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83-759: Jehovah ( / dʒ ɪ ˈ h oʊ v ə / ) is a Latinization of the Hebrew יְהֹוָה ‎ Yəhōwā , one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יהוה ‎ (YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible  / Old Testament . The Tetragrammaton is considered one of the seven names of God in Judaism and a form of God's name in Christianity . The consensus among scholars

166-402: A sheva (   ְ ‎   ) under the yod ( י ‎ ), the holam (   ֹ ‎   ) is placed over the first he ( ה ‎ ), and the qamats (   ָ ‎   ) is placed under the vav ( ו ‎ ), giving יְהֹוָה ‎ ( Jehovah ). When the two names, יהוה ‎ and אדני ‎ , occur together,

249-694: A confidence in his researches and opinions on topics connected with Hebrew philology, such as has been bestowed on few scholars. Gesenius also contributed extensively to Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie , and enriched the German translation of Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 's Travels in Syria and the Holy Land with valuable geographical notes. For many years he also edited the Halle Allgemeine Litteraturzeitung . A sketch of his life

332-401: A dependence on each other, and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points. Gill acknowledged that Levita, "first asserted the vowel points were invented by " the men of Tiberias ", but made reference to his condition that "if anyone could convince him that his opinion was contrary to the book of Zohar, he should be content to have it rejected." Gill then alludes to

415-548: A different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יֱהֹוִה ‎ ( Yĕhōvī ), which was read as Elohim . Based on this reasoning, the form יְהֹוָה ‎ ( Jehovah ) has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form", and even "a philological impossibility". Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading Adonai (or its equivalents in Greek and Latin, Κύριος and Dominus ) in place of

498-664: A helper ], Jehu [ Jehovah is He ]. In the entry, Jehovah , Smith writes: "JEHOVAH ( יְהֹוָה ‎ , usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ‎ ; but when the two occur together, the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה ‎ , that is with the vowels of אֱלֹהִים ‎ , as in Obad. i. 1, Hab. iii. 19:" This practice is also observed in many modern publications, such as the New Compact Bible Dictionary (Special Crusade Edition) of 1967 and Peloubet's Bible Dictionary of 1947. The following versions of

581-499: A lengthy defense of the pronunciation Jehovah in its preface. Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew, modern Hebrew (apart from young children's books, some formal poetry and Hebrew primers for new immigrants), is written without vowel points. The Torah scrolls do not include vowel points, and ancient Hebrew was written without vowel signs. The Dead Sea Scrolls , discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BCE to 70 CE, include texts from

664-707: A number of English translations, including the Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures , a 1853 edition revised by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles and the Brown–Driver–Briggs , a 1907 edition revised by Francis Brown , Samuel Rolles Driver and Charles A. Briggs . As indicated by the title pages, the German editions of these works were carried forward by several revised editions, after Gesenius's death, by other scholars, most conspicuously Emil Rödiger . The newest edition

747-495: A student of philosophy and theology at the University of Helmstedt , where Heinrich Henke was his most influential teacher; but the latter part of his university course was taken at Göttingen , where Johann Gottfried Eichhorn and Thomas Christian Tychsen were then at the height of their popularity. In 1806, shortly after graduation, he became Repetent and Privatdozent (or Magister legens ) at Göttingen; and, as he

830-553: A translation of the German edition, this too was a reworked revisions). His large lexicon of Biblical Hebrew and Chaldee (Aramaic) was first published in 1829, and its revision and expansion, under the editorship of Rödiger, continued after Gesenius's death until 1858. His textbook on Hebrew grammar first appeared, as a small book of a mere 202 pages, in 1813, and went through 13 editions in Gesenius's lifetime and as many afterward. He also published some smaller works, in German, on

913-489: Is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based open source collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers. Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source language planning initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli

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996-495: Is acknowledged even by those who say that guides to Hebrew are perpetuating "scholarly myths". "Jehovist" scholars, largely earlier than the 20th century, who believe / dʒ ə ˈ h oʊ v ə / to be the original pronunciation of the divine name, argue that the Hebraic vowel-points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ab origine status to

