A mining community , also known as a mining town or a mining camp , is a community that houses miners . Mining communities are usually created around a mine or a quarry .
76-544: Mospyne ( Ukrainian : Моспине , pronounced [ˈmɔspɪne] ; Russian : Моспино , romanized : Mospino ) is a city in the Proletarskyi District of Donetsk urban hromada , Donetsk Raion , Donetsk Oblast in Ukraine , 8 km (26,000 ft) southeast of Donetsk . The population is estimated as 10,471 (2022 estimate) while the population in 2001 was recorded as 11,736. Since 2014,
152-534: A mining town . Railroad tracks were also built to assist the growing coal industry, with the notable financial support of entrepreneurs Mospin, Shabalov, and Utkin. By the start of the 20th century, the Mospyne railway station was built in the settlement, named after Mospin. The name of the station was later extended to the rest of the mining town. During the Ukrainian War of Independence , from 1918 to 1920,
228-414: A weak yer vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar). This raising and other phonological developments of the time, such as
304-636: A body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic , shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic ). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved. In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of
380-484: A collection of over 35,000 books, a hospital (Donetsk city hospital No. 12), and a pharmacy. The city employed 110 medical workers, including 32 doctors. Since the beginning of the 2010s, there have been five secondary schools and two kindergartens located in the city and its immediate surroundings. Over 40% of those employed in the city work in industry, with main employers being the Mospynska mine [ uk ] ,
456-648: A policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism. The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification
532-565: A result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea , lasting into the early Middle Ages , the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European *g and *gʰ . During
608-644: A self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed. In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year Taras Shevchenko was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 Pavlo Chubynsky
684-890: A variant name of the Little Russian language . In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language". Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once. In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki ) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj ), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov ). A following ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned
760-646: Is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler . The era of Kievan Rus' ( c. 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as
836-471: Is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian , and a closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian . Ukrainian is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus' . In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the language developed into Ruthenian , where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in
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#1732802353785912-802: Is one of the East Slavic languages in the Indo-European languages family, and it is spoken primarily in Ukraine . It is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of the Cyrillic script . The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics . Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian , another East Slavic language, yet there
988-563: Is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian. Mining town Austrian Lands Lower Hungarian mining towns Upper Hungarian mining towns Other Hungarian mining towns (Listed under names given when founded or working as
1064-618: The Kalmius which flows into the Azov sea ). There are also several small rivers within the area of the city. The city has 267 m (2,870 sq ft) of green space per capita. The average temperature in January is −6.5 °C (20.3 °F) while in July it's +22 °C (72 °F). There is 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation per year. In the area of the city, artifacts dating from
1140-723: The Latin language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include zavzhdy (always; taken from old Polish word zawżdy ) and obitsiaty (to promise; taken from Polish obiecać ) and from Latin (via Polish) raptom (suddenly) and meta (aim or goal). Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into
1216-533: The Middle Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods were discovered. Among the findings included a monument of the Donets culture [ uk ] , a burial site of a Sarmatian warrior with an iron sword, a bronze fibula , a figurative black jug of Chernyakhov culture and common clay pot. The Mospyne archaeological site [ uk ] , a notable pre-historic hunting site in the vicinity of
1292-788: The Mospinskaya central processing plant [ uk ] , the Mospinsky mechanical repair plant, and the city's dairy and bread factories. The Mospinsky mechanical repair plant, established in 1946, operates a foundry, forging and other production facilities. The plant serves enrichment plants in Donetsk, Luhansk and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts and manufactures over 2,000 various mechanical items, including dredgers , scraper winches, pumps, mine machinery, welded pipes, battery dust collectors, blowers, jigging machines, centrifuges , belt conveyors, locking valves, hydrocyclones , and heaters. At
1368-569: The Novgorod Republic did not call themselves Rus ' until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term Rus ' for the Kiev , Pereyaslavl and Chernigov principalities. At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of Galicia–Volhynia and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus ' " (in foreign sources called " Ruthenians "), and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called
1444-626: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and the modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire , and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union . Even so, the language continued to see use throughout
1520-399: The law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations. The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine
1596-425: The 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky denies
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#17328023537851672-456: The 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under Tatar rule until their unification under the Tsardom of Muscovy , whereas the south-western areas (including Kyiv ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of
1748-680: The 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh ("roof"), rura ("pipe"), rynok ("market"), kushnir ("furrier"), and majster ("master" or "craftsman"). In
1824-606: The Cossack motherland, Ukrajina , as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and Ukrajins'ka mova for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits. However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that
1900-549: The Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement between Cossack Hetmanate and Alexis of Russia divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations. Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation. The Russian centre adopted
