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100-493: Mauve ( / ˈ m oʊ v / , mohv ; / ˈ m ɔː v / , mawv ) is a pale purple color named after the mallow flower (French: mauve ). The first use of the word mauve as a color was in 1796–98 according to the Oxford English Dictionary , but its use seems to have been rare before 1859. Another name for the color is mallow , with the first recorded use of mallow as
200-502: A black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness. In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta , or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding
300-419: A certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). Purple is closely associated with violet . In common usage, both refer to a variety of colors between blue and red in hue . Historically, purple has tended to be used for redder hues and violet for bluer hues. In optics , violet is a spectral color ; it refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on
400-533: A color name in English in 1611. Mauve contains more gray and more blue than a pale tint of magenta . Many pale wildflowers called "blue" are more accurately classified as mauve. Mauve is also sometimes described as pale violet . The synthetic dye mauve was first so named in 1859. Chemist William Henry Perkin , then 18, was attempting to synthesize quinine in 1856; quinine was used to treat malaria . He noticed an unexpected residue, which turned out to be
500-461: A color name in English was in 1927. The color displayed at right is mauve taupe . The first recorded use of mauve taupe as a color name in English was in 1925. The color displayed at right is old mauve . The first recorded use of old mauve as a color name in English was in 1925. The normalized color coordinates for old mauve are identical to wine dregs , which was first recorded as
600-611: A color name in English in 1924. Purple Purple is a color similar in appearance to violet light. In the RYB color model historically used in the arts, purple is a secondary color created by combining red and blue pigments. In the CMYK color model used in modern printing, purple is made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment, or both. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purple
700-498: A few more years because the original VGA cards were palette-driven just like EGA, although with more freedom than VGA, but because the VGA connectors were analog, later variants of VGA (made by various manufacturers under the informal name Super VGA) eventually added true-color. In 1992, magazines heavily advertised true-color Super VGA hardware. One common application of the RGB color model is
800-660: A few other categories of citizens. The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During the Roman Republic , it was worn by generals in their triumphs , and by the Praetor Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi Apollinares . During the Empire, the toga picta was worn by magistrates giving public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls , as well as by
900-404: A fourth greyscale color channel as a masking layer, often called RGB32 . For images with a modest range of brightnesses from the darkest to the lightest, eight bits per primary color provides good-quality images, but extreme images require more bits per primary color as well as the advanced display technology. For more information see High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging. In classic CRT devices,
1000-677: A given RGB value differently, since the color elements (such as phosphors or dyes ) and their response to the individual red, green, and blue levels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, or even in the same device over time. Thus an RGB value does not define the same color across devices without some kind of color management . Typical RGB input devices are color TV and video cameras , image scanners , and digital cameras . Typical RGB output devices are TV sets of various technologies ( CRT , LCD , plasma , OLED , quantum dots , etc.), computer and mobile phone displays, video projectors , multicolor LED displays and large screens such as
1100-522: A handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros. In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc, but purple gromwell . The dye obtained did not easily adhere to fabrics, making purple fabrics expensive. Purple became a fashionable color in the state of Qi (齊, 1046 BC–221 BC) because its ruler, Duke Huan of Qi , developed
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#17328010175821200-638: A mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually scarlet , made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color in Europe. In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum, since
1300-466: A preference for it. As a result, the price of purple fabric was over five times that of plain fabric. His minister, Guan Zhong (管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference. China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color. An old hypothesis suggested links between the Chinese purple and blue and Egyptian blue , however, molecular structure analysis and evidence such as
1400-616: A reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer Vitruvius , (1st century BC), the murex shells coming from northern waters, probably Bolinus brandaris , produced a more bluish color than those of the south, probably Hexaplex trunculus . The most valued shades were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the Emperor Justinian in Ravenna . The chemical composition of
1500-596: A time. Of course, before displaying, the CLUT has to be loaded with R, G, and B values that define the palette of colors required for each image to be rendered. Some video applications store such palettes in PAL files ( Age of Empires game, for example, uses over half-a-dozen ) and can combine CLUTs on screen. This indirect scheme restricts the number of available colors in an image CLUT—typically 256-cubed (8 bits in three color channels with values of 0–255)—although each color in
1600-436: Is a specialized RAM that stores R, G, and B values that define specific colors. Each color has its own address (index)—consider it as a descriptive reference number that provides that specific color when the image needs it. The content of the CLUT is much like a palette of colors. Image data that uses indexed color specifies addresses within the CLUT to provide the required R, G, and B values for each specific pixel, one pixel at
