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43-473: The mosque was commissioned by the Greek Mahmud Pasha , the grand vizier of Sultan Mehmet II , who converted to Islam. Completed in 1464, it was one of the first buildings within the city walls built specifically as a mosque. Up to that time, most of the early mosques in the city were converted Byzantine churches. The waqf ( endowment ) of the mosque and its associated charitable buildings

86-559: A Muslim in Edirne , he was a capable soldier and was married to a daughter of Zaganos Pasha . After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade in 1456, he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding his father-in-law Zaganos Pasha. Throughout his tenure, he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns. After the Ottoman conquest of Thessaly in 1394,

129-479: A madrasa , an imaret ( soup kitchen ), a mahkeme ( courtroom ), and a mekteb ( elementary school ). The waqf also specified the management of 27 houses, about 100 shops, and various other lodgings, storehouses, and stables, making this waqf foundation particularly wealthy for its kind. Of these, only the hammam and the caravanserai, and one section of the madrasa, have survived to the present day. The various buildings were scattered in different locations across

172-514: A collective regency, but he was soon deposed by the anti-Ottoman and pro-Hungarian faction in the Serbian court. In reaction, Mahmud attacked and seized Smederevo Fortress , although the citadel held out, and seized some additional strongholds in its vicinity. Threatened by a possible Hungarian intervention however he was forced to withdraw south and join the forces of Sultan Mehmed II at Skopje . In 1461, he accompanied Mehmed in his campaign against

215-448: A dense underfur, which forms an airtight coat, allowing them to survive in temperatures of −40 °C (−40 °F). Some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, allowing the animal to stay cool; a camel's fur may reach 70 °C (158 °F) in the summer, but the skin stays at 40 °C (104 °F). Aquatic mammals , conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping

258-418: A different type of hair. Down hair (also known as underfur , undercoat , underhair or ground hair ) is the bottom – or inner – layer, composed of wavy or curly hairs with no straight portions or sharp points. Down hairs, which are also flat, tend to be the shortest and most numerous in the coat. Thermoregulation is the principal function of the down hair, which insulates

301-544: A double hammam, meaning it had separate (but adjacent) facilities for men and for women, but the women's section was demolished at some later date. The hammam was also damaged by fire in 1755 and was restored in 1953. It served as a storage depot for a time but now serves as a shopping centre. The caravanserai of the Mahmut Pasha complex, located north of the hammam, is known today as the Kürkçü Han ("Caravanserai of

344-419: A layer of dry air next to the skin. The awn hair can be thought of as a hybrid, bridging the gap between the distinctly different characteristics of down and guard hairs. Awn hairs begin their growth much like guard hairs, but less than halfway to their full length, awn hairs start to grow thin and wavy like down hair. The proximal part of the awn hair assists in thermoregulation (like the down hair), whereas

387-477: Is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of almost all mammals . It consists of a combination of oily guard hair on top and thick underfur beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an insulating blanket that keeps the animal warm. The fur of mammals has many uses: protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflaging, with the primary usage being thermoregulation. The types of hair include Hair length

430-417: Is driven largely by camouflage. Differences in female and male coat color may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, important in mate selection. Some arboreal mammals, notably primates and marsupials, have shades of violet, green, or blue skin on parts of their bodies, indicating some distinct advantage in their largely arboreal habitat due to convergent evolution . The green coloration of sloths, however,

473-453: Is negligible in thermoregulation, as some tropical mammals, such as sloths, have the same fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation; and, conversely, other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals. The denseness of fur can increase an animal's insulation value, and arctic mammals especially have dense fur; for example, the muskox has guard hairs measuring 30 cm (12 in) as well as

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516-445: Is the result of a symbiotic relationship with algae. Coat color is sometimes sexually dimorphic , as in many primate species . Coat color may influence the ability to retain heat, depending on how much light is reflected. Mammals with darker colored coats can absorb more heat from solar radiation and stay warmer; some smaller mammals, such as voles , have darker fur in the winter. The white, pigmentless fur of arctic mammals, such as

