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62-470: The Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE is a 2003 bi-fuel version of the RX-8 sports car, in which the twin-rotor wankel rotary engine is configured to run on either hydrogen or gasoline . This is the fifth Mazda vehicle to be fitted with a hydrogen wankel rotary engine . The hydrogen tank is made up of aluminum and carbon fibre and has a capacity of 110 liters at 350 bar stores up to 2.4 kilograms of hydrogen and

124-514: A 500 percent increase in the number of new CNG cylinders installed. National car maker Proton considered fitting its Waja , Saga and Persona models with CNG kits from Prins Autogassystemen by the end of 2008, while a local distributor of locally assembled Hyundai cars offers new models with CNG kits. Conversion centres, which also benefited from the rush for lower running costs, also perform partial conversions to existing road vehicles, allowing them to run on both petrol or diesel and CNG with

186-414: A CNG cylinder, plumbing, a CNG injection system, and electronics. The cost of installing a CNG conversion kit can often reach $ 8,000 on passenger cars and light trucks, and is usually reserved for vehicles that travel many miles each year. CNG costs about 50% less than petrol, and emits up to 90% fewer emissions than petrol. CNG locomotives are operated by several railroads. The Napa Valley Wine Train in

248-509: A consequence of this, LNG is often used for transporting natural gas over large distances, in ships, trains or pipelines, where the gas is converted into CNG before distribution to the end user. Natural gas is being experimentally stored at lower pressure in a form known as an ANG ( adsorbed natural gas ) cylinder, where it is adsorbed at 35 bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in natural gas pipelines) in various sponge-like materials, such as carbon and MOFs ( metal-organic frameworks ). The fuel

310-922: A cost varying between RM3,500 to RM5,000 for passenger cars. The Ministry of Transport of Myanmar passed a law in 2005 which required that all public transport vehicles – buses, trucks and taxis, be converted to run on CNG. The Government permitted several private companies to handle the conversion of existing diesel and petrol cars, and also to begin importing CNG variants of buses and taxis. Accidents and rumours of accidents, partly fueled by Myanmar's position in local hydrocarbon politics, has discouraged citizens from using CNG vehicles, although now almost every taxi and public bus in Yangon, Myanmar's largest city, run on CNG. CNG stations have been set up around Yangon and other cities, but electricity shortages mean that vehicles may have to queue up for hours to fill their gas containers. The Burmese opposition movements are against

372-511: A fuel and compared to petrol, CNG has an advantageous fiscal treatment with lower excises duties (although VAT is always paid). Since CNG, as a car fuel, is not totally exempted of excise duties, CNG cars do not pay a prime road tax to partially compensate the State for the loss of revenue. Instead LPG cars pay a prime road tax in Belgium, because LPG is totally exempted from excise duties. Since CNG

434-547: A mixture of diesel and CNG. The first commercial CNG station in Skopje is in the advanced stage of development and was expected to start operation in July 2011. In Serbia , there are about 20 public CNG refuelling stations as of August 2019. Four in the capital Belgrade , and the rest in the towns of Subotica (1), Novi Sad (1), Zrenjanin (1), Pancevo (2), Kruševac (1), Kragujevac (1), Cacak (2), and so on. Detailed list

496-709: A pilot project in Benin City Edo State in 2010 by NIPCO Gas Limited . NIPCO Gas Limited is a 100% subsidiary of NIPCO PLC . As of June 2020, seven CNG stations have been built in Benin City Edo State , with about 7,500 cars running on CNG in Benin City Edo state . In Benin City Edo state , major companies such as Coca-Cola , 7up , Yongxing Steel are using CNG to power their fork-lifts/trucks while Edo City Transport Ltd (ECTS)

558-500: A regular vehicle to dual fuel at the German conversion workshop of C. Melchers, for example, is around S$ 3,800; with the promise of real cost-savings that dual-fuel vehicles bring over the long term. Singapore currently has five operating filling stations for natural gas. Sembcorp Gas Pte Ltd. runs the station on Jurong Island and, jointly with Singapore Petroleum Company , the filling station at Jalan Buroh. Both these stations are in