1079-478: Is also written ה' ‎ , or even ד' ‎ , and read ha-Shem ("the name"). Scholars are not in total agreement as to why יְהֹוָה ‎ does not have precisely the same vowel points as adonai . The use of the composite hataf segol (   ֱ ‎   ) in cases where the name is to be read elohim , has led to the opinion that the composite hataf patah (   ֲ ‎   ) ought to have been used to indicate

1162-732: Is an Anglicized form of Yhovah," and preserves the four Hebrew consonants "YHVH" (with the introduction of the "J" sound in English). Some argue that Jehovah is preferable to Yahweh , based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally, and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables. In an article he wrote in the Journal of Biblical Literature , Biblical scholar Francis B. Dennio said: "Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu. The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right." Dennio argued that

1245-530: Is called " rōmaji " in Japanese . The most common systems are: While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems: Thai , spoken in Thailand and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with its own script , probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and Old Khmer , in

1328-500: Is however some discrepancy as to how many of Gesenius's children died before their father. Gesenius died at Halle and is buried near the university. According to tradition, theology students in Halle put stones on his grave as a token of respect every year before their examinations. Gesenius takes much of the credit for having freed Semitic philology from the trammels of theological and religious prepossession, and for inaugurating

1411-462: Is intended to be pronounced as Adonai are slightly different to those used in Adonai itself. The difference between the vowel points of 'ǎdônây and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics . Sheva and hataf-patah were allophones of the same phoneme used in different situations: hataf-patah on glottal consonants including aleph (such as

1494-497: Is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional.   All this has resulted in great reduplication of names.   E.g.

1577-449: Is not the name here vttered to Moyses but is redde in place of the vnknowen name". The Challoner revision (1750) uses ADONAI with a note stating, "some moderns have framed the name Jehovah, unknown to all the ancients, whether Jews or Christians." Various Messianic Jewish Bible translations use Adonai ( Complete Jewish Bible (1998), Tree of Life Version (2014) or Hashem ( Orthodox Jewish Bible (2002)). A few sacred name Bibles use

1660-552: Is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Torah (6th century BCE) is most likely Yahweh . The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism , during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with Adonai ('my Lord'). The Hebrew vowel points of Adonai were added to

1743-430: Is the 18th which was published in 2013. Edward Robinson , an acquaintance of Gesenius, and his principal English translator and biographer, said of him, So clear were his own conception, that he never uttered a sentence, no scarcely ever wrote one, which even the dullest intellect did not at once comprehend. In this respect, he may be said to stand out almost alone among modern German scholars. ... In all that fell within

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1826-506: Is the most common system of phonetic transcription. For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and

1909-548: Is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization. Romanization of the Sinitic languages , particularly Mandarin , has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin . Romanization (or, more generally, Roman letters )

1992-527: Is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language with extreme digraphia and diglossia resulting from the Hindi–Urdu controversy starting in

2075-1077: The King James Version of 1611. More recently, Jehovah has been used in the Revised Version of 1885, the American Standard Version in 1901, and the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1961. At Exodus 6:3–6, where the King James Version has Jehovah , the Revised Standard Version (1952), the New American Standard Bible (1971), the New International Version (1978),

2158-1009: The New King James Version (1982), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the New Century Version (1991), and the Contemporary English Version (1995) give "L ORD " or "Lord" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while the New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the Amplified Bible (1987), the New Living Translation (1996, revised 2007), and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) use

2241-816: The Brahmic family . The Nuosu language , spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the Yi script . The only existing romanisation system is YYPY (Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels. The Tibetan script has two official romanization systems: Tibetan Pinyin (for Lhasa Tibetan ) and Roman Dzongkha (for Dzongkha ). In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications,

2324-549: The Evangelische Kirchenzeitung , on account of his rationalism and his lecture comments treating lightly the Biblical accounts of miracles. He was thereafter troubled with personal stresses; in 1833 he nearly died of lung disease, in 1835 three of his children died, and subsequently he was tormented by various physical complaints. His death in 1842 came after prolonged misery from gall stones. There

2407-618: The King James Version . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops states that to pronounce the Tetragrammaton "it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. 'Yahweh' or 'Jehovah')." Jehovah appears in the Old Testament of some widely used translations including the American Standard Version (1901) and Young's Literal Translation (1862, 1899);

