94-480: The 1985 Manchester Airport disaster occurred when British Airtours Flight 28M (officially known as Flight 328 ), an international passenger flight, was en-route from Manchester Airport to Corfu International Airport . It caught fire on takeoff on 22 August 1985, resulting in 55 fatalities. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-236(A) , named River Orrin , was flown by British Airtours , a wholly owned subsidiary of British Airways . It had 131 passengers and six crew on
188-505: A business subsequently sold to easyJet . In October 2008, the daily New York–JFK service was terminated and in March 2013 the daily to London–Gatwick was ended, although the service has resumed in recent years. Since taking over BA Connect 's select routes, Flybe has gone on to add several more destinations. In 2012, Flybe introduced the "mini hub" concept co-ordinating the arrival and departure times of various domestic services throughout
282-413: A cause for the accident and a separate cause for the fatalities, as well as four contributing factors: Chris Yates, an aviation analyst, later said of the accident, "This was very much a defining moment in the history of civil aviation safety. Specifically, the investigation found that a lot of materials inside the passenger cabin produced highly toxic fumes and required airlines to look again and re-invent
376-453: A forward right door malfunction and restricted access to the exits." Records showed the engine in question, a Pratt & Whitney JT8D -15, had experienced previous cracks to the No. 9 combustor can that had been repaired in 1983 by fusion welding. The repair did not include solution heat treatment , which was a required procedure for this type of repair. The AAIB evaluated conflicting evidence on
470-445: A further obstruction. A man who had been seated in 16C was found dead lying across this exit, and investigators were unsure whether the seat back collapse had trapped him. A 14-year-old boy was found lying across the top of the man from seat 16C by firefighters 5 1 ⁄ 2 minutes after the aircraft had stopped. He was alive, suffering only superficial burns to his hands. He was the last of 27 survivors to escape through that exit, and
564-488: A month for the first time in 1987. This growth boosted expansion plans, including planning for a new terminal. The following year, in 1988 Manchester celebrated its Golden jubilee . Terminal A, which now forms part of Terminal 3, was opened by Diana, Princess of Wales in 1989. In 1993, Terminal 2 was officially opened by the Duke of Edinburgh along with the official opening of Manchester Airport station . From 1997 to 2001,
658-542: A particular bottleneck . Of those unable to escape, 48 died as a result of incapacitation and subsequently lethal toxic gas and smoke inhalation, some very close to the exits, with six dying from burns. The use of smoke hoods or misting systems was also examined. The tragedy haunted captain Peter Terrington, who struggled with survivor's guilt for the remainder of his life and discussed the accident with his family "nearly every day." According to his wife Joan, he
752-483: A second runway was constructed, causing large-scale protests in Cheshire , especially in the village of Styal where natural habitats were disturbed and listed buildings demolished to make space for construction. During the early 2000s, British Airways scaled down operations from Manchester Airport with the sale of their BA Connect subsidiary to Flybe and the ending of their franchise agreement with GB Airways ,
846-455: A vessel, usually laid out in an efficient typical style with longitudinal units and overhead cabinets. This makes the best use of the usually limited space aboard ships. It also caters for the rolling and heaving nature of ships, making them more resistant to the effects of the movement of the ship. For this reason galley stoves are often gimballed , so that the liquid in pans does not spill out. They are also commonly equipped with bars, preventing
940-399: A £1.3 billion redevelopment programme will merge Terminals 1 and 2 in 2025. It covers an area of 560 hectares (1,400 acres) and has flights to 199 destinations, placing the airport thirteenth globally for total destinations served. Officially opened on 25 June 1938, it was initially known as Ringway Airport , a name still in local use. In World War II , as RAF Ringway , it was a base for
1034-532: Is a 20-minute drive from Manchester city centre and is reached by the M56 motorway , with a dedicated approach road from the motorway at junction 5. The M56 is the main route used by traffic to reach the airport. There are also minor local roads serving the airport from the north ( Wythenshawe ) and the east ( Heald Green ). The M56/ A538 road junction serves the World Freight Terminal, to the west of
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#17327867504601128-401: Is also Skyline service 199 operating every 30 minutes to Buxton via Stockport, Disley and Chapel-en-le-Frith, as well as a number of Stagecoach Manchester and Arriva North West services to Stockport, Altrincham and various parts of South Manchester. A network of National Express and Megabus coach services serve Manchester Airport and operate to destinations further afield. The airport
