43-598: The Malmeoideae are a subfamily of trees and other plants of the family Annonaceae . The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , which recognises Malmeoideae as one of four subfamilies, containing 9 tribes and the following genera: Auth: Couvreur et al., 2019 Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 - African genera: Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 - tropical Americas Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 Auth: Chatrou & Saunders 2012 Auth: Hooker & Thomson 1855 Annonaceae The Annonaceae are
86-472: A family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family . With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales . Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona , Anonidium , Asimina , Rollinia , and Uvaria . Its type genus is Annona . The family
129-427: A phylogeny-based reclassification of the family four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just Anaxagorea ), Ambavioideae , Annonoideae , and Malmeoideae . A number of the larger genera, including Guatteria , with its 177 species, Annona , and Xylopia belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into
172-613: A chlorophyll plastid (or chloroplast) is equivalent to a 'chloroplast genome', or a 'chloroplast DNA'. The number of genome copies produced per plastid is variable, ranging from 1000 or more in rapidly dividing new cells , encompassing only a few plastids, down to 100 or less in mature cells, encompassing numerous plastids. A plastome typically contains a genome that encodes transfer ribonucleic acids ( tRNA )s and ribosomal ribonucleic acids ( rRNAs ). It also contains proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation . But these proteins represent only
215-590: A combination of morphological and molecular evidence . The APG II system places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family Eupomatiaceae . Canellales Piperales Myristicaceae Magnoliaceae Degeneriaceae Himantandraceae Eupomatiaceae Annonaceae Laurales Anaxagorea Ambavioideae Bocageeae Guatterieae Duguetieae Xylopieae Annoneae Monodoreae Uvarieae Piptostigmateae Malmeeae Maasieae Fenerivieae Phoenicantheae Dendrokingstonieae Monocarpieae Miliuseae In
258-532: A finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratecta. It was proposed that the genus Stelechocarpus , which includes S. burahol and S. cauliflorus be reclassified under a new genus Winitia , which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to S. cauliflorus as
301-476: A green alga include the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes (= chloroplasts). The Apicomplexa , a phylum of obligate parasitic alveolates including the causative agents of malaria ( Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis ( Toxoplasma gondii ), and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid (although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans, such as Cryptosporidium parvum , which causes cryptosporidiosis ). The ' apicoplast '
344-524: A monophyletic group. However this is no longer accepted. The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae,
387-485: A number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in World Annonaceae which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in: For a concise bibliographic overview of
430-464: A primary plastid. When a eukaryote engulfs a red or a green alga and retains the algal plastid, that plastid is typically surrounded by more than two membranes. In some cases these plastids may be reduced in their metabolic and/or photosynthetic capacity. Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include the heterokonts , haptophytes , cryptomonads , and most dinoflagellates (= rhodoplasts). Those that endosymbiosed
473-525: A small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain any particular type of plastid. Nuclear genes (in the cell nucleus of a plant) encode the vast majority of plastid proteins; and the expression of nuclear and plastid genes is co-regulated to coordinate the development and differention of plastids. Many plastids, particularly those responsible for photosynthesis, possess numerous internal membrane layers. Plastid DNA exists as protein-DNA complexes associated as localized regions within
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#1732798202695516-536: Is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results indicate that acetogenins are responsible for this accumulation. Lancewood ( Oxandra lanceolata ) is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas . It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at
559-429: Is concentrated in the tropics , with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical , 450 are Afrotropical , and the remaining are Indomalayan . The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers. Monophyly and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by
602-470: Is described as the genus Futabanthus , from the Late Cretaceous ( Coniacian ) of Japan, which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family. The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock -based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to
645-406: Is no longer capable of photosynthesis, but is an essential organelle, and a promising target for antiparasitic drug development. Some dinoflagellates and sea slugs , in particular of the genus Elysia , take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as kleptoplasty , from
688-579: Is often referred to as the 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and is used in photosynthesis. It had a much more recent endosymbiotic event, in the range of 140–90 million years ago, which is the only other known primary endosymbiosis event of cyanobacteria. Etioplasts , amyloplasts and chromoplasts are plant-specific and do not occur in algae. Plastids in algae and hornworts may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoids . In reproducing, most plants inherit their plastids from only one parent. In general, angiosperms inherit plastids from
