Misplaced Pages

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46-552: MacRuby is a discontinued implementation of the Ruby language that ran on the Objective-C runtime and CoreFoundation framework under development by Apple Inc. which "was supposed to replace RubyCocoa ". It targeted Ruby 1.9 and used the high performance LLVM compiler infrastructure starting with version 0.5. It supports both ahead-of-time and just-in-time compilation. MacRuby supported Interface Builder and shipped with

92-578: A multi-paradigm programming language : it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions , closures , and continuations ; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection , reflective programming , metaprogramming , and interpreter-based threads . Ruby features dynamic typing , and supports parametric polymorphism . According to

138-435: A sigil . When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements . Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant. One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to

184-610: A compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments. Ruby 3.0.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2020. It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0. and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime). Another goal of Ruby 3.0

230-422: A core library called HotCocoa to simplify Cocoa programming. MacRuby was also used as an embedded scripting language for Objective-C applications. In May 2012, Laurent Sansonetti announced RubyMotion , a port of MacRuby for iOS , OS X and Android . Development on MacRuby effectively ended in late 2011, coinciding with the principal author's departure from Apple Inc. As of Jan 5 2015, The MacRuby project

276-561: A similar range of gemstones associated with birth, though rather than associating a gem with a birth month, gemstones are associated with celestial bodies . Astrology determines the gemstones most closely associated with and beneficial to a particular individual. For example, in Hinduism, there are nine gemstones related to the Navagraha (celestial forces including the planets, the Sun, and

322-533: A standard library module, while the YJIT, a Rust -based JIT compiler now supports more architectures on Linux. Ruby 3.3 was released on December 25, 2023. Ruby 3.3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language. Key features include the introduction of the Prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing, the addition of the pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT, and major performance boosts in

368-665: A surrounding do-end block (less need for extra begin-end blocks), method-chaining with yield_self , support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with Hash#slice and Hash#transform_keys On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods. A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental just-in-time compiler (JIT), and RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree (experimental). A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements,

414-423: Is object-oriented : every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers , Booleans, and " null "). Because everything in Ruby is an object, everything in Ruby has certain built-in abilities called methods. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of

460-508: Is a gemstone that represents a person's birth period, usually the month or zodiac sign . Birthstones are often worn as jewelry or a pendant necklace. The first-century historian Josephus believed there was a connection between the twelve stones in Aaron's breastplate (signifying the tribes of Israel, as described in the Book of Exodus ), the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of

506-410: Is no longer under active development; MacRuby does not work on Mavericks, the team having shifted their focus to a commercial RubyMotion product for iOS and OS X. MacRuby was originally called "ruby+objc" and was developed by Laurent Sansonetti, who began work on it in late 2007. In March 2008, the first publicly available version, MacRuby 0.1, was announced on the official RubyTalk forum. Version 0.2

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552-818: Is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9. Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It

598-453: Is to improve concurrency and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal. Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects. Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for static analysis . It is separated from general Ruby programs. There are some syntax enhancements and library changes in Ruby 3.0 as well. Ruby 3.1

644-626: The Gemological Institute of America starts it in Germany in the 1560s. Modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the Foundation Stones of Christianity. Tastes, customs, and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins, with one author calling the 1912 Kansas list (see below) "nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship." Some poems match each month of

690-534: The Gregorian calendar with a birthstone. These are traditional stones of English-speaking societies. Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870. In 1912, to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America ) met in Kansas and officially adopted a list. The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated

736-617: The principle of least astonishment (POLA) to the design of Ruby; in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard. Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview: Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from Python, someone else may come from Perl, and they may be surprised by different aspects of

782-700: The zodiac . Translations and interpretations of the passage in Exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, with Josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones. George Frederick Kunz argues that Josephus saw the breastplate of the Second Temple , not the one described in Exodus. St. Jerome , referencing Josephus, said the Foundation Stones of the New Jerusalem ( Revelation 21:19–20) would be appropriate for Christians. In

828-515: The Moon), known in Sanskrit as Navaratna (nine gems). At birth, an astrological chart is calculated. Specific stones are recommended to be worn on the body to supposedly ward off potential problems based on the place of these forces in the sky at the exact place and time of birth. While the term "birthday stone" is sometimes used as a synonym for a birthstone, each day of the week is also assigned

874-546: The Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch , mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance , classes can import modules as mixins. Ruby has been described as