1222-595: Is an international airport in Ringway , Manchester , England , 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Manchester city centre . In 2022, it was the third busiest airport in the United Kingdom in terms of passengers (the busiest outside of London) and the 19th-busiest airport in Europe in 2023, with 28.1 million passengers served. The airport comprises a cargo terminal and three passenger terminals - although
1316-443: Is currently in the morning and then again between 13:00–20:00. Most aircraft arriving into Manchester Airport use the instrument landing system , which in line with most other airports has a glide slope of 3 degrees equal to descending 318 feet (97 m) per nautical mile . The prevailing wind direction is westerly, so normally aircraft fly from northeast to southwest. In practice this means that normally aircraft land from
1410-523: Is now the most developed terminal, with new piers and also a larger security hall as well as more outlets. The first phase of the new extension, Pier 1, opened on 1 April 2019. The second phase, the terminal extension, was due to open in April 2020 but was delayed due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic , finally opening on 14 July 2021. The third phase, which was announced on 25 January 2023, includes
1504-597: Is planned to provide fifteen more covered stands. The World Logistics Hub is also part of the Airport City Enterprise Developments in south Manchester. This development is designed to meet the growing demand for cargo handling space and infrastructure outside of the southeast. Positioned on the southwest side of the A538 road , next to the southeast side of the M56 motorway across the A538 from
1598-575: Is the UK's second tallest control tower, after London Heathrow and it replaces the old tower on top of Terminal 1. Manchester Airport is policed by the Greater Manchester Police and Manchester Airport Fire Service. Several security-related incidents have occurred at the airport in recent years. Manchester Airport station , opened in May 1993, is between Terminals 1 and 2. It is linked to
1692-587: Is the home to the engineering base of Jet2.com and, up until 23 September 2019, it was also the engineering base of the Thomas Cook Group Airlines . Airlines such as Etihad Airways also have one of six maintenance bases worldwide in Manchester with their newly opened (2011) line maintenance facility. Manchester Airport has a World Freight Terminal, serving cargo-only freighter services and cargo carried on regular passenger flights. It
1786-547: The skylink , with travelators (out of order since 2016) to aid passengers with the 10–15-minute walk. Terminal 3 is linked to Terminal 1 and the skylink by a covered walkway. The skylink also connects the terminals to the airport railway station complex (known as The Station ) and the Radisson BLU Hotel . Skylink 1 started construction in 1991 and opened 1993. Skylink 2 opened in September 1996 along with
1880-525: The Queen's Gallantry Medal , and the two flight attendants who died, Sharon Ford and Jacqui Urbanski, received the same award posthumously . Their collective citation stated in summary: "Mr. Bradbury, Miss Ford, Miss Toff, and Mrs. Urbanski displayed coolness, outstanding courage and devotion to duty. They remained at their posts and saved many lives. Firemen Lyttle and Westwood also displayed outstanding bravery and disregard for their own safety when they mounted
1974-611: The Royal Air Force . The airport is owned and managed by Manchester Airports Group (MAG) , a group owned by the ten metropolitan borough councils of Greater Manchester , with Manchester City Council owning the largest stake, and the Australian finance house IFM Investors. Ringway , after which the airport was named, is a village with a few buildings and a church at the western edge of the airport. In 2017, an 8-year redevelopment programme commenced which will culminate with
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#17327867504602068-533: The A380. Part of this work saw the removal of the South Bay remote aircraft stands, constructed in 1962 between taxiways Juliet and Kilo and more recently re-aligning taxiway Juliet into an extended taxiway Bravo. Terminal 1 is not planned to be included in the ten-year airport expansion project, and will shut in 2025 when the new Terminal 2 is completed. In 2025, Airlines operating from Terminal 1 will move across to
2162-508: The Airport operate to Manchester Victoria via Market Street . The Station is the airport's ground transport interchange and brings bus , coach and rail passengers under one roof. Over 300 trains, 100 coaches and 500 buses a day use the facility, including the 24-hour bus service 43, which runs every 10 minutes (every 30 minutes at night) to Manchester city centre via Wythenshawe, Northenden, Withington, Fallowfield and Rusholme. There
2256-630: The Coronavirus outbreak. The departure of American Airlines also marked the final US-based airline at Manchester. American Airlines had previously operated services to New York–JFK , Chicago , Dallas , Miami , Boston , and Charlotte . Data recorded and published by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) show that during the first 11 months (January through November) of 2020, passenger 'Terminal & Transit' numbers dropped from 29,374,282 in 2019 to 6,787,127 in 2020. As part of