1700-665: Is created by mixing red and blue light in order to create colors that appear similar to violet light. Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye—made from the secretions of sea snails—was extremely expensive in antiquity. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , and later by Roman Catholic bishops . Similarly in Japan ,
1800-402: Is formed by the sum of two primary colors of equal intensity: cyan is green+blue, magenta is blue+red, and yellow is red+green. Every secondary color is the complement of one primary color: cyan complements red, magenta complements green, and yellow complements blue. When all the primary colors are mixed in equal intensities, the result is white. The RGB color model itself does not define what
1900-526: Is given by a gamma value of 1.0, but actual CRT nonlinearities have a gamma value around 2.0 to 2.5. Similarly, the intensity of the output on TV and computer display devices is not directly proportional to the R, G, and B applied electric signals (or file data values which drive them through digital-to-analog converters). On a typical standard 2.2-gamma CRT display, an input intensity RGB value of (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) only outputs about 22% of full brightness (1.0, 1.0, 1.0), instead of 50%. To obtain
2000-422: Is given twice as many detectors as red and blue (ratio 1:2:1) in order to achieve higher luminance resolution than chrominance resolution. The sensor has a grid of red, green, and blue detectors arranged so that the first row is RGRGRGRG, the next is GBGBGBGB, and that sequence is repeated in subsequent rows. For every channel, missing pixels are obtained by interpolation in the demosaicing process to build up
2100-429: Is high time to consider by what means [they] may be checked.” But, because it faded easily, the success of mauve dye was short-lived; by 1873, it was replaced by other synthetic dyes. As the memory of the original dye soon receded, the contemporary understanding of mauve is as a lighter, less-saturated color than it was originally known. The 1890s are sometimes referred to in retrospect as the " Mauve Decade " because of
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#17328010175822200-469: Is known as the line of purples , or the purple line. During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre , cinnabar , or minium . They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red. The most famous purple dye in
2300-448: Is meant by red , green , and blue colorimetrically, and so the results of mixing them are not specified as absolute, but relative to the primary colors. When the exact chromaticities of the red, green, and blue primaries are defined, the color model then becomes an absolute color space , such as sRGB or Adobe RGB . The choice of primary colors is related to the physiology of the human eye ; good primaries are stimuli that maximize
2400-401: Is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum . It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton . According to some authors, purple does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color . It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According to some speakers of English, purple
2500-491: Is not very popular as a video signal format; S-Video takes that spot in most non-European regions. However, almost all computer monitors around the world use RGB. A framebuffer is a digital device for computers which stores data in the so-called video memory (comprising an array of Video RAM or similar chips ). This data goes either to three digital-to-analog converters (DACs) (for analog monitors), one per primary color or directly to digital monitors. Driven by software ,
2600-468: Is one of the most common ways to encode color in computing, and several different digital representations are in use. The main characteristic of all of them is the quantization of the possible values per component (technically a sample ) by using only integer numbers within some range, usually from 0 to some power of two minus one (2 − 1) to fit them into some bit groupings. Encodings of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 16 bits per color are commonly found;
2700-448: Is represented by a cube using non-negative values within a 0–1 range, assigning black to the origin at the vertex (0, 0, 0), and with increasing intensity values running along the three axes up to white at the vertex (1, 1, 1), diagonally opposite black. An RGB triplet ( r , g , b ) represents the three-dimensional coordinate of the point of the given color within the cube or its faces or along its edges. This approach allows computations of
2800-403: Is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue. According to other speakers of English, the same range of colors is called violet. In some textbooks of color theory , and depending on the geographical-cultural origin of the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). In that case,
2900-467: Is used by the pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han Purple. Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times, secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, in contrast to crimson, which was deemed a primary color and symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by
3000-1147: Is used. Following is the mathematical relationship between RGB space to HSI space (hue, saturation, and intensity: HSI color space ): I = R + G + B 3 S = 1 − 3 ( R + G + B ) min ( R , G , B ) H = cos − 1 ( ( R − G ) + ( R − B ) 2 ( R − G ) 2 + ( R − B ) ( G − B ) ) assuming G > B {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I&={\frac {R+G+B}{3}}\\S&=1\,-\,{\frac {3}{(R+G+B)}}\,\min(R,G,B)\\H&=\cos ^{-1}\left({\frac {(R-G)+(R-B)}{2{\sqrt {(R-G)^{2}+(R-B)(G-B)}}}}\right)\qquad {\text{assuming }}G>B\end{aligned}}} If B > G {\displaystyle B>G} , then H = 360 − H {\displaystyle H=360-H} . The RGB color model
3100-499: Is written in the different RGB notations as: In many environments, the component values within the ranges are not managed as linear (that is, the numbers are nonlinearly related to the intensities that they represent), as in digital cameras and TV broadcasting and receiving due to gamma correction, for example. Linear and nonlinear transformations are often dealt with via digital image processing. Representations with only 8 bits per component are considered sufficient if gamma correction