620-733: A segregated liquid fuel system to extend range (dual fuel), or in conjunction with another fuel ( bi-fuel ). It can be used in place of petrol , diesel fuel , and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the aforementioned fuels. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill , because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. Biomethane , biogas from anaerobic digestion or landfill , can be used. In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG has been used in auto rickshaws , pickup trucks , transit and school buses , and trains . The cost and placement of fuel storage containers

682-695: Is Autogas (LPG) , followed by natural gas (CNG) , and it is used mainly in Europe. Poland, the Netherlands, and the Baltic states have many cars running with LPG. Italy currently has the largest number of CNG vehicles, followed by Sweden. They are also used in South America , where these vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of Brazil and Argentina . Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which install

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744-503: Is a fuel gas mainly composed of methane (CH 4 ), compressed to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure . It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 20–25 megapascals (2,900–3,600 psi; 200–250 atm), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in traditional petrol/ internal combustion engine vehicles that have been modified, or in vehicles specifically manufactured for CNG use: either alone (dedicated), with

806-419: Is a natural gas found in association with oil, either dissolved in the oil or as a cap of free gas above the oil. It means it has almost the same quality as CNG or LNG. It depends on the technical state of the engine, especially of the injection system. The typical Diesel/Gas ratio is 40/60% for the high-speed engines. If the operating output of the engine is constant and between 70–80% of nominal output, than it

868-575: Is a very new fuel. At the beginning of 2014 there were only 17 refuelling stations, all of them in Flanders , but the number is now increasing rapidly. At the beginning of 2015 there were 29 refueling stations in Belgium, all of them in Flanders. As of January 2017, there are 76 active refueling stations in Belgium, most of them being in Flanders since only 7 of them are in Wallonia or Brussels . As

930-421: Is aiming to increase the use of CNG powered vehicles by setting up more CNG stations in the country, the aim is to increase the current number to 8000 CNG Stations in the next two years. As of December 2022, the state of Gujarat has the highest number of CNG Pumps in the country followed by Uttar Pradesh being the second highest and with Maharashtra falling little behind the above regions. In Pakistan ,

992-626: Is also increasing in South America , Europe , and North America , because of rising petrol prices. Egypt is amongst the top 10 countries in CNG adoption, with 128,754 CNG vehicles and 124 CNG fueling stations. Egypt was also the first nation in Africa and the Middle East to open a public CNG fueling station in January 1996. The vast majority (780,000) have been produced as dual fuel-vehicles by

1054-424: Is also running some of its buses on CNG. Kwale, Nigeria CNG stations were inaugurated by Mr. Abhishek Sharma, the head of marketing (Natural Gas) from NIPCO Gas Limited in 2019. In China , companies such as Sino-Energy are active in expanding the footprint of CNG filling stations in medium-size cities across the interior of the country, where at least two natural gas pipelines are operational. In Malaysia ,

1116-492: Is an additional barrier to NGV market penetration. The International Organization for Standardization has an active technical committee working on a standard for natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles. Despite the lack of harmonized international codes, natural gas vehicles have an excellent global safety record. Existing international standards include ISO 14469-2:2007 which applies to CNG vehicle nozzles and receptacle and ISO 15500-9:2012 specifies tests and requirements for

1178-436: Is being used. The biogas composition and calorific value must be known in order to evaluate if the particular biogas type is suitable. Calorific value may be an issue as biogas is derived from different sources and there is low calorific value in many cases. You can imagine you have to inject sufficient volume of gas into the cylinder to substitute diesel oil (or, better to say, substitute energy delivered by diesel oil). If

1240-592: Is between 1/3 and 1/2 compared to other fossil fuels in Europe. In 2016 there are around 900 CNG stations in Germany and major German car manufacturers like Volkswagen, Mercedes, Opel, Audi offer CNG engines on most of their models. Augsburg is one of the few cities that only run CNG operated public buses since 2011. In Turkey , Ankara municipality is increasingly using CNG buses, where numbers have reached 1090 by 2011. Istanbul has started in 2014 with an order of 110 buses. Konya also added 60 buses to its fleet