2490-523: The Latin alphabet as JHVH ) with the vowels of Adonai . Some hold that there is evidence that a form of the Tetragrammaton similar to Jehovah may have been in use in Semitic and Greek phonetic texts and artifacts from Late Antiquity . Others say that it is the pronunciation Yahweh that is testified in both Christian and pagan texts of the early Christian era. Some Karaite Jews, as proponents of

2573-509: The Library of Congress transliteration method is used worldwide. In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets . This applies to Old Church Slavonic , as well as modern Slavic languages that use these alphabets. A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since

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2656-614: The New World Translation (1961, 2013) uses Jehovah in both the Old and New Testaments. Jehovah does not appear in most mainstream English translations, some of which use Yahweh but most continue to use "Lord" or "L ORD " to represent the Tetragrammaton . Most scholars believe the name Jehovah (also transliterated as Yehowah ) to be a hybrid form derived by combining the Hebrew letters יהוה ( YHWH , later rendered in

2739-653: The Pentateuch ("The Five Books of Moses") published in 1530 in Germany, where Tyndale had studied since 1524, possibly in one or more of the universities at Wittenberg , Worms and Marburg , where Hebrew was taught. The spelling used by Tyndale was "Iehouah"; at that time, "I" was not distinguished from J , and U was not distinguished from V . The original 1611 printing of the Authorized King James Version used "Iehouah". Tyndale wrote about

2822-405: The Q're perpetuum , resulting in the transliteration Yehowah and derived variants. Emil G. Hirsch was among the modern scholars that recognized "Jehovah" to be "grammatically impossible". יְהֹוָה ‎ appears 6,518 times in the traditional Masoretic Text , in addition to 305 instances of יֱהֹוִה ‎ ( Jehovih ). The pronunciation Jehovah is believed to have arisen through

2905-611: The Septuagint and the Vulgate ) had in the same verses, his own contribution to that field was the inclusion of insights obtained from the study of other languages, ancient and non-semitic. From his extensive body of work, the products most familiar to modern English-speaking readers are his Hebrew Grammar, best represented by an English translation of the 28th German edition, published by Oxford University Press in 1910, and his dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, known through

2988-697: The Soviet Union , with some material published. The 2010 Ukrainian National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941. The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of

3071-764: The Tetragrammaton exclusively as Yahweh : Following the Middle Ages , before and after the Protestant Reformation , some churches and public buildings across Europe were decorated with variants and cognates of "Jehovah". For example, the coat of arms of Plymouth (UK) City Council bears the Latin inscription, Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova (English, "The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower"), derived from Proverbs 18:10 . Lyrics of some Christian hymns, for example, "Guide me, O thou great Jehovah", include "Jehovah". The form also appears in some reference books and novels, appearing several times in

3154-541: The Tetragrammaton instead of a generic title (e.g., the LORD) or a conjectural transliteration (e.g., Yahweh or Jehovah): Most modern translations exclusively use Lord or L ORD , generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is Yahweh or YHWH (not JHVH ), and in some cases saying that this name is "traditionally" transliterated as Jehovah : A few translations use titles such as The Eternal : Some translations use both Yahweh and L ORD : Some translate

3237-462: The 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two standardized registers , Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu , are recognized as official languages in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is, The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise Hindustani

3320-692: The Bible render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses: Bible translations with the divine name in the New Testament: Bible translations with the divine name in both the Old Testament and the New Testament: render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses: The Douay Version of 1609 renders the phrase in Exodus 6:3 as "and my name Adonai", and in its footnote says: "Adonai

3403-490: The Hebrew language. Some members of Karaite Judaism , such as Nehemia Gordon, hold this view. The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering Jehovah was defended by various scholars, including Michaelis, Drach, Stier, William Fulke (1583), Johannes Buxtorf , his son Johannes Buxtorf II , and John Owen (17th century); Peter Whitfield and John Gill (18th century), John Moncrieff (19th century), Johann Friedrich von Meyer (1832) Thomas D. Ross has given an account of

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3486-426: The Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th-century study in opposition to "the opinion of most learned men in modern times", according to whom the vowel points had been "invented since the time of Christ". The study presented the following considerations: In the 16th and 17th centuries, various arguments were presented for and against