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3200-485: The Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty. RGB color model The RGB color model is an additive color model in which the red , green and blue primary colors of light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors . The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors , red, green, and blue. The main purpose of
3300-486: The CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram , violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line
3400-449: The CPU (or other specialized chips) write the appropriate bytes into the video memory to define the image. Modern systems encode pixel color values by devoting eight bits to each of the R, G, and B components. RGB information can be either carried directly by the pixel bits themselves or provided by a separate color look-up table (CLUT) if indexed color graphic modes are used. A CLUT
3500-612: The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) in 1984. The first manufacturer of a truecolor graphics card for PCs (the TARGA) was Truevision in 1987, but it was not until the arrival of the Video Graphics Array (VGA) in 1987 that RGB became popular, mainly due to the analog signals in the connection between the adapter and the monitor which allowed a very wide range of RGB colors. Actually, it had to wait
3600-532: The Jumbotron . Color printers , on the other hand, are not RGB devices, but subtractive color devices typically using the CMYK color model . To form a color with RGB, three light beams (one red, one green, and one blue) must be superimposed (for example by emission from a black screen or by reflection from a white screen). Each of the three beams is called a component of that color, and each of them can have an arbitrary intensity, from fully off to fully on, in
3700-497: The Numeric representations section below (24bits = 256 , each primary value of 8 bits with values of 0–255). With this system, 16,777,216 (256 or 2 ) discrete combinations of R, G, and B values are allowed, providing millions of different (though not necessarily distinguishable) hue, saturation and lightness shades. Increased shading has been implemented in various ways, some formats such as .png and .tga files among others using
3800-826: The Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura , which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα ( porphura ), the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail. The first recorded use of the word purple dates to the late 900s AD. Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and
3900-677: The Seleucid Empire , and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple. The Roman custom of wearing purple togas may have come from the Etruscans ; an Etruscan tomb painting from the 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep purple and embroidered toga. In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age, curule magistrates , certain categories of priests, and
4000-410: The black ), and full intensity of each gives a white ; the quality of this white depends on the nature of the primary light sources, but if they are properly balanced, the result is a neutral white matching the system's white point . When the intensities for all the components are the same, the result is a shade of gray, darker or lighter depending on the intensity. When the intensities are different,
4100-440: The spectral colors violet and indigo would not be shades of purple. For other speakers of English, these colors are shades of purple. In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between crimson and violet. However, also here there is much variation in color terminology depending on cultural background of the painters and authors, and sometimes the term violet is used and placed in between red and blue on
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4200-478: The 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; George VI (1896–1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature of the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, from the invitations to the stage design inside Westminster Abbey . But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for women in
4300-500: The 6th century AD, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of colors occurred after that time. Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the Byzantine Empire continued the use of purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents and the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple. Empresses gave birth in
4400-555: The Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple. In the Iliad of Homer , the belt of Ajax is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. In the Odyssey , the blankets on the wedding bed of Odysseus are purple. In the poems of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in
4500-571: The English rock band of Deep Purple which formed in 1968. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American musician Prince . The Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape Town , South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon with purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to
4600-524: The Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed. In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named William Henry Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine . His experiments produced instead the first synthetic aniline dye , a purple shade called mauveine , shortened simply to mauve . It took its name from
4700-604: The Purple Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank. In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing
4800-458: The RGB color model is described by indicating how much of each of the red, green, and blue is included. The color is expressed as an RGB triplet ( r , g , b ), each component of which can vary from zero to a defined maximum value. If all the components are at zero the result is black; if all are at maximum, the result is the brightest representable white. These ranges may be quantified in several different ways: For example, brightest saturated red
4900-425: The RGB color model is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers, though it has also been used in conventional photography and colored lighting . Before the electronic age , the RGB color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in human perception of colors . RGB is a device-dependent color model: different devices detect or reproduce