1302-629: Is currently available on CNGEurope Web site. In Slovenia , there are four public CNG refuelling stations as of December 2018. Two in the capital Ljubljana , and one each in Maribor and Jesenice . Additionally, at least 14 new refuelling stations are planned in all city municipalities by the end of 2020. Ljubljana Passenger Transport operates 66 CNG fuelled city buses, as of May 2016. Its Maribor counterpart, Marprom has 19 CNG city buses in their fleet, as of October 2018. In Croatia , there are two public CNG refuelling stations situated close to

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1364-660: Is electronically operated by the special control system according to the required engine output and speed. In order to avoid knocking of the engine, knocking detector/controller is installed, thus enabling engine operation at the most efficient gas/diesel ratio. Benefits relating to conversion to bi-fuel vehicles include savings on operation costs, little to no engine modification of the existing vehicle and non-derated output power. Other benefits also include emissions reduction (due to different C/H atom ratio) and fuel flexibility. The preferred method for diesel generators to be converted to dual fuel would be to use piped natural gas due to

1426-482: Is filled by absorbers such as activated carbon (which is an adsorbent with high surface area) and stores natural gas by both CNG and ANG mechanisms. Compressed natural gas is sometimes mixed with hydrogen ( HCNG ), which increases the H/C ratio ( hydrogen/carbon ratio ) of the fuel and gives it a flame speed up to eight times higher than CNG. The lack of harmonized codes and standards across international jurisdictions

1488-501: Is fitted in addition to the 61-liter gasoline tank. The car can be switched from gasoline to hydrogen mode using a button in the cabin. The Hydrogen tank takes up most of the RX-8s trunk space and all the hydrogen components weigh in at 187 lbs in total. Running in hydrogen mode, it produces no emissions other than water vapor and has a range of around 100 km (62 mi). In 2005, Mazda obtained street approval for this vehicle. The following year,

1550-499: Is installation on roof (typical on buses), but this could require structural modifications. In 2014, a test (by the Danish Technological Institute) of Euro6 heavy vehicles on CNG and diesel showed that CNG had higher fuel consumption, the same noise and production of CO 2 and particulates, but NO X emission was lower. Leakage of unburned methane as natural gas is a significant issue because methane,

1612-508: Is not liquefied , and is 25 percent that of diesel fuel. Gases provided the original fuel for internal combustion engines . The first experiments with compressed gases took place in France in the 1850s. Natural gas first became a transport fuel during World War I. In the 1960s, Columbia Natural Gas of Ohio tested a CNG carrier . The ship was to carry compressed natural gas in vertical pressure bottles; however, this design failed because of

1674-604: Is not totally exempted of excise duties, in Belgium it is allowed to connect a car to the home network of natural gas and to refuel the car from home. The purchase of CNG cars is not subsidised by the government, but by the Belgian producers and distributors of natural gas. Fiat and Volkswagen sell factory-equipped CNG-cars in Belgium. At the end of 2018 there were 11,188 vehicles running with CNG in Belgium. In Germany , CNG-generated vehicles are expected to increase to two million units of motor-transport by 2020. The cost for CNG fuel

1736-602: Is possible to reach up to 30/70% ratio. If the operating output is lower (for example 50% of the nominal output) or if there are variations, the rate is about 45/55% (more of diesel is used). For Low Speed conversions it is possible to reach the Diesel/gas ratio up to 10/90%. Generally, it is not possible to guarantee an exact diesel/gas ratio without a test being done after the conversion. Aftermarket 'bi-fuel' and even 'tri-fuel' conversions are also available. Compressed natural gas Compressed natural gas ( CNG )

1798-448: Is stored at low temperature and nearly ambient pressure. In their respective storage conditions, LNG is a liquid and CNG is a supercritical fluid . CNG has a lower cost of production and storage compared to LNG as it does not require an expensive cooling process and cryogenic tanks. However, CNG requires a much larger volume to store the energy equivalent of petrol and the use of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to 275 bar). As

1860-459: Is stored at similar or greater energy density than CNG. This means that vehicles can be refueled from the natural gas network without extra gas compression, the fuel cylinders can be slimmed down and made of lighter, weaker materials. It is possible to mix the ANG and CNG technology to reach an increased capacity of natural gas storage. In this process known as high pressure ANG, a high pressure CNG tank

