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28-453: The Palace School of Architecture goes back to the classes of Dmitry Ukhtomsky that operated in 1749–1764. Twenty years, the classes were reinstated by Matvey Kazakov , and in 1804 acquired the title of Kremlin College, later Palace School of Architecture. Graduates were awarded the title of Architect's Assistant and had to earn their own licenses through later work. The private art college

56-480: A Large Silver medal, were rewarded with an official title of an Architect, sufficient for private order and state employment. The next tier, with a Small Silver medal, received a construction management license, sufficient for taking private orders but not state jobs. The rest did not qualify and had to return with new graduate projects. As an alternative, they could apply to the Imperial Academy and complete

84-563: A construction license in 1886 at the age of 19 – an exceptionally quick education by any standard (normally, it would take 10 to 15 years from admissions to professional license). In 1885–1888, Mashkov assisted Konstantin Bykovsky  [ ru ] on Devichye Pole campus planning and August Weber  [ de ] on the completion of Polytechnical Museum in Moscow. In 1889–1890 he visited Lipetsk and completed there two schools,

112-433: A decade of practical experience. There were, however, rare exceptions like Ivan Mashkov , who earned a license at the age of 19 and completed his first projects at the age of 23. In the late 1880s, prominent members of the realist artists group Peredvizhniki (English: The Wanderers ), taught at the school including Vasily Polenov , Vladimir Makovsky and Illarion Pryanishnikov . One of the leader instructors of sculpture

140-464: A hospital and a prison chapel – at the age of 23. Back in Moscow, Mashkov completed over a dozen buildings still in his twenties, and his masterpiece – the Sokol – at the age of 36. Mashkov's Sokol (Falcon) building is unique not only for his career, but to Moscow Art Nouveau in general. It is the only building in the city designed in original Vienna Secession style (see Illarion Ivanov-Schitz for

168-513: A lasting statement with his iconic monument to Ivan Fydorov (sculpture by Sergei Volnukhin ). Like many contemporary architects, Mashkov was keen on studying and preserving historical national architecture, and in 1898 joined the Moscow Archaeological Society  [ fr ; ru ; uk ] . He surveyed many historical churches and monasteries in Moscow, Dmitrov , Borovsk etc., published his own studies and edited

196-453: A modified version of Secession). Its gilded roof and abundant forged iron ornaments looked like a citation from Otto Wagner (these ornaments were eventually lost). At the same time, the building is definitely Muscovite; the shape of its frieze repeats the lines of nearby Hotel Metropol . The majolica mosaic of a falcon flying over a stormy sea was made by Nikolai Sapunov (of Mir Iskusstva art group). The subject of this picture itself

224-523: A village blacksmith, lost both his parents in early childhood. He was adopted by Pavel Karpovich Mashkov, a Lipetsk businessman, and his wife, Natalya Yefimovna (née Andreyeva), thus acquiring the name of Mashkov. Natalya's brother, Alexey Yefimovich Andreev, was a town architect in Lipetsk. In 1881, Ivan was admitted to Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture . He graduated Alexander Kaminsky class of architecture with an honorary medal and

252-524: Is a double citation – from Maxim Gorky 's Song of a falcon (1899) and from nearby Moscow Art Theater 's Seagull symbol (1903). However, the building has nothing to do with these symbols or with Mashkov's natural name – it was named after M.V. Sokol , the owner. [REDACTED] Mashkov's work prior to Sokol belongs to traditional muscovite eclectics and moderate Russian Revival of 1880s-1890s, and does not stand out among hundreds of similar buildings of this period. An unusually large share of his work

280-697: The October Revolution of 1917, the school was transformed in 1918 into the Second Free State Art Workshop ( Svomas ). Art workshops eventually disintegrated. In 1939, Igor Grabar launched the new college of fine arts, which acquired the name of Surikov Institute in 1948. Architectural education initially concentrated around VKhUTEMAS and MVTU and was organized into the Moscow Architectural Institute in 1933. More democratic in comparison with