5000-689: The RGB24 CLUT table has only 8 bits representing 256 codes for each of the R, G, and B primaries, making 16,777,216 possible colors. However, the advantage is that an indexed-color image file can be significantly smaller than it would be with only 8 bits per pixel for each primary. Modern storage, however, is far less costly, greatly reducing the need to minimize image file size. By using an appropriate combination of red, green, and blue intensities, many colors can be displayed. Current typical display adapters use up to 24-bits of information for each pixel: 8-bit per component multiplied by three components (see
5100-621: The RS-170 and RS-343 standards for monochrome video. This type of video signal is widely used in Europe since it is the best quality signal that can be carried on the standard SCART connector. This signal is known as RGBS (4 BNC / RCA terminated cables exist as well), but it is directly compatible with RGBHV used for computer monitors (usually carried on 15-pin cables terminated with 15-pin D-sub or 5 BNC connectors), which carries separate horizontal and vertical sync signals. Outside Europe, RGB
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#17328010175825200-632: The Royal Palace of Qatna . As early as the 15th century BC, the citizens of Sidon and Tyre , two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex . Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil . The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple. The process of making
5300-578: The absence of lead in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China, argued against the hypothesis. The use of quartz, barium, and lead components in ancient Chinese glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a connection between glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, and to prove the independence of the Chinese invention. Taoist alchemists may have developed Han purple from their knowledge of glassmaking. Lead
5400-485: The ancient world was Tyrian purple , made from a type of sea snail called the murex , found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above). In western Polynesia , residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin . In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura , found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua . The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while
5500-453: The brightness of a given point over the fluorescent screen due to the impact of accelerated electrons is not proportional to the voltages applied to the electron gun control grids, but to an expansive function of that voltage. The amount of this deviation is known as its gamma value ( γ {\displaystyle \gamma } ), the argument for a power law function, which closely describes this behavior. A linear response
5600-555: The clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were particularly worn by students of divinity. Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes. In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine
5700-472: The color is traditionally associated with the emperor and aristocracy. According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color most often associated with rarity, royalty, luxury, ambition, magic, mystery, piety and spirituality. When combined with pink , it is associated with eroticism , femininity , and seduction . The modern English word purple comes from
5800-714: The color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ); in the Book of Exodus , God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet," to be used in the curtains of the Tabernacle and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th-century Latin Vulgate version of
5900-463: The color of the women's liberation movement . In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany , prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses , were required to wear a purple triangle . During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated with counterculture , psychedelics , and musicians like Jimi Hendrix with his 1967 song " Purple Haze ", or
6000-408: The color terms violet and purple varies even among native speakers of English, for example between United Kingdom and United States. Optics research on purple and violet contains contributions of authors from different countries and different native languages, it is likely to be inconsistent in the use and meaning of the two colors. According to some speakers/authors of English, purple, unlike violet,
6100-416: The common color component between them, e.g. green as the common component between yellow and cyan, red as the common component between magenta and yellow, and blue-violet as the common component between magenta and cyan. There is no color component among magenta, cyan and yellow, thus rendering a spectrum of zero intensity: black. Zero intensity for each component gives the darkest color (no light, considered
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#17328010175826200-445: The complete image. Also, other processes used to be applied in order to map the camera RGB measurements into a standard color space as sRGB. In computing, an image scanner is a device that optically scans images (printed text, handwriting, or an object) and converts it to a digital image which is transferred to a computer. Among other formats, flat, drum and film scanners exist, and most of them support RGB color. They can be considered
6300-418: The correct response, a gamma correction is used in encoding the image data, and possibly further corrections as part of the color calibration process of the device. Gamma affects black-and-white TV as well as color. In standard color TV, broadcast signals are gamma corrected. In color television and video cameras manufactured before the 1990s, the incoming light was separated by prisms and filters into
6400-684: The cyan plate, and so on. Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia . The color TV pioneer John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first RGB color transmission in 1928, and also the world's first color broadcast in 1938, in London . In his experiments, scanning and display were done mechanically by spinning colorized wheels. The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began an experimental RGB field-sequential color system in 1940. Images were scanned electrically, but
6500-455: The difference between the responses of the cone cells of the human retina to light of different wavelengths , and that thereby make a large color triangle . The normal three kinds of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells in the human eye (cone cells) respond most to yellow (long wavelength or L), green (medium or M), and violet (short or S) light (peak wavelengths near 570 nm, 540 nm and 440 nm, respectively ). The difference in