559-604: Is unique in Ottoman architecture in Istanbul. Like many other Ottoman mosques , the Mahmut Pasha Mosque was part of a larger charitable complex, a külliye , composed of multiple buildings which were governed together through a waqf foundation ( Turkish : vakıf ). The külliye of Mahmut Pasha included, in addition to the mosque and the mausoleum, a hammam ( public bathhouse ), a han or caravanserai ,

602-630: The Empire of Trebizond , the last surviving fragment of the Byzantine Empire . Mahmud negotiated the surrender of the city of Trebizond with the protovestiarios , the scholar George Amiroutzes , who was also his cousin. In 1463, Mahmud led the invasion and conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia , even though a peace treaty between Bosnia and the Ottomans had just been renewed. He captured

645-689: The Fur Merchants"). It was completed in 1467 and is the oldest surviving caravanserai in Istanbul, albeit with some modifications and restorations over time. The building contributed to the revenues of the mosque's waqf foundation by collecting rent from the shops and offices which occupied its many rooms (which at one point numbered 167). The caravanserai is still used by shops and businesses today. (See also: Ottoman architectural decoration ) Mahmud Pasha Angelovi%C4%87 Mahmud Pasha Angelović ( Serbian : Махмуд-паша Анђеловић/Mahmud-paša Anđelović ; Turkish : Veli Mahmud Paşa ; 1420–1474)

688-674: The Sphynx cat . Similarly, there are some breeds of hairless dogs . Other examples of artificially selected hairless animals include the hairless guinea-pig , nude mouse , and the hairless rat . Fur has long served as a source of clothing for humans, including Neanderthals . Historically, it was worn for its insulating quality, with aesthetics becoming a factor over time. Pelts were worn in or out, depending on their characteristics and desired use. Today fur and trim used in garments may be dyed bright colors or to mimic exotic animal patterns, or shorn close like velvet . The term "a fur" may connote

731-499: The distal part can shed water (like the guard hair). The awn hair's thin basal portion does not allow the amount of piloerection that the stiffer guard hairs are capable of. Mammals with well-developed down and guard hairs also usually have large numbers of awn hairs, which may even sometimes be the bulk of the visible coat. Guard hair ( overhair ) is the top—or outer—layer of the coat. Guard hairs are longer, generally coarser, and have nearly straight shafts that protrude through

774-542: The fur industry as a furbearer . The use of fur as clothing or decoration is controversial; animal welfare advocates object to the trapping and killing of wildlife, and the confinement and killing of animals on fur farms . The modern mammalian fur arrangement is known to have occurred as far back as docodonts , haramiyidans and eutriconodonts , with specimens of Castorocauda , Megaconus and Spinolestes preserving compound follicles with both guard hair and underfur. Fur may consist of three layers, each with

817-637: The ghazals of Zahir Faryabi and Hafez ". Tahsin Yazıcı adds that Mahmud Pasha "also wrote a number of official letters in Persian". He married Selçuk Hatun, daughter of Zaganos Pasha by his first wife Sitti Nefise Hatun, and they had a son named Ali Bey and a daughter named Hatice Hatun. His wife became lover to Şehzade Mustafa , son of Sultan Mehmed II . For this reason, Mahmud was suspected of involvement in Mustafa's death and executed. Fur Fur

860-511: The Bosnian king, Stephen Tomašević , at Ključ , and obtained from him the cession of the country to the Empire. Angelović accompanied Mehmed II when he attacked Albania Veneta in the summer of 1467, and ravaged the lands. For 15 days he pursued Skanderbeg , who was a Venetian ally at the time, but failed to find him, as Skanderbeg retreated into the mountains and then succeeded in fleeing to

903-524: The Ottoman court. It is assumed that this took place in 1427, when the Ottomans attacked Serbia. Furthermore, it is unconcluded whether he was captured according to the devşirme (practice, the regular practice of taking children certain noble families whose Ottomans have taken lands and making these children high rankings officials) or as a prisoner of war . Taşköprüzade (d. 1560) and Aşık Çelebi (1520–1572) name two other boys led with Angelović on horseback to Edirne, Molla Iyas and Mevlana Abdülkerim ,