2350-468: The Government's Future of Air Transport white paper , Manchester Airport published its Master Plan on its proposed expansions until 2030. Demolition of older buildings, such as old storage buildings, the old Alpha Catering Building and Males Garage, to the east of Terminal 2 has already begun, to make way for a new apron and taxiway towards runway 05L/23R and an eastwards extension of Terminal 2, which
2444-519: The Radisson. Terminal 1 is used by airlines with scheduled and charter operations, flying to European and other worldwide destinations. It is the second largest terminal at the airport. It was opened in 1962, by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , and it is a base for easyJet . Terminal 1 is spread over an area of 110,000 m (1,200,000 sq ft). The terminal has two piers which combined have 29 stands, of which 15 have air bridges. Gate 12
2538-503: The War, the base reverted to a civilian airport and gradually expanded to its present size. Manchester was Britain's second-busiest airport, after Heathrow, by the 1960s. In 1946, Air France began operations from Manchester following the commencement of peacetime passenger services from the airport, and remains the airport's longest continuous operator, celebrating 75 years of service in 2021. In 1953, Manchester began 24-hour operation, with
2632-556: The World Freight Terminal, it provides access to the trunk motorway network via Junction 6. Manchester Airport has development plans to meet the growing demand to fly. One document, "The Need for Land", outlines several development ideas. Five affected areas are: In the summer of 2009, a £50 million redevelopment programme for Terminal 1 was completed, as well as the construction of new car parking facilities and taxiways for aircraft. Manchester Airport has three passenger terminals (Terminals 1, 2 and 3). Terminals 1 and 2 are linked by
2726-429: The ability to handle flights during the day and night, which helped the airport handle 163,000 passengers. 1953 also saw the start of intercontinental flights by Sabena Belgian to New York, followed closely by the launch of services to New York by BOAC . The first transatlantic flights to originate at Manchester began in 1963. The thrice-weekly service was operated by BOAC using a Boeing 707 via Prestwick . In 1969,
2820-634: The accident should be fully implemented in practice. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in his later years, Terrington died in February 2016 at age 70 following a brief illness. In August 2018, a 5 m-high (16 ft) memorial commemorating the victims was unveiled near the accident site. The surviving cabin crew, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, and two members of the Manchester Airport Fire Service , Fireman Samuel Lyttle and Fireman Eric Arthur Westwood, were all awarded
2914-446: The aircraft had stopped. Once the hatch had been removed, passengers still encountered difficulties in getting to and using this exit. The exit-row seats allowed only 27 cm (10.5 in) to pass through, the armrests between those seats remained down, and the exit was directly over a seat, requiring passengers to manoeuvre awkwardly to escape. Passengers in the rear of the aircraft were panicking as smoke, and eventually flames, filled
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3008-409: The aircraft was in motion. As the aircraft began its right turn off the runway, around ten seconds before it stopped, one of the two flight attendants in the rear of the aircraft, probably the No 3 stewardess, opened the right rear door and deployed the emergency chute, but no one escaped through this door because it was blocked by smoke and flames. When the aircraft came to a stop, it was facing
3102-747: The airport grew from 94,000 tonnes in 1997 to the peak at 165,000 tonnes in 2007, but then declined to around 93,000 tonnes in 2013, subsequently increasing to over 109,000 tonnes in 2016 making Manchester the fourth-busiest UK airport for freight behind London–Heathrow , East Midlands and London–Stansted airports. Manchester Airport has two parallel runways . Runway 1 (23R/05L) 3,048 m × 45 m (10,000 ft × 148 ft) and Runway 2 (23L/05R) 3,200 m × 45 m (10,499 ft × 148 ft). The parallel runways lie 390 m (1,280 ft) apart and staggered by 1,850 m (6,070 ft) so that landings can be conducted independently on one runway whilst takeoffs are conducted on
3196-475: The airport's fire-alarm siren the moment he first saw smoke coming from the aircraft, but firefighters working for the airport's fire service had heard a "bang" and seen the smoke and fire for themselves, and had already initiated a response on their own. The aircraft turned off the runway onto a short taxiway called link "D" and came to a full stop facing northwest. Evacuation efforts began immediately, but several difficulties were encountered. The purser, who
3290-456: The airport. The airline entered compulsory liquidation in September 2019, with many aircraft left parked at the airport while payment disputes were concluded. Flybe was a British airline with a significant base at Manchester, which provided more than half of UK domestic flights outside London. Plans were formulated by a consortium Including Stobart Air and Virgin Atlantic to save FlyBe with