1976-574: The Polish nobility. Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position. Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the Union with the Catholic Church . Most of the educational system
2052-542: The Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia. Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas
2128-557: The Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ( Русскій ) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, ' Little Russian '), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, ' Great Russian '), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian'). The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ( "по родному языку" ) in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ( guberniyas ) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers. Although in
2204-460: The Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status. After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of
2280-519: The Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as transfer of Crimea under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction. Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of
2356-551: The USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained). Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending
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2432-564: The Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century. By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of Old Church Slavonic , Ruthenian and Polish . The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the szlachta , was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics. Polish–Lithuanian rule and education also involved significant exposure to
2508-477: The Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR . However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment. Officially, there was no state language in the Soviet Union until the very end when it
2584-465: The Ukrainian language. Examples include torba (bag) and tyutyun (tobacco). Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian ( prosta mova , " simple speech ") had more lexical similarity with West Slavic languages than with Russian or Church Slavonic. By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there
2660-409: The Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it
2736-407: The chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 Union of Lublin that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural Polonization and visible attempts to colonize Ukraine by
2812-608: The city dating to the Middle Stone Age , has been the subject of research and is the namesake for the Mospyne cultural group [ uk ] of the Hrebenik culture [ uk ] of the late Mesolithic era. The city is recorded as being established in 1800, with a settlement called Ust-Ocheretynsk appearing in the areas of Mospyne that year. At some year after, the landowner Tuzlov settled here and founded
2888-417: The city during an offensive. On the night of 18-19 August, militants shelled the city with artillery, destroying a number of residential buildings. During the war, separatists shelling caused a fire to break out in school No. 151, destroying the school's roof and third floor. On 24 May 2024, during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Ukrainian military conducted strikes using MGM-140 ATACMS near
2964-538: The city during the Soviet era include new dairy and bread factories and numerous large poultry farms, particularly the Budenovsky, Mospino, and Proletarskaya poultry farms. In 1937, the city's Novo-Mospyne mine was built (later renamed Mospynska). From 1950 to 2014, a total of 64 miners were killed at the mine. The mine experienced a significant decrease in output in the 1990s, falling from an annual output of 800 tons per day in 1990 to 230 tons per day in 1999. The mine
3040-682: The city from 1932 to 1933. From 24 October 1941, to 6 September 1943, the city came under Nazi occupation . On the eastern front in World War II , 2,600 soldiers from the city fought with 623 killed in action. Of the soldiers, 487 were awarded orders and medals for their military service. During the War in Donbas , on 30 July 2014, Ukrainian forces killed more than 50 separatists in the city as part of reconnaissance operations. On 15 August, Ukrainian troops became surrounded by separatist militants near
3116-636: The city has been under the control of the self-declared Donetsk People's Republic . The city's area is 13.93 km (5.38 sq mi). With the Mospyne railway station [ uk ] , the city serves as a junction for freight and passenger trains. The city belongs to the Donetsk-Makiivka urban agglomeration [ uk ] within the Donets Coal Basin and lies on the Hruzka river [ uk ] (a tributary of
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3192-406: The city, reportedly destroying a Russian S-400 missile system . The city was founded in the 1800s as the village Makhorivka. From 1919 to 1925, the settlement was part of Donetsk gubernia [ uk ] . In the period from 1923 to 1930, the settlement was part of the Stalin raion (district), previously named Yuziv raion until 1924. The city and raion became part of the oblast in 1932 (which
3268-591: The country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine . Specific developments that led to a gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels e and o when followed by a consonant and
3344-407: The existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko , Vsevolod Hantsov , Olena Kurylo , Ivan Ohienko and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language
3420-600: The former urban-type settlement of Laryne and the village of Pavlohradske [ uk ] ), are the only two councils subordinated to the Donetsk City Council. Since 1980, Mospyne has also been a part of Donetsk city's Proletarskyi District , one of the city's nine urban districts . The village Dolintarove (also called Artem) was merged into the area of the city. On 18 July 2020, the enactment of major administrative reform laws removed Mospyne's city of regional significance designation and merged it into
3496-417: The language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic . Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others term this era Old East Slavic . Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from
3572-542: The merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where
3648-462: The modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland . Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of
3724-508: The name Little Russia for Ukraine and Little Russian for the language, an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century. Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in
3800-463: The native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools. The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This
3876-459: The newly expanded Donetsk Raion (district). In addition, the reform created hromadas, new political subdivisions within each raion to handle local government tasks and financing, with Mospyne being included in territory of the newly created Donetsk urban hromada (to be administratively centered in Donetsk). Due to the then-ongoing Donbas War and occupation of the city and surrounding areas by
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#17328023537853952-425: The population said Ukrainian was their native language. Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917. During the seven-decade-long Soviet era ,
