Genus ( / ˈ dʒ iː n ə s / ; pl. : genera / ˈ dʒ ɛ n ər ə / ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.
55-668: Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 to 340 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae . The natural range of Magnolia species is disjunct , with a main center in east, south and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America , Central America , the West Indies , and some species in South America . Magnolia is an ancient genus. Fossilized specimens of M. acuminata have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and fossils of plants identifiably belonging to
110-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,
165-544: A 2004 classification by Figlar and Hans Peter Nooteboom . Species of Magnolia were listed under three subgenera , 12 sections , and 13 subsections. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have led to some revisions of this system; for example, the subgenus Magnolia was found not to be monophyletic . A revised classification in 2020, based on a phylogenetic analysis of complete chloroplast genomes , abandoned subgenera and subsections, dividing Magnolia into 15 sections. The relationships among these sections are shown in
220-469: A big Magnolia or the different small genera. For example, Flora of China offers two choices: a large genus Magnolia , which includes about 300 species and everything in the Magnoliaceae except Liriodendron (tulip tree), or 16 different genera, some of them recently split out or re-recognized, each of which contains up to 50 species. The western co-author favors the big genus Magnolia , whereas
275-532: A change of name would be very undesirable for many people, especially in the horticultural branch. In Europe, Magnolia is even more or less a synonym for Yulania , since most of the cultivated species on this continent have Magnolia (Yulania) denudata as one of their parents. Most taxonomists who acknowledge close relations between Yulania and Michelia therefore support the third option and join Michelia with Magnolia . The same goes, mutatis mutandis , for
330-496: A herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's Magnolia and had only his description and a rather poor picture at hand, he must have taken it for the same plant that was described by Catesby in his 1730 Natural History of Carolina . He placed it in the synonymy of Magnolia virginiana var. fœtida , the taxon now known as Magnolia grandiflora . Under Magnolia virginiana , Linnaeus described five varieties ( glauca , fœtida , grisea , tripetala , and acuminata ). In
385-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as
440-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,
495-407: A long time, while others could stay in close contact. To create divisions in the family (or even within the genus Magnolia ) solely based upon morphological characters has proven to be a nearly impossible task. By the end of the 20th century, DNA sequencing had become available as a method of large-scale research on phylogenetic relationships . Several studies, including studies on many species in
550-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for
605-401: A spicy condiment . In some Asian cuisines, the buds are pickled and used to flavor rice and scent tea. In Japan , the young leaves and flower buds of Magnolia hypoleuca are broiled and eaten as a vegetable. Older leaves are made into a powder and used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed on a charcoal brazier and filled with miso , leeks, daikon , and shiitake , and broiled. There
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#1732772912734660-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;
715-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and
770-444: Is a type of miso which is seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso. The bark and flower buds of M. officinalis have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine , where they are known as hou po (厚朴). In Japan, kōboku , M. obovata , has been used in a similar manner. The cucumbertree, M. acuminata , grows to large size and is harvested as a timber tree in northeastern US forests. Its wood is sold as "yellow poplar" along with that of
825-548: Is also the American deciduous M. acuminata (cucumber tree), which has recently attained greater status as the parent responsible for the yellow flower color in many new hybrids. Relations in the family Magnoliaceae have puzzled taxonomists for a long time. Because the family is quite old and has survived many geological events (such as ice ages, mountain formation, and continental drift), its distribution has become scattered. Some species or groups of species have been isolated for
880-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms
935-456: Is now known as Magnolia dodecapetala . Carl Linnaeus , who was familiar with Plumier's Genera , adopted the genus name Magnolia in 1735 in his first edition of Systema Naturae , without a description but with a reference to Plumier's work. In 1753, he took up Plumier's Magnolia in the first edition of Species Plantarum . There he described a monotypic genus, with the sole species being Magnolia virginiana . Since Linnaeus never saw
990-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,
1045-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with
1100-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to
1155-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;
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#17327729127341210-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,
1265-772: The (former) genera Talauma and Dugandiodendron , which are then placed in subgenus Magnolia , and genus Manglietia , which could be joined with subgenus Magnolia or may even earn the status of an extra subgenus. Elmerrillia seems to be closely related to Michelia and Yulania , in which case it will most likely be treated in the same way as Michelia is now. The precise nomenclatural status of small or monospecific genera like Kmeria , Parakmeria , Pachylarnax , Manglietiastrum , Aromadendron , Woonyoungia , Alcimandra , Paramichelia , and Tsoongiodendron remains uncertain. Taxonomists who merge Michelia into Magnolia tend to merge these small genera into Magnolia s.l. as well. Botanists do not yet agree on whether to recognize
1320-538: The 2012 and 2020 classifications. (The exact circumscriptions of the corresponding taxa may not be the same.) In general, the genus Magnolia has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub M. stellata (star magnolia) and the tree M. × soulangeana (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including M. virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) and M. grandiflora (southern magnolia). The shape of these flowers lend themselves to
1375-466: The Bahama Islands . These were the first works after Plumier's Genera that used the name Magnolia , this time for some species of flowering trees from temperate North America. The species that Plumier originally named Magnolia was later described as Annona dodecapetala by Lamarck , and has since been named Magnolia plumieri and Talauma plumieri (among a number of other names), but
1430-646: The Chinese recognize the different small genera. Fossils assignable to Magnolia extend into the Paleogene , such as Magnolia nanningensis, named for mummified wood from the Oligocene of Guangxi , China, which has a close affinity to members of the modern section Michelia . In 2012, the Magnolia Society published on its website a classification of the genus produced by Richard B. Figlar, based on