308-545: The St. Petersburg Academy of Arts , the school played an important role in developing Russian national realistic art in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Admissions were based primarily on artistic merits, allowing students without formal high school diplomas. For example, Konstantin Melnikov joined the school at the age of 15, having only two years of primary education; his class of 11

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336-415: The architectural school founded by Ukhtomsky in Moscow in 1749. In 1760, Ukhtomsky was accused of fraud and dismissed from his job; his school was closed in 1764. In 1767 he left Moscow forever; despite a 1770 verdict in his favor, he never returned to practical construction and education. Ivan Mashkov Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov ( Russian : Ива́н Па́влович Машко́в , 13 January 1867 – 13 August 1945)

364-766: The courses at Saint Petersburg; the Academy awarded construction management licenses to all graduates. There were few moves in the opposite direction ( Ivan Fomin was expelled from the Academy and completed his license exams in Moscow). Some, like Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky or Ilya Bondarenko , completed training overseas. Fyodor Schechtel was expelled from the School in 1878 and acquired the license only in 1894. These difficulties extended architectural training, from admission to professional license, to 10–15 years and even more; graduates were typically mature men in their thirties, with

392-538: The extant Church of Martyr Nikita, the largest mature Baroque building in Moscow. The grand bell-tower of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra , 81 meters tall, was one of several projects where Ukhtomsky worked first with his mentor Michurin, and then independently until 1760. Present-day Kuznetsky Most , literally Blacksmith's Bridge , stands on the site of a 120-meter-long (390 ft) bridge over Neglinnaya River , also designed by Ukhtomsky. The bridge,

420-414: The forerunner of present-day Museum of Architecture. He is credited with editing the best guide to architecture of Moscow (1913). Despite his reputation as preservationist and archaeologist, Mashkov joined the emerging skyscraper movement in 1913, and proposed a 13-story highrise on Tverskaya Street . The City Hall blocked this proposal and banned further highrise construction in the center of Moscow. At

448-482: The journal of Society. Mashkov supervised restoration of Kremlin cathedrals, Sukharev Tower , St. Basil Cathedral and other memorial buildings. In 1908-1918, he also co-chaired Moscow Architectural Society and contributed to the construction of House of Architects (17, Yermolayevsky Lane, currently Museum of Modern Art). In 1908-1933, he managed the Architectural Department of Polytechnical Museum,

476-445: The management of a firm. In 1744, Ukhtomsky acquired a full architect's license and the rank of captain in state hierarchy. Ukhtomsky's first public successes were the temporary pavilions and arched for the coronation of Empress Elisabeth I of Russia in 1742. In 1753-1757 he rebuild one of these arched into landmark Red Gates , which stood until 1927. Since the 1740s, he built numerous buildings in nearby Basmanny District , notably

504-608: The palace in German Quarter and many other buildings by Ukhtomsky were destroyed by accidental fires, rebuilt beyond recognition or demolished. For the first time in history of Moscow, Ukhtomsky produced master plans for redevelopment of areas destroyed by the fires of 1748 and 1752. Ukhtomsky also supervised repairs in Moscow Kremlin in the 1750s. He trained and influenced Matvei Kazakov , Ivan Starov , Alexander Kokorinov , and other noted masters who graduated from

532-570: The private clients that dominated construction market in Moscow. Thus, architectural profession in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were clearly divided between graduates of the Moscow School and the Saint Petersburg schools ( Imperial Academy of Arts and Institute of Civil Engineers). The students had to demonstrate professional achievement during their education and were rated according to their graduate assignment. The best, earning

560-558: The restoration of Pashkov House (then known as Rumyantsev Museum, later Lenin Library and Russian State Library). He took no part in architectural disputes of 1920s, but was present in professional journals and wrote college textbooks (1935). In 1934, Mashkov became a professor in Moscow Architectural Institute ; since 1935 he chaired the department of architecture of Moscow Construction Institute. In 1937, he

588-648: The time of Russian Revolution of 1917 , Mashkov was employed by the City of Moscow as deputy to City Architect. Bolshevik administration retained him in his office, and for some time Mashkov acted as the City Architect, engaged mostly in maintenance of the city in the middle of a civil war. In 1929, Mashkov and sculptor Nikolay Andreyev erected the neoclassical monument to Aleksandr Ostrovsky near Maly Theater . Mashkov continued surveying memorial buildings (some of them already scheduled for demolition) and headed

