Others
34-568: In terms of Ihsan : The Maliki school or Malikism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْمَالِكِيّ , romanized : al-madhhab al-mālikī ) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was founded by Malik ibn Anas ( c. 711–795 CE ) in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources. Unlike other Islamic fiqhs, Maliki fiqh also considers
68-622: A Maliki , Malikite or Malikist ( Arabic : ٱلْمَالِكِيّ , romanized : al-mālikī , pl. ٱلْمَالِكِيَّة , al-mālikiyya ). Although Malik ibn Anas was himself a native of Medina, his school faced fierce competition for followers in the Muslim east, with the Shafi'i , Hanbali , and Zahiri schools all enjoying more success than Malik's school. It was eventually the Hanafi school, however, that earned official government favor from
102-429: A hereditary monarchy with limited political representation. In Qatar , an elected national parliament has been mooted and is written into the new constitution, but elections are yet to be held. Saudi Arabia and Qatar are the two Arab states and absolute monarchies to have never held elections since their respective establishments as nations in 1932 and 1971 respectively. Iraq is the only federal republic situated in
136-420: A subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be a righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person
170-503: A Maliki stronghold for centuries. Although initially hostile to some mystical practices, Malikis eventually learned to coexist with Sufi customs as the latter became widespread throughout North and West Africa. Many Muslims now adhere to both Maliki law and a Sufi order. Including: The Maliki school's sources for Sharia are hierarchically prioritized as follows: Quran and then widely transmitted Hadiths (sayings, customs and actions of Muhammad); `Amal (customs and practices of
204-470: A dual focus on internal diversification and external stabilization. By investing in new economic sectors and pursuing diplomatic avenues for conflict resolution, these states aim to secure their futures in a post-oil era while navigating the complex dynamics of Middle Eastern politics. This strategic approach underscores the intricate link between regional stability and economic prosperity in the Gulf, highlighting
238-806: A number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf region. The prominent regional political union Gulf Cooperation Council includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. In modern history, various former British Empire protectorates , including the Trucial States were Arab states along the Persian Gulf . Some of the Persian gulf states are constitutional monarchies with elected parliaments. Bahrain ( Majlis al Watani ) and Kuwait ( Majlis al Ummah ) have legislatures with members elected by
272-815: A while in Spain and Sicily. Under the Umayyads and their remnants, the Maliki school was promoted as the official state code of law, and Maliki judges had free rein over religious practices; in return, the Malikis were expected to support and legitimize the government's right to power. This dominance in Spanish Andalus from the Umayyads up to the Almoravids continued, with Islamic law in the region dominated by
306-447: Is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from
340-408: Is because Mālik regarded the practices of Medina (the first three generations) to be a superior proof of the "living" sunnah than isolated, although sound, hadiths. Mālik was particularly scrupulous about authenticating his sources when he did appeal to them, as well as his comparatively small collection of aḥādith, known as al-Muwaṭṭah (or, The Straight Path). The example of Maliki approach in using
374-445: Is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Arab States of
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#1732764696722408-606: The Abbasids . Imam Malik (who was a teacher of Imam Ash-Shafi‘i , who in turn was a teacher of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal ) was a student of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and 6th Shi'ite Imam ), as with Imam Abu Hanifah . Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni Fiqh are connected to Ja'far, whether directly or indirectly. The Malikis enjoyed considerably more success in Africa, and for
442-507: The Emirate of Dubai ( UAE ), and in northeastern parts of Saudi Arabia . In the medieval era , the Maliki school was also found in parts of Europe under Islamic rule , particularly Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily . A major historical center of Maliki teaching, from the 9th to 11th centuries, was in the Mosque of Uqba of Tunisia. One who ascribes to the Maliki school is called
476-547: The Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to the emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do),
510-653: The Muslim Brotherhood . According to the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)'s Global Peace Index of 2016, the six governments had varying degrees of success in maintaining peace amongst their respective borders with Qatar ranked number 1 amongst its regional peers as the most peaceful regional and Middle Eastern nation (and ranked 34 worldwide), while Kuwait ranks second both in the Persian Gulf and Middle East regions (and 51 worldwide), followed by
544-406: The Persian Gulf . Mass media in the seven Arab Persian gulf states have varying degrees of freedom , with Kuwait topping the league with a lively press that enjoys considerably more freedom than its gulf counterparts according to Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders . Both organizations rank Kuwait's press as the freest of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf . Kuwait ranks amongst
578-482: The Al-Mudawwana, is the collaborator work of Mālik's longtime student, Ibn Qāsim and his mujtahid student, Sahnun . The Mudawwanah consists of the notes of Ibn Qāsim from his sessions of learning with Mālik and answers to legal questions raised by Saḥnūn in which Ibn Qāsim quotes from Mālik, and where no notes existed, his own legal reasoning based upon the principles he learned from Mālik. These two books, i.e.