920-469: The Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to Perl 's and the semantics are similar to Smalltalk's , but the design philosophy differs greatly from Python 's. The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python . Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with

966-1002: The Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license. Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party gems to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include: Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities. Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including: Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to semantic versioning . Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling – an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and

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1012-436: The YJIT compiler. Additionally, improvements in memory usage, the introduction of an M:N thread scheduler, and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer-friendly Ruby ecosystem. Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design. At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 he said, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in

1058-408: The class and only exposes them through accessor methods ( attr_writer , attr_reader , etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like C++ or Java , accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming ; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require

1104-449: The design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions , and practical utility like that of Perl. The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for the language. Initially two names were proposed: " Coral " and " Ruby ". Matsumoto chose

1150-434: The eighth and ninth centuries, religious treatises associating a particular stone with an apostle were written so that "their name would be inscribed on the Foundation Stones, and his virtue." Practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month. The custom of wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, though modern authorities differ on dates. Kunz places the custom in eighteenth-century Poland , while

1196-589: The first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer. In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby. In 1999, the first English language mailing list ruby-talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote

1242-569: The first book on Ruby, The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese. By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan. In September 2000, the first English language book Programming Ruby was printed, which was later freely released to

1288-409: The implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses

1334-485: The internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response. The original Ruby interpreter is often referred to as Matz's Ruby Interpreter or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific virtual machine . The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 implementation was written in C , as a single-pass interpreted language . Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above,

1380-603: The language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least my surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a C++ programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in C++ exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me. Ruby

1426-500: The latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby"–it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues. The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 21, 1995. Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days. The release coincided with the launch of the Japanese-language ruby-list mailing list, which

MacRuby - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-712: The list in 1952 by adding Alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October. They also replaced December's lapis with zircon and switched the primary/alternative gems for March. The American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002. In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America added spinel as an additional birthstone for August. Britain's National Association of Goldsmiths created its own standardized list of birthstones in 1937. In 2021, Japanese industry associations added ten new types of birthstones. Eastern culture recognizes

1518-438: The machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves. Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied

1564-612: The official Ruby interpreter has been YARV ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI. As of 2018 , there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including JRuby , Rubinius , and mruby . Each takes a different approach, with JRuby and Rubinius providing just-in-time compilation and mruby also providing ahead-of-time compilation . Ruby has three major alternative implementations: Other Ruby implementations include: Other now defunct Ruby implementations were: Birthstone A birthstone

1610-1076: The option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork (2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions. Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib. Other notable changes include: Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access. Other notable changes include: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include rescue and ensure statements automatically use

1656-548: The public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language ruby-talk mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language ruby-list , demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world. Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013. Although deprecated, there

1702-475: The smell of a toy language (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a true object-oriented language – OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it. Matsumoto describes

1748-482: The use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to C# and VB.NET property members. Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes

1794-400: The world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language." He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs: Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this,

1840-411: Was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011 and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012. Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails , a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby. Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011, Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under

1886-419: Was influenced by Perl , Smalltalk , Eiffel , Ada , BASIC , Java , and Lisp . Matsumoto has said that Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the ruby-talk mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had

MacRuby - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-650: Was released in June 2008, and implemented Ruby strings, arrays and hashes as native Cocoa types. In September 2008, MacRuby 0.3 was released and included the HotCocoa library as well as several HotCocoa example programs. In October 2008, Apple created its first MacRuby page on its Developer Connection website. MacRuby 0.4 was released in March 2009, MacRuby 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 in January, May and October 2010 respectively. MacRuby 0.8,

1978-411: Was released on December 13, 2010, 0.9 on February 25, 2011 0.10 on March 23, 2011, 0.11 on October 17, 2011, 0.12 on June 11, 2012. Ruby (programming language) Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation . It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . According to the creator, Ruby

2024-406: Was released on December 25, 2021. It includes YJIT, a new, experimental, Just-In-Time Compiler developed by Shopify , to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new debugger is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for FTP , SMTP , IMAP , and POP are moved from default gems to bundled gems. Ruby 3.2

2070-571: Was released on December 25, 2022. It brings support for being run inside of a WebAssembly environment via a WASI interface. Regular expressions also receives some improvements, including a faster, memoized matching algorithm to protect against certain ReDoS attacks, and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching. Additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release, which include syntax suggestion, as well as error highlighting. The MJIT compiler has been re-implemented as

2116-419: Was the first mailing list for the new language. Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object-oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins , iterators , closures , exception handling and garbage collection . After the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in these years: In 1997,

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