3384-412: The airport. The A538 runs east–west serving the local towns of Altrincham and Wilmslow . Galley (kitchen) The galley is the compartment of a ship , train , or aircraft where food is cooked and prepared. It can also refer to a land-based kitchen on a naval base, or, from a kitchen design point of view, to a straight design of the kitchen layout. A fork galley is the cooking area aboard
3478-400: The blaze inside the aircraft, but fighting the fire inside the aircraft had become futile and unsafe. One firefighter was slightly injured when an explosion threw him out of the door and down to the tarmac. The cause of the explosion was not determined, but heat-induced overpressure and rupture of an aerosol spray can or therapeutic oxygen cylinder are suspected. Toxic smoke and fire caused
3572-447: The cabin appeared "to conflict markedly with the air transport industry's expectations" for this type of fire, which at that time expected one to three minutes would be available for evacuation before the fire would be "in a position to directly threaten the occupants". When firefighters determined that no more passengers would leave the aircraft unassisted, they entered the passenger cabin with fire hoses and attempted to extinguish
3666-420: The completion and opening of the newly constructed air traffic control tower – which is now located in an independent tower, not on top of the airport as previously – and Airport City Manchester gained planning approval. During 2013, Virgin Atlantic introduced its Little Red short-haul brand to take-up some of the available Heathrow and Gatwick slots, which resulted from BMI ceasing operations. Manchester
3760-437: The construction of a satellite pier. Terminal 2's current capacity is around 8 million passengers a year; this will be extended to ultimately handle 25 million passengers a year. In 2007, an £11 million project commenced to redevelop Terminal 2 by improving security facilities and enhancing retail and catering services. Terminal 2 received a major extension, completed in 2021, to encompass formerly remote stands to
3854-531: The cook from falling against the hot stove. A small cooking area on deck is called a caboose or camboose , originating from the Dutch : kombuis , which is still in use today. In English it is a term used only for a cooking area that is abovedecks. The first basic aircraft kitchens were onboard various airships during the 1920s and '30s. The first airplane kitchen was patented by Werner Sell [ de ] (Georg Robert Werner Sell) of Germany in 1930;
1985 Manchester Airport disaster - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-411: The day and thereby creating combinations such as Norwich–Manchester–Belfast, Glasgow–Manchester–Southampton and Edinburgh–Manchester–Exeter with conveniently short transfer times. The Airbus A380 arrived in 2010, operated by Emirates , which continues to operate the aircraft up to three times daily on its route to Dubai Manchester Airport celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2013. That year also saw
4042-467: The deaths of 53 passengers and two cabin crew, 48 of them from smoke inhalation . Seventy-eight passengers and four crew escaped, with 15 people sustaining serious injuries. One passenger, a man rescued 33 minutes after the start of the fire, was found unconscious in the aisle, but died in the hospital six days later from injuries to his lungs and the resulting pneumonia. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) report lists
4136-429: The door fully and deployed the escape slide about one minute after the plane had stopped. Sixteen passengers and Toff escaped through the left front door, one of whom was dragged out by Toff while unconscious. The purser and 34 passengers made their escape through the right front door. More difficulties were encountered at the overwing exits . The left overwing exit was blocked by smoke and flames. The passenger seated at
4230-428: The effect of solution heat treatment and "considered that it would not have had a significant effect on the fatigue life of the can." The circumferential edges of the severed forward section of the No. 9 can coincided with some of the cracks that had been welded during that repair. Some of the fracture was in areas where no cracking had been seen at the time of the repair, and the fracture edges were severely damaged during
4324-406: The engine combustion chamber as the aircraft began to decelerate on the runway. When the aircraft stopped, fuel was still leaking from a 270 cm (42 sq in) opening at a rate of 450–680 litres per minute ( 98–149 imperial gallons , 118–179 US gallons ), feeding a growing fire. By about this time, the fire had already penetrated the aluminium alloy skin of the aircraft below the level of
4418-473: The failure and the ensuing fire. Therefore, the AAIB could not conclude whether the quality of the repair had caused or contributed to the accident. The Civil Aviation Authority was criticised for not implementing stringent safety regulations earlier. The swift incursion of the fire into the fuselage and the layout of the aircraft impaired passenger evacuation, with areas such as the forward galley area becoming