612-501: The Muslims in totality. Although Al-Andalus was eventually lost, the Maliki has been able to retain its dominance throughout North and West Africa to this day. Additionally, the school has traditionally been the preferred school in the small Arab States of the Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar). While the majority of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia follows Hanbali laws, the country's Eastern Province has been known as
646-618: The Muwaṭṭah and Mudawwanah, along with other primary books taken from other prominent students of Mālik, would find their way into the Mukhtaṣar Khalīl , which would form the basis for the later Mālikī madhhab. The Maliki school is most closely related to the Hanafi school, differing in degree, not in kind. However, unlike the Hanafi school, the Maliki school does not assign as much weight to analogy, but derives its rulings from pragmatism using
680-542: The Mālikī school, said tradition includes not only what was recorded in hadiths, but also the legal rulings of the four rightly guided caliphs – especially Umar . Malik bin Anas himself also accepted binding consensus and analogical reasoning along with the majority of Sunni jurists, though with conditions. Consensus was only accepted as a valid source of law if it was drawn from the first generation of Muslims in general, or
714-767: The Persian Gulf The Arab states of the Persian Gulf ( Arabic : دول الخليج الفارسي ) refers to a group of Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf . There are seven member states of the Arab League in the region: Bahrain , Kuwait , Iraq , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates . Yemen is bound to the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council , based on history and culture . The term has been used in different contexts to refer to
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#1732764696722748-508: The UAE in the third spot (61 worldwide). Most of these Arab states have significant revenues from petroleum . The United Arab Emirates has been successfully diversifying its economy . 79% of UAE's total GDP comes from non-oil sectors. Oil accounts for only 2% of Dubai's GDP. Bahrain has the Persian Gulf's first "post-oil" economy because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil. Since
782-471: The concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman , the Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are
816-520: The consensus of the people of Medina to be a valid source of Islamic law . The Maliki school is one of the largest groups of Sunni Muslims, comparable to the Shafi’i madhhab in adherents, but smaller than the Hanafi madhhab. Sharia based on Maliki Fiqh is predominantly found in North Africa (excluding northern and eastern Egypt), West Africa , Chad , Sudan , Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar ,
850-404: The first, second or third generations from Medina, while analogy was only accepted as valid as a last resort when an answer was not found in other sources. Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ), is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit. ' beauty ' ). Ihsan
884-471: The late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors. The country's capital, Manama , is home to many large financial structures. The UAE and Bahrain have a high Human Development Index (ranking 31 and 42 worldwide respectively in 2019) and was recognised by the World Bank as high income economies . According to the World Bank , most of these Arab states have been
918-486: The opinion of Sahabah were recorded in Muwatta Imam Malik per ruling of cases regarding the law of consuming Gazelle meat. This tradition were used from opinion of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam . Malik also included the daily practice of az-Zubayr as his source of "living sunnah" (living tradition) for his guideline to pass verdicts for various matters, in accordance of his school of though method. The second source,
952-585: The opinions of Malik and his students. The Sunnah and Hadith , or prophetic tradition in Islam, played lesser roles as Maliki jurists viewed both with suspicion, and few were well versed in either. The Almoravids eventually gave way to the predominantly-Zahiri Almohads , at which point Malikis were tolerated at times but lost official favor. With the Reconquista , the Iberian Peninsula was lost to
986-533: The people of Medina), followed by Ahad Hadith, and then followed by consensus of the Sahabah (the companions of Muhammad), then individual opinion from the Sahabah , Qiyas (analogy), Istislah (interest and welfare of Islam and Muslims), and finally Urf (custom of people throughout the Muslim world if it did not contradict the hierarchically higher sources of Sharia). The Mālikī school primarily derives from
1020-486: The population. The Sultanate of Oman also has an advisory council ( Majlis ash-Shura ) that is popularly elected. In the United Arab Emirates , a federation of seven monarchical emirates, the Federal National Council , functions only as an advisory body, but some of its members are now chosen via a limited electoral college nominated by the seven rulers. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains
1054-533: The principles of istislah (public interest) wherever the Quran and Sahih Hadiths do not provide explicit guidance. The Maliki school differs from the other Sunni schools of law most notably in the sources it uses for derivation of rulings. Like all Sunni schools of Sharia, the Maliki school uses the Qur'an as primary source, followed by the sayings, customs/traditions and practices of Muhammad , transmitted as hadiths. In
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1088-621: The top three for free press in the Arab world. Qatar and Oman come in second and third respectively within the regional ranks of the Arab Persian gulf states. The seven Arab gulf states lie in a volatile region and their seven governments, with varying degrees of success and effort, try and advance peace in their own countries and other countries. However, Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region—specifically Qatar—stand accused of funding militant Islamist organizations , such as Hamas and
1122-412: The work of Malik ibn Anas , particularly the Muwatta Imam Malik , also known as Al-Muwatta . The Muwaṭṭa relies on Sahih Hadiths , includes Malik ibn Anas' commentary, but it is so complete that it is considered in Maliki school to be a sound hadith in itself. Mālik included the practices of the people of Medina and where the practices are in compliance with or in variance with the hadiths reported. This
1156-651: The world's most generous donors of aid as a share of GDP. The persistent instability in the Middle East, particularly the ongoing conflict between Hamas and Israel, poses a considerable threat to the Gulf Cooperation Council states' economic ambitions. Regional stability is paramount for these nations to achieve their goals, as it directly impacts the investment climate and their capacity to engage in global trade and tourism. The Gulf states' economic and political strategies are thus characterized by
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