3569-589: The Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ , but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu . The Arabic script is used to write Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Pashto and Sindhi as well as numerous other languages in

3652-463: The King James Version. It is also used in Christian hymns such as the 1771 hymn, "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah". The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term יְהֹוָה ‎ has the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ‎ ( adonai ). Using the vowels of adonai , the composite hataf patah (   ֲ ‎   ) under the guttural alef ( א ‎ ) becomes

3735-662: The Latin Vulgate 's use of Dominus (Latin for Adonai , "Lord") to represent the Tetragrammaton. The Authorized King James Version , which used " Jehovah " in a few places, most frequently gave "the L ORD " as the equivalent of the Tetragrammaton. The form Iehouah appeared in John Rogers' Matthew Bible in 1537, the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560, Bishop's Bible of 1568 and

3818-454: The Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following: or G as in genre اِ || e || e || i || e || e || e || e Notes : Notes : There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek . The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards: The Brahmic family of abugidas

3901-488: The Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that, except in synagogue scrolls, accompanied them, resulting in the form Jehovah . This form, which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303, was adopted in Tyndale's and some other Protestant translations of the Bible. In the 1560 Geneva Bible , the Tetragrammaton is translated as Jehovah six times, four as

3984-522: The Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes , and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century CE as Yehowah . The derived forms Iehouah and Jehovah first appeared in the 16th century. William Tyndale first introduced the vocalization Jehovah for the Tetragrammaton in his translation of Exodus 6:3, and appears in some other early English translations including the Geneva Bible and

4067-517: The Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible, and have provided documentary evidence that, in spite of claims to the contrary, the original Hebrew texts were written without vowel points. Menahem Mansoor's The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries. Gill's view that

4150-480: The book of Zohar, stating that rabbis declared it older than the Masoretes, and that it attests to the vowel-points and accents. William Fulke , John Gill, John Owen , and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at Matthew 5:18 , indicated in the King James Version by the word tittle . The 1602 Spanish Bible ( Reina-Valera / Cipriano de Valera ) used the name Iehova and gave

4233-519: The casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds ( phonemes ) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in

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4316-652: The controversy on this matter in England down to 1833. G. A. Riplinger, John Hinton, Thomas M. Strouse, and A. Cairns are more recent defenders of the authenticity of the vowel points. 18th-century theologian John Gill puts forward the arguments of 17th-century Johannes Buxtorf II and others in his writing, A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel-Points and Accents . He argued for an extreme antiquity of their use, rejecting

4399-616: The divine name: "IEHOUAH [Jehovah], is God's name; neither is any creature so called; and it is as much to say as, One that is of himself, and dependeth of nothing. Moreover, as oft as thou seest L ORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing), it is in Hebrew Iehouah , Thou that art; or, He that is." The name is also found in a 1651 edition of Ramón Martí 's Pugio fidei . The name Jehovah (initially as Iehouah ) appeared in all early Protestant Bibles in English, except Coverdale 's translation in 1535. The Roman Catholic Douay–Rheims Bible used "the Lord", corresponding to

4482-562: The examination of rare oriental manuscripts, and in 1835 to England and the Netherlands in connection with his Phoenician studies. He became the most popular teacher of Hebrew and of Old Testament introduction and exegesis in Germany; during his later years his lectures were attended by nearly five hundred students. Among his pupils the most eminent were Peter von Bohlen , C. P. W. Gramberg , A. G. Hoffmann , Hermann Hupfeld , Emil Rödiger , J. C. F. Tuch , J. K. W. Vatke and Theodor Benfey . His first Hebrew lexicon (with German text)

4565-441: The first letter in Adonai ), and simple sheva on other consonants (such as the Y in YHWH ). The earliest available Latin text to use a vocalization similar to Jehovah dates from the 13th century. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon suggested that the pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by Galatinus , who defended its use. In English it appeared in William Tyndale 's translation of

4648-424: The form Jehovah is not a barbarism, but is the best English form available, being that it has for centuries gathered the necessary connotations and associations for valid use in English. According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where יְהֹוָה ‎ ( Yəhōwā ) appears in