4512-449: The familiar airline service trolley system. The term galley kitchen is also used to refer to the design of household kitchen wherein the units are fitted into a continuous array with no kitchen table, allowing maximum use of a restricted space, and work with the minimum of required movement between units. Such kitchens increase storage space by working vertically, with hanging pots, dish racks, and ceiling-hung cabinets common. Strictly,
4606-422: The first fitted kitchens were delivered 1954, by 1955 Lufthansa had all their commercial planes fitted with a Sell galley. Galleys on commercial airlines typically include not only facilities to serve and store food and beverages, but also contain flight attendant jumpseats , emergency equipment storage, as well as anything else flight attendants may need during the flight. Aircraft in operation today mainly use
4700-402: The floor in the passenger compartment. The AAIB estimated that between five seconds before and 13 seconds after the aircraft stopped were needed for fire to penetrate the fuselage skin. Passengers seated on the left side of the aisle and toward the rear felt intense radiant heat from the fire, and were very impatient to escape, many of them standing and crowding into the aisles while
4794-410: The forward galley area to allow the purser time to open a door. When the left side door was opened, exiting passengers jammed themselves in the narrow 57 cm-wide (22.5 in) passageway between the two forward galley bulkheads. Toff bodily pulled the passengers out one at a time until she cleared the jam. Meanwhile, the purser had resumed working on the right front door, and he successfully opened
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#17327867504604888-446: The fuselage and the open door with foam to prevent the fire from spreading to the door and the slide as passengers were evacuating, and to provide cooling to protect the passengers still inside. When the second fire engine arrived, the first concentrated on the burning jet fuel and the left engine. The second sprayed foam over the fuselage and the open door. During this time, the "No 4 stewardess", Joanna Toff, had kept passengers out of
4982-411: The hot cabin at about the same time the right overwing exit was opened. Passengers crawled over seat backs to get to the right overwing exit as well as the two front exits; some survivors told investigators that the aisle had become blocked with bodies. This caused jamming at all exits, and the seat over which the overwing exit was located failed in such a way that the seat back collapsed forward, causing
5076-399: The last evacuee to survive the accident. Most of the 38 bodies were found clustered around the overwing exit. This exit was the first exit available to the 76 passengers seated behind it or even with it, and the nearest exit for 100 passengers. Fuel had been spilling from the left wing from the moment the first loud noise was heard. That fuel had ignited on contact with flames from the hole in
5170-565: The launch of Connect Airways , but plans were dropped in early 2020 and all operations ceased. Like most British and international airports, Manchester has been severely affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent reduction in air passengers. A number of airlines ceased, paused or reduced routes to the airport. The reduced passenger numbers saw the temporary closure of both Terminals 2 and 3. In late 2020 American Airlines announced that its daily flights to Philadelphia would cease operation amid ongoing travel disruption caused by
5264-401: The manifest. During the takeoff roll, a loud thump was heard, and takeoff was aborted. An engine failure had generated a fire and the captain ordered evacuation. The engine failure was later traced to an incorrectly repaired combustor, causing the turbine disc to shatter and puncture the wing fuel tanks. Most of the deaths were due to smoke inhalation, not burns; 82 people survived. The accident
5358-441: The merger of Terminals 1 and 2 to form one large terminal to better facilitate transfers. The new terminal is due for completion in 2025 will take 80% of all passenger traffic. Terminal 3 will remain with a focus on low-cost, short-haul airlines. Construction commenced in Ringway parish on 28 November 1935 and the airport was partially operational by June 1937, with full construction completed on 25 June 1938. Its northern border
5452-404: The movement rate decreases. The airport has three stacks: DAYNE, MIRSI and ROSUN, each located approximately 15/20 miles from the airport. DAYNE serves arrivals from the south, ROSUN from the north and east and MIRSI from the west. Residents living within 20 miles (32 km) of the airport will likely see and hear aircraft. A new control tower was opened on 25 June 2013. At 60 m tall, it
5546-472: The new Terminal 2, and Terminal 1 will be 'Mothballed'. Terminal 2 is used by a variety of airlines, operating both charter and scheduled flights to many European and worldwide destinations. Terminal 2 is spread over an area of 52,000 m (560,000 sq ft) and has 16 gates, of which 20 have air bridges. The design of the terminal makes it capable of extensive expansion; building work has begun for an extension providing additional gates, together with