731-409: Is typically through traditional food and natural medicines. The American pawpaw ( Asimina triloba ) has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop. Flower petals from sacred earflower ( Cymbopetalum penduliflorum ) and from related species C. costaricense were traditionally used to flavor chocolate before the arrival of cinnamon and
774-510: Is unlikely since even these non-photosynthetic plastids contain genes necessary to complete various biosynthetic pathways including heme biosynthesis. Even with any loss of plastid genome in Rafflesiaceae , the plastids still occur there as "shells" without DNA content, which is reminiscent of hydrogenosomes in various organisms. Plastid types in algae and protists include: The plastid of photosynthetic Paulinella species
817-470: The Archaeplastida clade— land plants , red algae , green algae and glaucophytes —probably with a cyanobiont , a symbiotic cyanobacteria related to the genus Gloeomargarita . Another primary endosymbiosis event occurred later, between 140 to 90 million years ago, in the photosynthetic plastids Paulinella amoeboids of the cyanobacteria genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus , or
860-469: The circular chromosome of pro karyotic cells —but now, perhaps not; (see "..a linear shape" ). Plastids are sites for manufacturing and storing pigments and other important chemical compounds used by the cells of autotrophic eukaryotes . Some contain biological pigments such as used in photosynthesis or which determine a cell's color. Plastids in organisms that have lost their photosynthetic properties are highly useful for manufacturing molecules like
903-433: The developing (or differentiating) plastid has many nucleoids localized at the periphery of the plastid and bound to the inner envelope membrane. During the development/ differentiation of proplastids to chloroplasts—and when plastids are differentiating from one type to another—nucleoids change in morphology, size, and location within the organelle. The remodelling of plastid nucleoids is believed to occur by modifications to
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#1732798202695946-576: The isoprenoids . In land plants , the plastids that contain chlorophyll can perform photosynthesis , thereby creating internal chemical energy from external sunlight energy while capturing carbon from Earth's atmosphere and furnishing the atmosphere with life-giving oxygen. These are the chlorophyll-plastids —and they are named chloroplasts ; (see top graphic). Other plastids can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes , which may be used to produce energy or as raw material to synthesize other molecules. For example, plastid epidermal cells manufacture
989-479: The "PS-clade" (of the cyanobacteria genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus ), which is a different sister clade to the plastids belonging to the Archaeplastida. In contrast to primary plastids derived from primary endosymbiosis of a prokaryoctyic cyanobacteria, complex plastids originated by secondary endosymbiosis in which a eukaryotic organism engulfed another eukaryotic organism that contained
1032-435: The "PS-clade". Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis events have also occurred in a wide variety of organisms; and some organisms developed the capacity to sequester ingested plastids—a process known as kleptoplasty . A. F. W. Schimper was the first to name, describe, and provide a clear definition of plastids, which possess a double-stranded DNA molecule that long has been thought of as circular in shape, like that of
1075-1085: The Annickieae. The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , which recognises four subfamilies and the extinct genus † Anonaspermum Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic) Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 Auth. Rafinesque , 1815 The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of Annona : custard apple ( A. reticulata ), cherimoya ( A. cherimola ), soursop/guanábana/graviola ( A. muricata ), sweetsop ( A. squamosa ), ilama ( A. macroprophyllata ), soncoya ( A. purpurea ), atemoya (a cross between A. cherimola and A. squamosa ); and biriba ( A. mucosa ). The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably. Consumption of
1118-591: The Archaeplastida have since emerged in which the plastids are named differently: chloroplasts in green algae and/or plants, rhodoplasts in red algae , and muroplasts in the glaucophytes. The plastids differ both in their pigmentation and in their ultrastructure. For example, chloroplasts in plants and green algae have lost all phycobilisomes , the light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes, but instead contain stroma and grana thylakoids . The glaucocystophycean plastid—in contrast to chloroplasts and rhodoplasts—is still surrounded by
1161-469: The abundance of and the composition of nucleoid proteins. In normal plant cells long thin protuberances called stromules sometimes form—extending from the plastid body into the cell cytosol while interconnecting several plastids. Proteins and smaller molecules can move around and through the stromules. Comparatively, in the laboratory, most cultured cells—which are large compared to normal plant cells—produce very long and abundant stromules that extend to
1204-521: The break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long-distance dispersal events. The genus Huberantha (synonym Hubera ) was resolved to be sister to Miliusa , with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified. This reclassification
1247-695: The butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form. The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum , common names lemonwood or degame , is from a different family ( Rubiaceae ). It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows . A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids , alkaloids , and acetogenins , have been extracted from
