced his retirement because of old age and ill health. The same council announced

5670-417: The time of the schism, the Russian Orthodox Church had over 150 million followers, more than half of all Eastern Orthodox Christians. The same day, after the synod, a briefing for journalists was given by Metropolitan Hilarion , chairman of the Department of External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church , in which he declared that "the decision on complete cessation of the Eucharistic communion with

5751-480: The title, including "Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia", "Patriarch of Moscow and all the Great , and Small , and White Russia ", and others have been used. The modern form, "Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'", was initially used in 1589 (when the see was elevated to patriarchate) through 1721 (when abolished by Peter the Great ). The current version of the title was restored beginning in 1917 until suspended by Soviet authorities in 1925, and since being reinstated with

5832-548: The way from Moscow, Jeremiah II visited the lands of present-day Ukraine and committed an unprecedented act, granting Stauropegia (direct subordination to the Patriarch) to many Orthodox brotherhoods. This provoked the anger of the local bishops and soon the Union of Brest was proclaimed, which was supported by the majority of the Orthodox bishops of the Commonwealth, including Metropolitan Michail Rogoza . Officially,

5913-479: Was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1989. 2018 Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople schism Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: Post-Minsk II conflict Attacks on civilians Related The Eastern Schism , also known as

5994-431: Was "the highest judge of the assembly." This completed the transformation of the Moscow Patriarchate into a Caesaropapist entity that was under the control of the Russian state. The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church was restored by decision of the All-Russian Local Council on 28 October (11 November) 1917. The first patriarch elected after restoration was Patriarch Tikhon , Metropolitan of Moscow. According to

6075-419: Was accused of heresy , imprisoned, and later expelled. In 1448, the council of north-eastern Russian clergy in Moscow, at the behest of Prince Vasily II of Moscow , elected Jonah the metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' without the consent of the patriarch of Constantinople. In 1469 Patriarch Dionysius I stated that Constantinople would not recognize any metropolitan ordained without its blessing. Meanwhile,

6156-659: Was celebrating in the Saint Fokas Orthodox church declared that he "had sent a message that Ukraine would receive autocephaly as soon as possible, since it is entitled to it" On 30 September 2018, in an interview to Izvestia Daily published on the official website of the Moscow Patriarchate's Department for External Church Relations , Metropolitan Hilarion commented: "The Russian Church does not need to fear isolation. If Constantinople continues its anti-canonical actions, it will place itself outside

6237-551: Was created for south-west Rus' in Galicia and the new Metropolitan was consecrated by Constantinople, but its existence ended in 1355 after the Galicia–Volhynia Wars . In 1325, Metropolitan Peter moved to Moscow, thus greatly contributing to the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which gradually conquered other Russian principalities in the northeast of the former Kievan Rus'. Another part of Kievan Rus' gradually came under

6318-549: Was elected by lot from the three pre-approved for the Local Council candidates; between rigid state control over the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Sergius, Alexy I and Pimen were elected uncontested open vote on the approval of the government. Alexius II was elected to the Local Council in 1990 by secret ballot in the first round, which was attended by three candidates approved by

6399-475: Was formed by the unification of the UOC-KP, UAOC, and parts of the UOC-MP on 15 December 2018). This decision was supported by the whole hierarchy (bishops) of the Church of Greece, minus seven metropolitans. This decision meant that the Church of Greece recognized the OCU. The ROC had announced previously it would break communion with any hierarch of the Church of Greece who enters in communion with any hierarch of

6480-406: Was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of Kiev. He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. In 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia . This signified the beginning of

6561-437: Was the seventeenth Metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. In 1589, Jeremias II , the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Job's canonical status and raised him to the status of patriarch . His birth name was Ioann ( Russian : Иоанн , a form of John ). As a teenager, Ioann knew most of the biblical texts by heart and strove to become

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