5640-499: The newly completed Terminal 2, the airport studied the option of a second full-length runway. A consultation process began and planning permission was approved in 1997, with construction work starting the same year. The second runway, initially designated 06R/24L, became operational on 5 February 2001 at a cost of £172 million, and was the first full-length commercial runway to open in Britain for over 20 years. The site where
5734-647: The northeast over Stockport, Cheadle , and Heald Green , and takeoff towards Knutsford. In dual runway operations aircraft will usually land on to Runway 1 (23R) and depart from Runway 2 (23L). When the wind direction changes, usually affecting 20% of movements per annum, operations are reversed with aircraft landing from the southwest, lining up to the south over Northwich and over Knutsford and taking off towards Stockport. In dual runway operations aircraft will usually land on to Runway 2 (05R) and depart from Runway 1 (05L). Sometimes, aircraft arriving into Manchester Airport are held in stacks , usually in poor weather when
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#17327867504605828-442: The northwest, and a light wind of 6–7 knots (7–8 mph; 11–13 km/h) was blowing from the west, carrying dense smoke, and occasionally flames, in through that door. When the door was first opened, the aircraft had been facing into the wind, and the exit had been clear. When the left front door was opened, this created an airflow from the front of the aircraft to the rear, and out through the right rear door, which likely contained
5922-426: The other. The original main runway, then designated 06/24 and initially 3,300 ft (1,006 m) in length, opened on 17 May 1937 when the airport was used as an RAF base and a military aircraft assembly centre. It was extended in stages from 1952, reaching its current length in 1981 to attract long-haul international traffic. As demand and aircraft movements both increased during the mid-1990s, mainly due to
6016-460: The platform opened to passengers in autumn 2015. A Metrolink service from Cornbrook station to the Airport opened in November 2014 and runs at 12-minute frequency. Journeys along the 15-stop line from Cornbrook take approximately 35 minutes. The Manchester Metrolink light rail system has had plans to extend to the airport for many years. When the idea of a congestion charge was mooted, part of
6110-598: The primary user of the terminal along with codeshare partner airlines ( Oneworld ). Terminal 3 now spreads over an area of 44,400 m (478,000 sq ft). Work began on the private terminal (adjacent to the Runway visitor park) in 2019 and it opened on 21 October 2019. The terminal has been closed since the COVID pandemic, but re-opened on 4 November 2024. The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Manchester: Manchester Airport
6204-421: The refurbishment of the existing Terminal 2 featuring a brand new security hall, and also includes the construction of Pier 2. Work is due to be complete in 2025. Terminal A, as it was then known, was opened in 1989 by Diana, Princess of Wales as a self contained new domestic terminal to replace the original pier A. It had many names before its expansion and re-designation as Terminal 3 in May 1998. The terminal
6298-633: The residential area of Knutsford . As aircraft rarely land on to Runway 2 from the northeast (Runway 23L) or takeoff from Runway 2 to the northeast (Runway 05R) there has been no change to the path of aircraft over Heald Green, Cheadle and Stockport. Planning permission for Runway 2 (23L/05R) permits use of both runways between the hours of 06:00–22:00. At night between the hours of 22:00–06:00 single runway operations based on Runway 1 (23R/05L) are used. Exceptions are made for emergencies and planned maintenance. In practice, dual runway operations incorporating Runway 2 (23L/05R) are only used at peak demand, which
6392-440: The right overwing exit had difficulty understanding how to operate the hatch. At that time, no requirement existed that exit-row passengers receive a briefing on how and when to open the hatch. Once the 22 kg (48 lb) hatch was released, it fell inward onto the passenger seated next to it, trapping her. Two passengers lifted the hatch and put it on a seat in the next row back, making the exit available for use 45 seconds after
6486-478: The runway was extended to 2,745 metres (9,006 ft), allowing aircraft to take off with a full payload and to fly non-stop to Canada. In 1971, the airport reached a milestone of handling over 2 million passengers in one year. The following year saw the opening of a link road connecting the airport to the M56 Motorway, improving road access from Manchester, Cheshire and North Wales. In 1975, Ringway
6580-489: The scheme was to have extended the Metrolink to the airport. However, when this was rejected, the future of the scheme was in doubt. In 2009, it was announced that the line to the airport would finally be built. The airport line is one spur of the line from St Werburgh's Road to East Didsbury and Manchester Airport, which opened on 3 November 2014 – 18 months ahead of schedule. As of November 2022, Metrolink services from