6600-411: The display of colors on a cathode-ray tube (CRT), liquid-crystal display (LCD), plasma display , or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display such as a television, a computer's monitor, or a large scale screen. Each pixel on the screen is built by driving three small and very close but still separated RGB light sources. At common viewing distance, the separate sources are indistinguishable, which
6700-483: The dye from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made from kermes dye. While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of
6800-605: The dye from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo , and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster, richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price. In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color
6900-511: The dye industry that his 2000 biography by Simon Garfield is simply entitled Mauve . Between 1859 and 1861, mauve became a fashion must-have. The weekly journal All the Year Round described women wearing the colour as "all flying countryward, like so many migrating birds of purple paradise". Punch magazine published cartoons poking fun at the huge popularity of the colour: “The Mauve Measles are spreading to so serious an extent that it
7000-399: The dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took place. In
7100-477: The early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with the psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s. In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the Women's Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally succeeding with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became
7200-603: The emperor on special occasions. During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire , purple was more and more associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers. Suetonius claims that the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for
7300-462: The eye interprets as a given solid color. All the pixels together arranged in the rectangular screen surface conforms the color image. During digital image processing each pixel can be represented in the computer memory or interface hardware (for example, a graphics card ) as binary values for the red, green, and blue color components. When properly managed, these values are converted into intensities or voltages via gamma correction to correct
7400-444: The first aniline dye. Perkin originally named the dye Tyrian purple after the historical dye, but the product was renamed mauve after it was marketed in 1859. It is now usually called Perkin's mauve , mauveine , or aniline purple . Earlier references to a mauve dye in 1856–1858 referred to a color produced using the semi-synthetic dye murexide or a mixture of natural dyes. Perkin was so successful in marketing his discovery to
7500-431: The image sensor, whereas older drum scanners use a photomultiplier tube as the image sensor. Early color film scanners used a halogen lamp and a three-color filter wheel, so three exposures were needed to scan a single color image. Due to heating problems, the worst of them being the potential destruction of the scanned film, this technology was later replaced by non-heating light sources such as color LEDs . A color in
7600-518: The inherent nonlinearity of some devices, such that the intended intensities are reproduced on the display. The Quattron released by Sharp uses RGB color and adds yellow as a sub-pixel, supposedly allowing an increase in the number of available colors. RGB is also the term referring to a type of component video signal used in the video electronics industry. It consists of three signals—red, green, and blue—carried on three separate cables/pins. RGB signal formats are often based on modified versions of
7700-416: The intermediate optics, thereby reducing the size of home video cameras and eventually leading to the development of full camcorders . Current webcams and mobile phones with cameras are the most miniaturized commercial forms of such technology. Photographic digital cameras that use a CMOS or CCD image sensor often operate with some variation of the RGB model. In a Bayer filter arrangement, green
7800-444: The light under which we see them. In the additive model, if the resulting spectrum, e.g. of superposing three colors, is flat, white color is perceived by the human eye upon direct incidence on the retina. This is in stark contrast to the subtractive model, where the perceived resulting spectrum is what reflecting surfaces, such as dyed surfaces, emit. A dye filters out all colors but its own; two blended dyes filter out all colors but
7900-491: The mallow flower, which is the same color. The new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It
8000-414: The medium and long wavelength cones of the retina, but not equally—the long-wavelength cells will respond more. The difference in the response can be detected by the brain, and this difference is the basis of our perception of orange. Thus, the orange appearance of an object results from light from the object entering our eye and stimulating the different cones simultaneously but to different degrees. Use of
8100-511: The mixture. The RGB color model is additive in the sense that if light beams of differing color (frequency) are superposed in space their light spectra adds up, wavelength for wavelength, to make up a resulting, total spectrum. This is essentially opposite to the subtractive color model, particularly the CMY color model , which applies to paints, inks, dyes and other substances whose color depends on reflecting certain components (frequencies) of
8200-557: The outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC. Purple textiles, dating back to the early second millennium BCE, were found in Syria , making them the oldest known purple textiles in the world. These findings include textiles from a burial site in Chagar Bazar , dating back to the 18th-16th centuries BCE, as well as preserved textile samples discovered in gypsum at
8300-520: The play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, King Solomon was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem . Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the basileus of the Macedonian Empire ), the basileus of