1922-410: Is the major barrier to wider/quicker adoption of CNG as a fuel. It is also why municipal government, public transportation vehicles were the most visible early adopters of it, as they can more quickly amortize the money invested in the new (and usually cheaper) fuel. In spite of these circumstances, the number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30 percent per year). Now, as a result of

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1984-451: The gas cylinder in the trunk and the LPG or CNG injection system and electronics. The conversion is possible because the gases can use the spark-ignition of a gasoline engine. A Diesel engine is a compression ignition engine and does not have a spark plug. To operate a diesel engine with an alternate combustible fuel source such as natural gas , a Dual-Fuel system used with natural gas as

2046-668: The Karachi government under the order of the Supreme Court in 2004 made it mandatory for all city buses and auto rickshaws to run on CNG with the intention of reducing air pollution. In 2012, the federal government announced plans to gradually phase out CNG over a period of approximately three years given natural gas shortages which have been negatively affecting the manufacturing sector. Aside from limiting electricity generation capacity, gas shortages in Pakistan have also raised

2108-542: The OMV (open market value) cost of newly registered green passenger vehicles. This initiative will end at the end of 2012 as the government believes the 'critical mass' of CNG vehicles would then have been built up. Due to reliability issues and lower ranges that CNG provided (as cited by users’ feedback), refueling stations mostly concentrated in the western end of Singapore, the rising demand of greener solutions like hybrid technologies, led to its demise where both public buses and

2170-748: The US successfully retrofitted a diesel locomotive to run on compressed natural gas before 2002. This converted locomotive was upgraded to utilize a computer-controlled fuel injection system in May 2008, and is now the Napa Valley Wine Train's primary locomotive. Ferrocarril Central Andino in Peru, has run a CNG locomotive on a freight line since 2005. CNG locomotives are usually diesel–electric locomotives that have been converted to use compressed natural gas generators instead of diesel generators to generate

2232-496: The auto manufacturer in the last two years, and the remainder have been converted utilizing after market conversion kits in workshops. There are 750 active refueling stations country wide with an additional 660 refueling stations under construction and expected to come on stream. Currently the major problem facing the industry as a whole is the building of refueling stations that is lagging behind dual fuel vehicle production, forcing many to use petrol instead. Nigeria CNG started with

2294-471: The beginning of 2005, 10,300 CNG busses and 20,000 CNG cars ran on Delhi’s roads. In 2006 Fiat Siena Tetrafuel was introduced in the Brazilian market, equipped with a 1.4-litre FIRE engine that runs on E100, E25 (Standard Brazilian Gasoline), Ethanol, and CNG. Any existing petrol vehicle can be converted to a dual-fuel petrol/CNG vehicle. Authorized shops can do the retrofitting, which involves installing

2356-459: The calorific value (energy) of the biogas was very low, there is a need to inject really big volume of biogas into the cylinder, which might be technically impossible. Additionally, the composition of the biogas has to lean towards ignitable gases and be filtered as much as possible of non-combustible compounds such as carbon dioxide. Associated gas is the last type of gas which is commonly used for bi-fuel conversions of generator sets. Associated gas

2418-598: The capital Sofia there are 22 CNG stations making it possibly the city with the most publicly available CNG stations in Europe. There are also quite a few in Plovdiv , Ruse , Stara Zagora and Veliko Tarnovo as well as in the towns on the Black Sea – Varna , Burgas , Nesebar and Kavarna . CNG vehicles are becoming more and more popular in the country. The fuel is mostly used by taxi drivers because of its much lower price compared to petrol. Currently (as of July, 2015)

2480-415: The city of Sofia is rapidly renewing its public transport fleet with MAN Lion's City buses running on CNG. Also, many companies switch to CNG cargo vans and even heavy trucks for their daily operations within city limits. In North Macedonia , there is one CNG station located in the capital Skopje, but it is not for public use. Only twenty buses of the local Public Transport Company have been fitted to use

2542-416: The conversion to CNG, as they accuse the companies of being proxies of the junta, and also their desire that the petrodollars earned by the regime should go towards the defense sector rather than towards improving the infrastructure or welfare of the people. In India , there are over 4500 CNG Stations all over the country now as compared to 2014 when the country only had about 900 CNG Stations. The government