6674-404: The second runway was constructed was on the southern airfield boundary, which is near the village of Styal in the Cheshire countryside. The project was deemed controversial because of the destruction of natural wildlife habitats and because of changes to flight paths to enable aircraft to fly in and out of the second runway. Aircraft landing from the southwest on to Runway 2 (05R) fly lower over
6768-434: The smoke to the rear of the aircraft. When the right overwing exit and the right front exit were opened, this flow was lost, and the entire cabin rapidly filled with smoke. The left rear exit remained closed. Fire penetrated into the rear portion of the passenger cabin through the floor and along the left wall within one minute of the aircraft stopping. Accident investigators said that this quick penetration of fire into
6862-417: The takeoff phase, the pilots heard a loud thump coming from underneath the plane. Thinking a tyre had burst, the captain ordered an abandoned takeoff and then activated the thrust reversers . The first officer, who was in control of the aircraft at the time, applied "harsh" braking for about five seconds. The captain, concerned about a burst tyre, instructed the first officer to use less wheel braking, which
6956-548: The term refers to a kitchen with the units in two facing lines, but is often used to refer to U-shaped kitchens as well. The first mass-produced galley kitchen design was known as the Frankfurt kitchen , designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky , working under the direction of Ernst May in 1926 for a Frankfurt housing estate. 10,000 units were installed in Frankfurt, and it was the most successful and influential kitchen of
7050-513: The terminals by a Skylink moving walkway. Trains operated by Northern , TransPennine Express and Transport for Wales connect the airport to Manchester Piccadilly and other railway stations, mainly throughout northern England, including Crewe , Wigan , Blackpool North railway station , as well as Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland and Holyhead and Llandudno in Wales. A third platform
7144-471: The west. Between twelve and fifteen covered aircraft stands have been made available by this. An air side link for transferring passengers between Terminals 1 and 2 is at the planning stage, designed in an effort to boost Manchester's chances of becoming a major hub airport and minimise missed connections. It was announced in June 2015 that the airport would have an expansion taking ten years to complete. Terminal 2
7238-458: The wheel, so to speak." It brought about industry-wide changes to the seating layout near emergency exits, fire-resistant seat covers, floor lighting, fire-resistant wall and ceiling panels, more fire extinguishers and clearer evacuation rules. The subsequent investigation into the accident said that the No. 9 combustor can on the port engine ruptured, and a section of the can was ejected forcibly into an underwing fuel tank access panel. That panel
7332-644: The wing to rescue passengers." The accident was the subject of a 1985 World in Action investigation. In 2010, this accident was reconstructed for a season-9 episode of Mayday ( Air Crash Investigation ) entitled " Panic on the Runway " or "Manchester Runway Disaster", showing computer simulations of the accident, as well as interviews with Captain Terrington, survivors, and the air crash investigators. Citations Bibliography Manchester Airport Manchester Airport ( IATA : MAN , ICAO : EGCC )
7426-414: Was "completely devastated that passengers had lost their lives," and always questioned whether he should have done more. He retired from flying at age 52, after 32 years as a pilot, becoming a counsellor for elderly people dealing with depression and loneliness. He continuously attended the annual memorial service at Manchester Airport for the flight's victims, remaining concerned that all lessons learned from
7520-446: Was Yewtree Lane between Firtree Farm and The Grange, east of the crossroads marked "Ringway", and its southeast border a little west of Altrincham Road, along the lane from Oversleyford running northeast then east into Styal . In 1938, KLM became the first airline to launch scheduled commercial flights to Manchester. During World War II , RAF Ringway was important in military aircraft production and training parachutists . After
7614-472: Was an operator at Manchester between 1981 and 2017, operating short and medium flights to Europe, and had its own maintenance base at the airport. It entered administration and ceased operations in 2017. Thomas Cook Airlines was a major operator at Manchester, operating scheduled and charter flights to over 50 destinations in Europe, America and the Caribbean. Its parent company also had a maintenance base at
7708-455: Was completed in 2008 to allow for an increase in rail capacity. In 2009, Network Rail stated that the third platform meant that capacity will become constrained by the layover of the trains and recommended building a line underneath the Airport towards Northwich by 2024. Work on building a new fourth platform at the station commenced in early 2014 with a blockade required in February 2015 to allow completion. Construction finished in May 2015 and