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946-431: The black-and-white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves, such as in the foul-smelling skunk and the powerful and aggressive honey badger . In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ), stoat ( Mustela erminea ), and snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), seasonal color change between brown in summer and white in winter

989-535: The coast. According to Tursun Beg and Ibn Kemal , Angelović swam over Bojana , attacked Venetian-controlled Scutari , and plundered the surrounding area. Mahmud was dismissed in 1468 due to the machinations of his successor, Rum Mehmed Pasha , ostensibly due to irregularities regarding the resettlement of the Karamanids in Constantinople following the conquest of Karaman earlier in that year. He

1032-533: The future sultan. Sources do not agree on which posts he held at the palace. Mahmud Pasha was a capable soldier. After distinguishing himself at the siege of Belgrade (1456) , he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zaganos Pasha . Throughout his tenure he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns. In 1458, the Serbian Despot Lazar Branković died. Mahmud's brother Mihailo became member of

1075-418: The gene HR can lead to complete hair loss , though this is not typical in humans. At times, when a hairless domesticated animal is discovered, usually owing to a naturally occurring genetic mutation, humans may intentionally inbreed those hairless individuals and, after multiple generations, artificially create hairless breeds. There are several breeds of hairless cats, perhaps the most commonly known being

1118-476: The largest extant terrestrial mammals, the elephant and the rhinoceros , are largely hairless. The hairless bat is mostly hairless but does have short bristly hairs around its neck, on its front toes, and around the throat sac, along with fine hairs on the head and tail membrane. Most hairless animals cannot go in the sun for long periods of time, or stay in the cold for too long. Marsupials are born hairless and grow out fur later in development. Humans are

1161-456: The latter which reached the rank of kadıasker (chief judge) and şeyhülislam (Islamic scholar). Upon conversion to Islam, he received the name Mahmud. Little is known about his activities before 1453. According to T. Stavrides, Angelović and his companions were educated in the palace, probably as içoğlan , and Mahmud then entered service in the Enderûn , later serving prince Mehmed ,

1204-421: The layer of softer down hair. The distal end of the guard hair is the visible layer of most mammal coats. This layer has the most marked pigmentation and gloss , manifesting as coat markings that are adapted for camouflage or display. Guard hair repels water and blocks sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin in wet or aquatic habitats, and from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Guard hairs can also reduce

1247-484: The only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss. The hairlessness of humans compared to related species may be due to loss of functionality in the pseudogene KRTHAP1 (which helps produce keratin ) Although the researchers dated the mutation to 240 000 ya, both the Altai Neandertal and Denisovan peoples possessed the loss-of-function mutation, indicating it is much older. Mutations in

1290-646: The polar bear, may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin. The term pelage  – first known use in English c.  1828 (French, from Middle French, from poil for 'hair', from Old French peilss , from Latin pilus ) – is sometimes used to refer to an animal's complete coat . The term fur is also used to refer to animal pelts that have been processed into leather with their hair still attached. The words fur or furry are also used, more casually, to refer to hair-like growths or formations, particularly when

1333-635: The ruling Angeloi Philanthropenoi family took refuge. The grandchildren of either Alexios or Manuel were Mahmud Pasha and his brother Mihailo Anđelović . It is estimated that Angelović was born in the early 1420s. Most historians accept that Angelović was born in Novo Brdo in the Serbian Despotate , and that his father Mihailos was the son of either Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos or his son/nephew/brother Manuel , rulers of Thessaly . T. Stavrides views it more probable that Manuel

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1376-717: The severity of cuts or scratches to the skin. Many mammals, such as the domestic dog and cat, have a pilomotor reflex that raises their guard hairs as part of a threat display when agitated. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals; however, several species or breeds have considerably reduced amounts of fur. These are often called "naked" or "hairless". Some mammals naturally have reduced amounts of fur. Some semiaquatic or aquatic mammals such as cetaceans , pinnipeds and hippopotamuses have evolved hairlessness, presumably to reduce resistance through water. The naked mole-rat has evolved hairlessness, perhaps as an adaptation to their subterranean lifestyle. Two of