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2604-431: The costs of business for key industries including the fertilizer, cement and textile sectors. In Singapore, CNG was once used by public transport vehicles like buses and taxis, as well as goods vehicles until 2018. During its heyday in 2008 onwards, more owners of private cars had sought interest in converting their petrol-driven vehicles to also run on CNG – due to rising petrol prices. The initial cost of converting

2666-447: The cylinders used to store the CNG take up space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck that has been modified to additionally run on CNG. This problem is solved in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the cylinders under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free, e.g. , Fiat Multipla , New Fiat Panda , Volkswagen Touran Ecofuel, Volkswagen Caddy Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi, which sold in countries such as Peru. Another option

2728-409: The electricity that drives the traction motors. Some CNG locomotives are able to selectively fire their cylinders only when there is a demand for power, which, theoretically, gives them a higher fuel-efficiency than conventional diesel engines. CNG is also cheaper than petrol or diesel fuel. CNG is used to transport natural gas by sea for intermediate distances, using CNG carrier ships, especially when

2790-584: The eyes of the consumers. Petronas , Malaysia's state-owned oil company, also monopolises the provision of CNG to road users. As of July 2008, Petronas only operates about 150 CNG refueling stations, most of which are concentrated in the Klang Valley. At the same time, another 50 were expected by the end of 2008. As fuel subsidies were gradually removed in Malaysia starting June 5, 2008, the subsequent 41 percent price hike on petrol and diesel fuel led to

2852-520: The first vehicles were leased to customers in Idemitsu and Iwatani at a price of 420,000 JPY per month. In November 2007, Mazda announced the delivery of 30 RX-8 HRE to the Norwegian hydrogen project Hynor . The bivalent RENESIS wankel rotary engine has the following data: Bi-fuel vehicle The most common technology and alternate fuel available in the market for bi-fuel gasoline cars

2914-421: The gas supply to the cylinder during the long overlap of the intake and exhaust valves (just typical for slow-speed and medium-speed engines – within the valve overlap cylinder scavenging is performed). This avoids substantial gas losses and prevents dangerous gas flow to the exhaust manifold. Gas is mixed with air by a common mixer installed before turbocharger(s). Gas flow is controlled by a throttle valve, which

2976-416: The high cost of the pressure vessels. Since then, there have been attempts at developing a commercially viable CNG carrier. Several competing CNG ocean transport designs have evolved. Each design proposes a unique approach to optimizing gas transport, while using as much off-the-shelf technology as possible, to keep costs competitive. Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles (NGVs) by 2011, with

3038-496: The industry's steady growth, the cost of such fuel storage cylinders has been brought down to a much more acceptable level. Especially, for the CNG Type 1 and Type 2 cylinders , many countries are able to make reliable and cost effective cylinders for conversion need. CNG's energy density is the same as liquefied natural gas at 53.6 MJ/kg. Its volumetric energy density, 9 MJ/L, is 42 % of that of LNG (22 MJ/L) because it

3100-457: The infrastructure for pipelines or LNG is not in place. At short distances, undersea pipelines are often more cost-effective, and for longer distances, LNG is often more cost-effective. Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional petrol-powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like petrol, CNG takes up more space for each GGE ( petrol gallon equivalent ). However,

3162-457: The largest in the world with 46 refuelling hoses. The Union Group, which operates 1000 CNG Toyota Wish taxis then planned to introduce another three daughter stations and increase the CNG taxi fleet to 8000 units. As a key incentive for using this eco-friendly fuel Singapore has a green vehicle rebate for users of CNG technology. First introduced in January 2001, the GVR grants a 40 percent discount on

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3224-766: The largest numbers in Iran (4.07 million), Pakistan (2.85 million), Argentina (2.07 million), Brazil (1.7 million) and India (1.1 million), with the Asia-Pacific region leading with 5.7 million NGVs, followed by Latin America with almost four million vehicles. Several car and vehicle manufacturers, such as Fiat , Opel / General Motors , Peugeot , Volkswagen , Toyota , Honda , Maruti Suzuki , Hyundai , Tata Motors , and others, sell bi-fuel cars.In 1995, The Supreme Court of India decided that cars put into circulation after 1995 would have to run on unleaded fuel. At