8400-517: The popularity of the subtle color among progressive artistic types, both in Europe and the US. The color displayed at right is the rich tone of mauve called mauve by Crayola . The color displayed at right is the deep tone of mauve that is called mauve by Pourpre.com , a color list widely popular in France . The color displayed at right is opera mauve . The first recorded use of opera mauve as
8500-634: The process of combining three color-filtered separate takes. To reproduce the color photograph, three matching projections over a screen in a dark room were necessary. The additive RGB model and variants such as orange–green–violet were also used in the Autochrome Lumière color plates and other screen-plate technologies such as the Joly color screen and the Paget process in the early twentieth century. Color photography by taking three separate plates
8600-469: The result is a colorized hue , more or less saturated depending on the difference of the strongest and weakest of the intensities of the primary colors employed. When one of the components has the strongest intensity, the color is a hue near this primary color (red-ish, green-ish, or blue-ish), and when two components have the same strongest intensity, then the color is a hue of a secondary color (a shade of cyan , magenta or yellow ). A secondary color
8700-476: The short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers, whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light, some of which humans perceive as similar to violet. On a chromaticity diagram , the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception . The color magenta used in
8800-436: The signals received from the three kinds allows the brain to differentiate a wide gamut of different colors, while being most sensitive (overall) to yellowish-green light and to differences between hues in the green-to-orange region. As an example, suppose that light in the orange range of wavelengths (approximately 577 nm to 597 nm) enters the eye and strikes the retina. Light of these wavelengths would activate both
8900-421: The slogan The Purple Shall Govern . The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders. The meanings of
9000-578: The splendour of his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade the use of certain purple dyes. In the late empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death penalty. According to the New Testament , Jesus Christ , in the hours leading up to his crucifixion , was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura ) by the Roman garrison to mock his claim to be ' King of the Jews '. The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from
9100-448: The successors of early telephotography input devices, which were able to send consecutive scan lines as analog amplitude modulation signals through standard telephonic lines to appropriate receivers; such systems were in use in press since the 1920s to the mid-1990s. Color telephotographs were sent as three separated RGB filtered images consecutively. Currently available scanners typically use CCD or contact image sensor (CIS) as
9200-456: The sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting. Tyrian purple became
9300-550: The system still used a moving part: the transparent RGB color wheel rotating at above 1,200 rpm in synchronism with the vertical scan. The camera and the cathode-ray tube (CRT) were both monochromatic . Color was provided by color wheels in the camera and the receiver. More recently, color wheels have been used in field-sequential projection TV receivers based on the Texas Instruments monochrome DLP imager. The modern RGB shadow mask technology for color CRT displays
9400-460: The three RGB primary colors feeding each color into a separate video camera tube (or pickup tube ). These tubes are a type of cathode-ray tube, not to be confused with that of CRT displays. With the arrival of commercially viable charge-coupled device (CCD) technology in the 1980s, first, the pickup tubes were replaced with this kind of sensor. Later, higher scale integration electronics was applied (mainly by Sony ), simplifying and even removing
9500-701: The three primary colors is not sufficient to reproduce all colors; only colors within the color triangle defined by the chromaticities of the primaries can be reproduced by additive mixing of non-negative amounts of those colors of light. The RGB color model is based on the Young–Helmholtz theory of trichromatic color vision , developed by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early to mid-nineteenth century, and on James Clerk Maxwell 's color triangle that elaborated that theory ( c. 1860 ). The first experiments with RGB in early color photography were made in 1861 by Maxwell himself, and involved
9600-408: The total number of bits used for an RGB color is typically called the color depth . Since colors are usually defined by three components, not only in the RGB model, but also in other color models such as CIELAB and Y'UV , among others, then a three-dimensional volume is described by treating the component values as ordinary Cartesian coordinates in a Euclidean space . For the RGB model, this
9700-430: The traditional color wheel. In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel , purple is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (see shades of purple ). In the RGB color model , named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on
9800-665: Was patented by Werner Flechsig in Germany in 1938. Personal computers of the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as the Apple II and VIC-20 , use composite video . The Commodore 64 and the Atari 8-bit computers use S-Video derivatives. IBM introduced a 16-color scheme (four bits—one bit each for red, green, blue, and intensity) with the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) for its IBM PC in 1981, later improved with
9900-534: Was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion. Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur Hughes , who loved bright colors and romantic scenes. At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt , who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets. In
10000-521: Was used by other pioneers, such as the Russian Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky in the period 1909 through 1915. Such methods lasted until about 1960 using the expensive and extremely complex tri-color carbro Autotype process. When employed, the reproduction of prints from three-plate photos was done by dyes or pigments using the complementary CMY model, by simply using the negative plates of the filtered takes: reverse red gives
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