4028-516: The present-day reflex is /ɣ/. Ahatanhel Krymsky and Aleksey Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century. Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Old Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during
4104-589: The printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia. For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovina , where Ukrainian
4180-550: The request of the church, the plant has created bells using older technologies. The plant applies a coating composed of monolithic polycrystalline silicon carbide on manufactured items to significantly increase their wear resistance. In 1962, the Mospinskaya central processing plant in the city was built, with a designed output capacity of 1.2 million tons per year although it was recorded as achieving an output of 2 million tons per year. Additional major establishments opened in
4256-577: The rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in Odesa (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of
4332-551: The second-highest percentage recorded (after Bunhe ) in any major settlement in the region . Ethnic Ukrainians are the second-largest ethnic group, other notable minorities are Ukrainian Greeks and Belarusians . The exact ethnic composition in 2001 was as follows: Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001 : In the mid-1970s, there were six schools in the city, with 166 teachers and 2,853 students. There were two theaters with 500 seats, three libraries with
4408-527: The separatist forces of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) , the new administrative subdivisions remained de jure and the city's DPR government continued to maintain the pre-reform administrative designations and divisions. Mospyne is one of a few cities in the Donetsk Oblast , in which ethnic Russians make up the largest ethnic group, accounting for 51% of the population, which is also
4484-495: The settlement of Tuzlivka, which was later merged with Ust-Ocheretynsk to form the village Makhorivka. Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, it was part of the Stepanivka-Krynivka volost of Taganroz district [ uk ] , Don Army region. Industrial coal mining began in the settlement in the same period, with many small mines being constructed across the area and the village transitioning into
4560-648: The settlement switched hands multiple times. On 13 May 1919, Andrei Shkuro 's Volunteer Army battled with the Makhnovshchina for control of Mospyne, resulting in the White movement capturing the city and the Makhnovists being driven back. The city ultimately was taken under the control of Red Army troops at the end of the war. The city was affected by the Holodomor , which killed 429 identified people in
4636-687: The sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila , was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of
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#17328023537854712-462: The term native language may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language native , including those who often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the native language ( ridna mova ) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian". In 2019,
4788-558: The territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian. During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire Dnieper Ukraine and Austrian Galicia . The Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv applied an old word for
4864-457: The town of Horbachevo-Mykhaylivka and the villages of Byryuky [ uk ] , Verbova Balka [ uk ] , Hryshky [ uk ] , Kyslyche [ uk ] (previously named Oktyabrske until 2016), Mykhailivka [ uk ] , Novodvirske [ uk ] , and Temryuk [ uk ] . Mospyne's city council, together with the Laryne settlement council [ uk ] (which includes
4940-516: The use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. In the 2001 census , 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease). For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins),
5016-469: Was a need for translators during negotiations for the Treaty of Pereyaslav , between Bohdan Khmelnytsky , head of the Zaporozhian Host , and the Russian state. By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern Belarusian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian languages. The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian. Shevelov explains that much of this
5092-614: Was called Stalino oblast from 1938 to 1962). At various times, it was administratively part of Makiivka and Khartsyzsk raions. In 1925, Mospyne gained the Soviet created status of an urban-type settlement . In 1938, the city was renamed to Mospyne and designated a city of regional significance . The city is the administrative center of the Mospyne City Council [ uk ] , an administrative-territorial unit and local self-government entity subordinated since 1958 to Donetsk City Council [ uk ] (centered in Donetsk ). The Mospyne City Council includes Mospyne in addition to
5168-490: Was exiled for seven years to Arkhangelsk . The Ukrainian magazine Osnova was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister Pyotr Valuyev proclaimed in his decree that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language". Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century. The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky 's book from 1849, listed there as
5244-448: Was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by George Shevelov 's phonological studies, which argue that specific features were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented. As
5320-407: Was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish. Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in Western Ukraine ). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are transitional to Polish. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in
5396-495: Was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available. The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962. The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest , pursued
5472-490: Was lessened only slightly after 1985. The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for perestroika and glasnost ), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself. Although Ukrainian still remained
5548-897: Was planned to be closed in the period 2011 to 2015 as part of a governmental policy regarding the region. Amongst notable cultural sights in the city include the Yunost Palace of Culture, Biryuki Theater, and Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 's Church of St. Peter and Paul. Notable individuals born in the city include physicist V. Kamenev, poet, cultural and public-political figure Volodymyr Bilyaev [ uk ] , Soviet politicians Volodymyr Shevchenko [ uk ] and Mykola Nikolaev [ uk ] , Russian Armed Forces general Mykhailo Teplynskyi [ uk ] , and Soviet activist and machinist Georgy Pavlenko [ uk ] . Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( українська мова , ukrainska mova , IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ] )
5624-549: Was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek would be used in the Uzbek SSR , and so on. However, Russian was used as the lingua franca in all parts of
5700-400: Was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine , Great Purge , and most of Stalinism . And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence. Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden
5776-547: Was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop
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