4731-409: The form Yahweh . Modern guides to Biblical Hebrew grammar, such as Duane A Garrett's A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew state that the Hebrew vowel points now found in printed Hebrew Bibles were invented in the second half of the first millennium AD, long after the texts were written. This is indicated in the authoritative Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius, and Godwin's Cabalistic Encyclopedia , and

4814-415: The former is pointed with a hataf segol (   ֱ ‎   ) under the yod ( י ‎ ) and a hiriq (   ִ ‎   ) under the second he ( ה ‎ ), giving יֱהֹוִה ‎ , to indicate that it is to be read as elohim in order to avoid adonai being repeated. Taking the spellings at face value may have been as a result of not knowing about

4897-568: The grammatical anomalies found in the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. He also wrote extensively on the Samaritans and their version of the Pentateuch, and on the Phoenicians and their language, most notably with the publication of Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae . In 1827, after declining an invitation to take Eichhorn's place at Göttingen, Gesenius was made a Consistorialrat . In 1830 there were violent verbal attacks to which he, along with his friend and colleague Julius Wegscheider , were subjected by E. W. Hengstenberg and his party in

4980-484: The idea that the vowel points were invented by the Masoretes. Gill presented writings, including passages of scripture, that he interpreted as supportive of his "Jehovist" viewpoint that the Old Testament must have included vowel-points and accents. He claimed that the use of Hebrew vowel points of יְהֹוָה ‎, and therefore of the name Jehovah / j ə ˈ h oʊ v ə / , is documented from before 200 BCE, and even back to Adam , citing Jewish tradition that Hebrew

5063-470: The introduction of vowels of the qere —the marginal notation used by the Masoretes. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the qere ) differed from the consonants of the written text (the kethib ), they wrote the qere in the margin to indicate that the kethib was read using the vowels of the qere . For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted, referred to as q're perpetuum . One of these frequent cases

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5146-442: The language sections above. (Hangul characters are broken down into jamo components.) For Persian Romanization For Cantonese Romanization Wilhelm Gesenius Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius (3 February 1786 – 23 October 1842) was a German orientalist , lexicographer , Christian Hebraist , Lutheran theologian , Biblical scholar and critic . Gesenius was born at Nordhausen . In 1803 he became

5229-457: The late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called Streamlined System avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>. The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by BGN and PCGN in 2013. There

5312-414: The man of God." The argument between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism on whether it was lawful to pronounce the name represented by the Tetragrammaton is claimed to show that some copies have always been pointed (voweled) and that some copies were not pointed with the vowels because of " oral law ", for control of interpretation by some Judeo sects, including non-pointed copies in synagogues. Gill claimed that

5395-420: The name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may also be written as Tchaykovsky , Tchajkovskij , Tchaikowski , Tschaikowski , Czajkowski , Čajkovskij , Čajkovski , Chajkovskij , Çaykovski , Chaykovsky , Chaykovskiy , Chaikovski , Tshaikovski , Tšaikovski , Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include: The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of

5478-430: The novel The Greatest Story Ever Told , by Catholic author Fulton Oursler . Some religious groups, notably Jehovah's Witnesses and proponents of the King-James-Only movement , continue to use Jehovah as the only name of God . In Mormonism , "Jehovah" is thought to be the name by which Jesus was known prior to his birth; references to "the L ORD " in the KJV Old Testament are therefore understood to be references to

5561-686: The pre-mortal Jesus, whereas God the Father , who is regarded as a separate individual, is sometimes referred to as " Elohim ". "Jehovah" is twice rendered in the Book of Mormon , in 2 Nephi 22:2 and Moroni 10:34. Transcriptions of יְהֹוָה ‎ similar to Jehovah occurred as early as the 12th century. Romanization There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. If

5644-421: The pronunciation / j ə ˈ h oʊ v ə / can be traced back to early historical sources which indicate that vowel points and/or accents were used in their time. Sources Gill claimed supported his view include: Gill quoted Elia Levita , who said, "There is no syllable without a point, and there is no word without an accent," as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have