1485-473: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of
1540-497: The Magnoliaceae date to 95 million years ago. They are theorized to have evolved to encourage pollination by beetles as they existed prior to the evolution of bees. Another aspect of Magnolia considered to represent an ancestral state is that the flower bud is enclosed in a bract rather than in sepals; the perianth parts are undifferentiated and called tepals rather than distinct sepals and petals . Magnolia shares
1595-561: The South and magnolia trees, the horrific image which inspired his poem, Lawrence Beitler 's 1930 photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith following the robbery and murder of Claude Deteer, was taken in Marion, Indiana , where magnolia trees are less common. The Canadian artist, Sarah Maloney, has created a series of sculptures of magnolia flowers in bronze and steel, entitled First Flowers , in which she draws our attention to
1650-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of
1705-467: The blooms often appear before the leaves in spring. Cone-like fruits are often produced in the autumn. As with all Magnoliaceae , the perianth is undifferentiated, with 9–15 tepals in three or more whorls . The flowers are hermaphroditic, with numerous adnate carpels and stamens arranged in a spiral fashion on the elongated receptacle . The flowers' carpels are extremely tough to avoid damage from pollinating beetles. The fruit dehisces along
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1760-414: The common name tulip tree that is sometimes applied to some Magnolia species. Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, M . × soulangeana , is a hybrid of M. liliiflora and M. denudata . In
1815-523: The dorsal sutures of the carpels. The pollen is monocolpate , and the embryonic development is of the Polygonum type. Taxonomists , including James E. Dandy in 1927, have used differences in the fruits of Magnoliaceae as the basis for classification systems. The name Magnolia first appeared in 1703 in the Genera written by French botanist Charles Plumier (1646–1704), for a flowering tree from
1870-431: The dual symbols of beginnings in the flower, as both an evolutionary archetype and also one of the first trees to flower in spring (see illustration). Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including
1925-439: The eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: M. acuminata (as a shade tree), M. grandiflora , M. virginiana , M. tripetala , and M. macrophylla . The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves. The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England , the petals of M. grandiflora are pickled and used as
1980-417: The family Magnoliaceae, were carried out to investigate relationships. What these studies all revealed was that the genus Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania were far more closely allied to each other than either one of them was to Magnolia subgenus Magnolia . These phylogenetic studies were supported by morphological data. As nomenclature is supposed to reflect relationships, the situation with
2035-484: The following cladogram, as is the paraphyletic status of subgenus Magnolia . M. sect. Splendentes M. sect. Talauma M. sect. Gwillimia M. sect. Tuliparia M. sect. Macrophylla M. sect. Magnolia M. sect. Oyama M. sect. Rytidospermum M. sect. Manglietia M. sect. Kmeria M. sect. Gynopodium M. sect. Tulipastrum M. sect. Yuliana M. sect. Maingola M. sect. Michelia The table below compares
2090-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this
2145-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,
2200-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but
2255-521: The island of Martinique ( talauma ). It was named after the French botanist Pierre Magnol . The English botanist William Sherard , who studied botany in Paris under Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , a pupil of Magnol , was most probably the first after Plumier to adopt the genus name Magnolia . He was at least responsible for the taxonomic part of Johann Jacob Dillenius 's Hortus Elthamensis and of Mark Catesby 's Natural History of Carolina, Florida and
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2310-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,
2365-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus
2420-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this
2475-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for
2530-625: The same time, Magnolia kobus was also first collected. With the number of species increasing, the genus was divided into two subgenera, Magnolia and Yulania . Magnolia contains the American evergreen species M. grandiflora , which is of horticultural importance, especially in the southeastern United States , and M. virginiana , the type species. Yulania contains several deciduous Asiatic species, such as M. denudata and M. kobus , which have become horticulturally important in their own right and as parents in hybrids. Classified in Yulania
2585-481: The species names in Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania was undesirable. Taxonomically, three choices are available: Magnolia subgenus Magnolia cannot be renamed because it contains M. virginiana , the type species of the genus and of the family. Not many Michelia species have so far become horticulturally or economically important, apart from their wood. Both subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Yulania include species of major horticultural importance, and
2640-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,
2695-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being
2750-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for
2805-622: The tenth edition of Systema Naturae (1759), he merged grisea with glauca and raised the four remaining varieties to species status. By the end of the 18th century, botanists and plant hunters exploring Asia had begun to name and describe the Magnolia species from China and Japan. The first Asiatic species to be described by western botanists were Magnolia denudata , Magnolia liliiflora , Magnolia coco , and Magnolia figo . Soon after that, in 1794, Carl Peter Thunberg collected and described Magnolia obovata from Japan, and roughly at
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#17327729127342860-772: The tepal characteristic with several other flowering plants near the base of the flowering plant lineage, such as Amborella and Nymphaea (as well as with many more recently derived plants, such as Lilium ). The magnolia was made the state flower of Mississippi in 1900. The magnolia symbolizes stability in the United States; in China beauty and gentleness. Overall, the magnolia symbolizes everlasting connections. Magnolias are spreading evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs characterised by large fragrant flowers, which may be bowl-shaped or star-shaped, in shades of white, pink, purple, green, or yellow. In deciduous species,
2915-496: The tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera . The Fraser magnolia, M. fraseri , also attains enough size sometimes to be harvested, as well. Magnolias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth . The aromatic bark contains magnolol , honokiol , 4-O-methylhonokiol , and obovatol . Magnolol and honokiol activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma . Despite Meeropol's frequent mention of
2970-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up
3025-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in
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