1290-545: The cell periphery. In 2014, evidence was found of the possible loss of plastid genome in Rafflesia lagascae , a non-photosynthetic parasitic flowering plant, and in Polytomella , a genus of non-photosynthetic green algae . Extensive searches for plastid genes in both taxons yielded no results, but concluding that their plastomes are entirely missing is still disputed. Some scientists argue that plastid genome loss
1333-416: The cell, (see top graphic). They may develop into any of the following variants: Leucoplasts differentiate into even more specialized plastids, such as: Depending on their morphology and target function, plastids have the ability to differentiate or redifferentiate between these and other forms. Each plastid creates multiple copies of its own unique genome, or plastome , (from 'plastid genome')—which for
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1376-657: The components of the tissue system known as plant cuticle , including its epicuticular wax , from palmitic acid —which itself is synthesized in the chloroplasts of the mesophyll tissue . Plastids function to store different components including starches , fats , and proteins . All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts typically divide by binary fission , but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity. Plant proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they perform in
1419-407: The female gamete , where many gymnosperms inherit plastids from the male pollen . Algae also inherit plastids from just one parent. Thus the plastid DNA of the other parent is completely lost. In normal intraspecific crossings—resulting in normal hybrids of one species—the inheriting of plastid DNA appears to be strictly uniparental; i.e., from the female. In interspecific hybridisations, however,
1462-421: The inheriting is apparently more erratic. Although plastids are inherited mainly from the female in interspecific hybridisations, there are many reports of hybrids of flowering plants producing plastids from the male. Approximately 20% of angiosperms, including alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), normally show biparental inheriting of plastids. The plastid DNA of maize seedlings is subjected to increasing damage as
1505-472: The neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana ) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism ". The causative agent, annonacin , is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure
1548-407: The other Old World spices. The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles , pinoles , and coffee. The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines. The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop ( Annona muricata ), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease . The disorder
1591-593: The plastid's DNA. For example, in chloroplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens , a protein employed in DNA mismatch repair (Msh1) interacts with proteins employed in recombinational repair ( RecA and RecG) to maintain plastid genome stability. Plastids are thought to be descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . The primary endosymbiotic event of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have occurred around 1.5 billion years ago and enabled eukaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis . Three evolutionary lineages in
1634-407: The plastid's inner envelope membrane ; and these complexes are called 'plastid nucleoids '. Unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a plastid nucleoid is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The region of each nucleoid may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA. Where the proplastid ( undifferentiated plastid ) contains a single nucleoid region located near the centre of the proplastid,
1677-417: The remains of the cyanobacterial cell wall. All these primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes. The plastid of photosynthetic Paulinella species is often referred to as the 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and had a much more recent endosymbiotic event about 90–140 million years ago; it is the only known primary endosymbiosis event of cyanobacteria outside of the Archaeplastida. The plastid belongs to
1720-448: The seedlings develop. The DNA damage is due to oxidative environments created by photo-oxidative reactions and photosynthetic / respiratory electron transfer . Some DNA molecules are repaired but DNA with unrepaired damage is apparently degraded to non-functional fragments. DNA repair proteins are encoded by the cell's nuclear genome and then translocated to plastids where they maintain genome stability/ integrity by repairing
1763-796: The seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties. Plastid A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants , algae , and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . Examples of plastids include chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis ); chromoplasts (used for synthesis and storage of pigments); leucoplasts (non-pigmented plastids, some of which can differentiate ); and apicoplasts (non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexa derived from secondary endosymbiosis). A permanent primary endosymbiosis event occurred about 1.5 billion years ago in
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1806-555: The taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see: Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis , monosulcate pollen , and laminate stamens ) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times. The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae
1849-438: Was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Huberantha 's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia , distinguish Huberantha on the generic level. Morphologically, Huberantha has
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