5727-410: The proper name, and two as place-names. In the 1611 King James Version , Jehovah occurred seven times. In the 1885 English Revised Version , the form Jehovah occurs twelve times. In the 1901 American Standard Version the form "Je-ho'vah" became the regular English rendering of the Hebrew יהוה , all throughout, in preference to the previously dominant "the L ORD ", which is generally used in

5810-484: The proper sphere of his own researches, he never rested upon the authority of others, but investigated for himself, with all the minute accuracy and closeness of detail and unwearied industry for which German learning is celebrated. His one great object was philological truth. He had no preconceived theories, to the support of which he was at all hazards committed, and in connection with which only he sought for truth. These traits, combined with his extensive learning, inspired

5893-416: The reading adonai . It has been argued conversely that the disuse of the patah is consistent with the Babylonian system , in which the composite is uncommon. The table below shows the vowel points of Yehovah and Adonai , indicating the simple sheva in Yehovah in contrast to the hataf patah in Adonai . As indicated to the right, the vowel points used when the Tetragrammaton

5976-478: The rendering Jehovah , state that although the original pronunciation of יהוה has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to oral Rabbinic law , well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as Joshua , Jeremiah , Isaiah or Jesus , for which the original pronunciations may be unknown. They also point out that "the English form Jehovah

6059-589: The romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. Most romanizations are intended to enable

6142-398: The source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet

6225-542: The strictly scientific (and comparative) method which has since been so fruitful. As an exegete he exercised a powerful influence on theological investigation. He may also be considered as a founder of Phoenician studies. Gesenius was keenly aware of previous efforts at dictionaries of Biblical Hebrew (he provided an extensive survey of Hebrew lexicography in the 1823 edition of his Hebrew lexicon for schools ), and, compared to previous lexicons which had simply translated Hebrew expressions as whatever other versions (primarily

6308-409: The text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar Wilhelm Gesenius , that the vowels of the substitutes of the name— Adonai (Lord) and Elohim ( God )—were inserted by the Masoretes to indicate that these substitutes were to be used. When יהוה precedes or follows Adonai , the Masoretes placed the vowel points of Elohim into the Tetragrammaton, producing

6391-427: The transcription of the form Jehovah . William Robertson Smith summarizes these discourses, concluding that "whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah ". Despite this, he consistently uses the name Jehovah throughout his dictionary and when translating Hebrew names. Some examples include Isaiah [ Jehovah's help or salvation ], Jehoshua [ Jehovah

6474-509: The vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider

6557-506: Was God's name, which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the "ineffable name". Instead, wherever יהוה ‎ ( YHWH ) appears in the kethib of the biblical and liturgical books , it was to be read as אֲדֹנָי ‎ ( adonai , "My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or as אֱלֹהִים ‎ ( elohim , "God") if adonai appears next to it. This combination produces יְהֹוָה ‎ ( yehova ) and יֱהֹוִה ‎ ( yehovi ) respectively. יהוה ‎

6640-587: Was consistently filled; by 1810 his lectures were attended by more than 500 students – nearly half the student population of the university. The only interruptions occurred in 1813–1814, occasioned by the German War of Liberation ( War of the Sixth Coalition ), during which the university was closed, and those occasioned by two prolonged literary tours, first in 1820 to Paris , London and Oxford with his colleague Johann Karl Thilo (1794–1853) for

6723-470: Was later proud to say, had August Neander for his first pupil in Hebrew language . On 8 February 1810 he became professor extraordinarius in theology, and on 16 June 1811 was promoted to ordinarius , at the University of Halle , where, in spite of many offers of high preferment elsewhere, he spent the rest of his life. He taught with great regularity for over thirty years. He was a gifted lecturer whose lectures were so interesting that his lecture room

6806-411: Was the first language. He argued that throughout this history the Masoretes did not invent the vowel points and accents, but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai, citing Karaite authorities Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov (1699) and his associates, who stated that "all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented, as it came out of the hands of Moses,

6889-528: Was worked up during the winter of 1806–1807, and published a few years later by F. C. W. Vogel, whose printing house in Leipzig thereafter published all the editions of his lexicons. This was followed by a somewhat abridged version (about half the bulk of the first lexicon but with significant improvements) in 1815, which went to four German editions (each substantially larger and improved than its previous editions) and one Latin edition (although intended merely as

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