1419-444: The short side of the rectangle. The areas on either side are each covered by a simple sloping roof. The entrance to the mosque is similar to that of a Byzantine church, with an outer porch ( exonarthex ) and an inner porch ( esonarthex ), each covered by five small domes. The columns holding up the outer porch were originally marble but were replaced by the present stone ones in the 18th century after damage by an earthquake. The mahfil

1462-413: The skin dry. Mammalian coats are colored for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures including camouflage , sexual selection , communication, and physiological processes such as temperature regulation. Camouflage is a powerful influence in many mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey. Aposematism , warning off possible predators, is the most likely explanation of

1505-410: The subject being referred to exhibits a dense coat of fine, soft "hairs". If layered, rather than grown as a single coat , it may consist of short down hairs, long guard hairs , and in some cases, medium awn hairs . Mammals with reduced amounts of fur are often called "naked", as with the naked mole-rat , or "hairless", as with hairless dogs . An animal with commercially valuable fur is known within

1548-468: The surrounding district. The revenues generated by the hammam and the caravanserai contributed to the upkeep and operations of the mosque. The hammam of the complex, located northwest of the mosque, was completed in 1466 CE, making it one of the oldest hammams in the city. Its architecture and layout is highly similar to the Tahtakale Hamam built by Mehmet II slightly earlier. It was originally

1591-469: The tomb was ongoing in 2022. The mosque is designed in the Bursa style with the main space covered by a number of identical domes. This is an early Ottoman style which was soon abandoned in favour of a single large dome with smaller extensions. In this case, the main space is a 2x1 rectangle covered with two identical domes, each with a diameter of 12.5 metres (41 ft). The mihrab and minbar are located on

1634-424: Was "born to a Greek or Serbian family". Dejan Djokić stated that Angelović was born "to a Serb mother and a Greek refugee father – no less than son of the last Angeloi ruler of Thessaly who had emigrated to Serbia in the late fourteenth century". Chalkokondyles mentions that Angelović was captured by Ottoman horsemen while travelling with his mother from Novo Brdo to Smederevo (the Serbian capital), and taken to

1677-412: Was added in the 19th century, and the mihrab and minbar replaced; as a result, they are in a different style to the rest of the mosque. The octagonal mausoleum ( türbe ) of Mahmud Paşa in the grounds of the mosque is dated AH  878 (1473-74 CE) on an inscription at the entrance. Its exterior is decorated with tiles forming geometric patterns in turquoise and indigo colours, a feature which

1720-547: Was his grandfather. The only information on his father is that he lived in Serbia in the 1420s. His mother's ancestry is the matter of debate. Chalkokondyles (1430–1470) called her Serbian, Kritoboulos (1410–1470), Greek, while there are various theories on her noble ancestry. Angelović had a brother, Mihailo Anđelović , later a prominent Serbian statesman, after the Turkish conquest. According to Tahsin Yazıcı , Angelović

1763-486: Was quite extensive, covering a number of different buildings across the surrounding district. This suggests that Mehmet II may have entrusted Mahmud Pasha with developing this district near the commercial heart of the city, just east and north of the area which would become the Grand Bazaar . The mosque was thus the centrepiece of this development. The mosque was completely restored and reopened in 2021. Restoration of

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1806-826: Was reinstated in 1472, but his relations with the Sultan were now strained. Mahmud was fired and executed in 1474. The cause was the suspicion that he was involved in the sudden death of Şehzade Mustafa , the favorite son of Sultan Mehmed II. It was said that Şehzade Mustafa had an affair with Mahmud's wife, Selçuk Hatun (sister of Hatice Hatun, the youngest consort of Mehmed II), and that Mahmud poisoned him for it. Mahmud denied it but, even without proof, Mehmed II still decided to execute him. Mahmud Pasha wrote works in Persian and Turkish with "Adni" as his pen name . The divan he composed includes 45 ghazals and 21 mofrads in Persian, as well as "some rather successful naziras on

1849-676: Was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1456 to 1466 and from 1472 to 1474. He also wrote Persian and Turkish poems under the pseudonym Adni (the "Eden-like"). Born in the Serbian Despotate, he was a descendant of the Byzantine Angelos family that had left Thessaly in 1394. According to biographers, he was conscripted as a child by the Ottomans employing the devşirme system. Raised as

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