3286-404: The last CNG taxis were on its way to being scrapped in 2018. In Italy , there are more than 1173 CNG stations. The use of methane for vehicles, started in the 1930s and has continued off and on until today. Since 2008 there have been a large market expansion for natural gas vehicles (CNG and LPG) caused by the rise of petrol prices and by the need to reduce air pollution emissions. Before 1995

3348-412: The main fuel while diesel fuel is used for the ignition of the gas/air mixture inside the cylinder. In other words, a portion of diesel is injected at the end of the compression stroke, thereby maintaining the original diesel operation principle. (Running gas-only is possible, but requires more extensive modification.) Dual-fuel operation in this case means the engine uses two fuels (gas and diesel) at

3410-853: The only way to have a CNG-powered car was by having it retrofitted with an after-market kit. A large producer was Landi Renzo , Tartarini Auto, Prins Autogassystemen, OMVL, BiGAs,... and AeB for electronic parts used by the most part of kit producer. Landi Renzo and Tartarini selling vehicles in Asia and South America. After 1995 bi-fuel cars (petrol/CNG) became available from several major manufacturers. Currently Fiat , Opel , Volkswagen , Citroën , Renault , Volvo and Mercedes sell various car models and small trucks that are petrol/CNG powered. Usually CNG parts used by major car manufacturers are actually produced by automotive aftermarket kit manufacturers, e.g. Fiat use Tartarini Auto components, Volkswagen use Teleflex GFI and Landi Renzo components. In Belgium , CNG

3472-775: The pressure regulator. The National Fire Protection Association 's NFPA 52 code covers natural gas vehicle safety standards in the United States. Iran , Pakistan , Argentina , Brazil and China have the highest number of CNG run vehicles in the world. Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used in Iran, Pakistan, the Asia-Pacific region, the Indian capital of Delhi , and other large cities such as Ahmedabad , Mumbai , Pune , and Kolkata , as well as cities such as Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi , and others. Its use

3534-434: The primary component of natural gas, is a powerful, short-lived greenhouse gas. It is more than 100 times more potent at trapping energy than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the principal contributor to man-made climate change. Compressed natural gas is often confused with LNG ( liquefied natural gas ). Both are stored forms of natural gas. The main difference is that CNG is stored at ambient temperature and high pressure, while LNG

3596-476: The same time, as opposed to Bi-Fuel which would mean the engine could have the option of using either fuel separately. There usually two type of conversions – low speed (below 1000 RPM ) and high speed (between 1200 and 1800 RPM). Gas is injected into the cylinder inlet manifold by individual gas electromagnetic valves installed as close to the intake valves as possible. The valves are separately timed and controlled by injection control unit. This system interrupts

3658-509: The same year. In Portugal , there are 9 CNG refueling stations as of September 25, 2017. In Hungary , there are four public CNG refueling stations in the cities Budapest , Szeged , Pécs and Győr . The public transportation company of Szeged , Szolnok and some districts in Budapest runs buses mainly on CNG. In Bulgaria , there are 96 CNG refueling stations as of July 2011. One can be found in most of Bulgaria's big towns. In

3720-618: The use of CNG was originally introduced for taxicabs and airport limousines during the late 1990s, when new taxis were launched with CNG engines while taxicab operators were encouraged to send in existing taxis for full engine conversions. The practice of using CNG remained largely confined to taxicabs predominately in the Klang Valley and Penang due to a lack of interest. No incentives were offered for those besides taxicab owners to use CNG engines, while government subsidies on petrol and diesel made conventional road vehicles cheaper to use in

3782-415: The volume of gas required based on the operating cycle of the engine. It is less common to use CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) or LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) for bi-fuel operations, due to logistics of fuel delivery frequency and amount of fuel required to maintain operations. Natural Gas is preferred for generator sets conversions, because the engine does not lose the output power. In recent years biogas

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3844-710: The western part of the country. Another station on the mainland is in Mandai Link to the north and is operated by SMART Energy. SMART also own a second station on Serangoon North Ave 5 which was set up end of March 2009; The fifth and largest station in the world, located in Toh Tuck, was opened by the UNION Group in September 2009. This station is recognized by the Guniness World Records as being

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