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616-1331: Was Sergei Volnukhin . The Knave of Diamonds (Russian arts association) (or Jack of Diamonds) art group was founded by group of young artists that was recently expelled from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture due to their "leftist tendencies", among other founders. Notable alumni of the school include Alexander Grigoriev , Léopold Survage , Igor Babailov , Vasily Perov , Alexei Savrasov , Illarion Pryanishnikov , Vladimir Makovsky , Isaac Levitan , Alexei Stepanov , Sergei and Konstantin Korovin , Abram Arkhipov , Mikhail Nesterov , Anna Golubkina , Sergey Konenkov , Boris Korolev , Feodor Rojankovsky , Aleksey Korin , Lazar Gadayev and Alexandru Plămădeală . Other notable alumni include: Ivan Bogdanov , Ilya and Panteleimon Golosov , Roman Klein , Nikolai Ladovsky , Nikolay Markarov , Alexander Pomerantsev , Maral Rahmanzadeh , Vagif Rakhmanov , Vardges Sureniants , Teresa Feoderovna Ries , Nikolay Krasnov , Nikolai Nevrev and Vladimir Sherwood Jr.. 55°45′52″N 37°38′10″E  /  55.7644°N 37.6362°E  / 55.7644; 37.6362 Dmitry Ukhtomsky Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Ukhtomsky ( Russian : Дмитрий Васильевич Ухтомский ; 1719–1774)

644-549: Was a Russian architect and preservationist , notable for surveying and restoration of Dormition Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin , Novodevichy Convent and other medieval buildings. His best known extant building is Sokol (Falcon) luxury Art Nouveau apartment building in Kuznetsky Most Street, Moscow . A prolific architect, Mashkov built mostly eclectic buildings with Russian Revival features. Ivan Mikhailovich Sokolov (Иван Михайлович Евдокимов), son of

672-871: Was built for public charities, which ruled out expensive decorations and interiors. The only decoration he allowed was Abramtsevo majolica. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 , the public lost the interest in Art Nouveau ; architects responded with a revival of Neoclassicism. Mashkov completed two private buildings (Tverskoy Pawn Shop and Eggert Apartments) in a stern, Saint Petersburg version of this style. In 1912-1913, he built his last major project - psychiatric hospital in Poteshnaya Street (now, Gannushkin Hospital). These buildings didn't make architectural landmarks; Mashkov, however, did make

700-438: Was chosen from 270 applicants. Melnikov completed a diploma in arts after nine years of training (1905–1914) and a diploma in architecture three years later. A study of 100 architects working in Moscow between the 1890s and 1910s by Maria Naschokina shows that more than half of them graduated from the school. The fact that most school graduates lacked a full state diploma was a major drawback in state employment, but irrelevant for

728-557: Was established in 1832 by Egor Makovsky and A.S. Yastrebilov as Classes of Nature, and renamed Art Classes in 1833. In 1843, the classes were incorporated as the School of Painting and Sculpture of the Moscow Art Society. In 1865, the Palace School was incorporated into School of Painting and Sculpture; next year, the expanded institution was renamed Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. The School

756-568: Was the chief architect of Moscow , Russian Empire during the reign of Empress Elizabeth of Russia . Ukhtomsky was born in a village to the north of the city Yaroslavl , where his Rurikid ancestors used to be rulers. At the age of 12, he moved to Moscow and studied there at the School of Mathematics and Navigation until 1733. He studied architecture and worked at Ivan Michurin 's workshop until 1741, later working for Ivan Korobov (1741–1743). In 1742, Korobov supported Ukhtomsky's nomination for his first professional title and delegated him

784-488: Was unique in Imperial Russia , being a private college in a country were education was primarily state-managed. Its diplomas (excluding the few highest-ranking graduates) were ranked inferior to those of the Academy of Arts; probably unimportant in fine arts, this division was a serious burden for graduates in architecture. The School tried to close the gap through acquiring a state charter in 1896, but failed. After

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