7802-402: Was completed, and Pier 1 opened on 1 April 2019. The second phase of the extension plan opened on 14 July 2021. During the later part of the decade, Monarch Airlines , Thomas Cook Airlines and Flybe all entered administration and ceased operations, having a major impact on local employment and operations at Manchester, as well as leaving thousands of passengers stranded, many abroad. Monarch
7896-444: Was completed, which included a new £14 million 14-lane security area. Passenger flow on Terminal 1's gating piers is due to be realigned, with plans to redesign the piers so departures and arrivals do not contraflow on the same level, allowing larger seating areas at the gates, express retail outlets and a dedicated lounge and gating area for future Airbus A380 flights. Currently only Gate 12, Pier B, has been upgraded to accommodate
7990-409: Was described as "very much a defining moment in the history of civil aviation safety." It brought about industry-wide changes to the seating layout near emergency exits, fire-resistant seat covers, floor lighting, fire-resistant wall and ceiling panels, more fire extinguishers and clearer evacuation rules. The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-236(A), registered as G-BGJL with serial number 743. It
8084-420: Was done. Fire warnings sounded in the flight deck nine seconds after the thump was heard (about 36 seconds before the aircraft stopped). Ten seconds later, the tower controller confirmed, "right, there's a lot of fire." Twenty-five seconds after the thud was heard (about 20 seconds before the aircraft stopped), the tower controller suggested evacuating passengers to the right side. The tower controller activated
8178-445: Was fractured, allowing fuel to spill onto hot combustion gases from the engine. The resulting fire developed catastrophically, primarily due to the orientation of the aircraft and the fire to the wind, "even though the wind was light." The AAIB concluded, "the major cause of the fatalities was rapid incapacitation due to the inhalation of the dense toxic/irritant smoke atmosphere within the cabin, aggravated by evacuation delays caused by
8272-427: Was known in succession as "Terminal A"; "Terminal A – Domestic"; "Terminal 1A" after Terminal 2 opened in 1993; "Terminal 1A – British Airways and Domestic"; "Terminal 3 – British Airways and Domestic" before becoming simply known as Terminal 3 in 1998. In June 1998, British Airways opened their new £75 million terminal facility designed by Grimshaw Architects , this being a major extension to Terminal A and became
8366-614: Was manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in April 1981 and was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15A engines. It had logged 12977 airframe hours in 5907 takeoff and landing cycles. The flight crew, Captain Peter Terrington (39), and First Officer Brian Love (52), were seasoned pilots with 8,441 and 12,277 flight hours (including 1,276 and 345 hours on the Boeing 737), respectively. At 07:13 BST (06:13 UTC ), on runway 24 at Manchester International Airport during
8460-527: Was officially renamed Manchester International Airport. The airport saw rapid growth and expansion during the 1980s and 1990s, shaping the airport for the coming decades. Many of the developments made during this period remain in place or have only recently been altered following the introduction of the Manchester Transformation Project. Passenger numbers continued to grow, reaching the milestone of handling one million passengers
8554-470: Was opened in 1986, west of the original airfield. There are 5,500,000 sq ft (510,000 m ) of warehouse and office space on site, including a chiller unit for frozen products and a border inspection post. There are three aircraft maintenance hangars, with five transit sheds, operated by British Airways World Cargo , Swissport Cargo , Menzies World Cargo, and dnata UK . There are over 100 freight forwarding companies on site. Freight throughput at
8648-512: Was specially adapted to accommodate the Airbus A380 , which is operated by Emirates on their route three times per day from Dubai to Manchester. Terminal 1's current capacity is around 11 million passengers a year, compared with an annual capacity of 2.5 million passengers when it first opened. In the Summer of 2009, a £50 million redevelopment programme for Terminal 1
8742-411: Was the crew's senior flight attendant , tried to open the right front exit door about 10 seconds before the aircraft stopped, but it jammed due to a design fault in the emergency slide system and he abandoned attempts to open it. After about 25 seconds, the purser opened the left front door and successfully deployed the escape slide . At this time, the first two fire engines arrived. One began showering
8836-575: Was the inaugural destination, with services were operated by aircraft leased from Aer Lingus . However, these services ceased in March 2015 because of low sales. In 2014, the Manchester Airport Metrolink route launched as part of the route expansion plans of the Manchester Metrolink tramway, aiding transport to and from the airport to the city centre. In 2019, the first phase of the new Terminal 2 extension
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