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64-629: The town of Mangla was named after Mangal Devi. At the time of construction of the Mangla Dam , the villages of Sultanpure, Thill , Baral and Baruti across the river in Jhelum District were developed as residential colonies and offices for foreign workers and officials. Prior to the construction of Mangla Dam, in March 1962, almost all the inhabitants of the ancient Mangla village moved to Mangla Hamlet, therefore this town represents Mangla in

128-725: A British engineering firm, was going to serve as the lead designers, engineers, and inspectors for the construction of the dam (led by Geoffrey Binnie ). The project was undertaken by a consortium known as the Mangla Dam Contractors, which consisted of eight American construction firms sponsored by the Guy F. Atkinson Company based in South San Francisco , California . As part of the Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960, India gained rights to

192-625: A Rs. 10/- coin was introduced into circulation. In 2019 the Pakistan government introduced a commemorative Rs. 50/- coin to celebrate the 550th birthday of Guru Nanak and in tribute of opening of new Gurdwara of Kartarpur , Pakistan. On 1 April 1948, provisional notes were issued by the Reserve Bank of India and the Government of India on behalf of the Government of Pakistan , for use exclusively within Pakistan, without

256-462: A commemorative Rs. 75 banknote to celebrate the central bank's 75th anniversary. The Rs75 commemorative note is equipped with security features as with the other currency notes. These include the Urdu numeral '75' which appears complete when the note is held in the light, Pure Image security thread with pulsing holographic rainbow effect and micro-lettering of 'SBP' and '75', among others. Moreover,

320-464: A cost of Rs . 101.384 billion. This project effectively raised the dam height by 30 feet to 482 feet (147 m), thereby raising the maximum water conservation level from 1202 feet to 1242 feet. This increased the dam's storage capacity from 5.56 to 9.12 billion m (4.51 to 7.39 million acre⋅ft). Besides, it is expected that after raising the height of the Mangla Dam by 30 feet,

384-451: A few Rs. 2/- notes were issued. Rs. 50/- notes were added in 1957, with Rs. 2/- notes reintroduced in 1985. In 1986, Rs. 500/- notes were introduced, followed by Rs. 1,000/- the next year. Rs. 2/- and Rs. 5/- notes were replaced by coins in 1998 and 2002. Rs. 20/- notes were added in 2005, followed by Rs. 5,000/- in 2006. Until 1971, Pakistan banknotes were bilingual, featuring Bengali translation of

448-461: A higher-security printing technique. Regular government issues commenced in 1948 in denominations of Re. 1/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- and Rs. 100/-. The government continued to issue Re. 1 notes until the 1980s but another note-issuing was taken over by the State Bank of Pakistan in 1953 when Rs. 2/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- and Rs. 100/- notes were issued. Only

512-442: A make of Škoda , Czech Republic and were commissioned in 1994. These turbines are connected to umbrella-type generators which have a generation capacity of 100 MW. Hitachi , Japan had provided generators for turbines 1–4 and 7-8 while Škoda generators are connected to turbines 5-6 and 9–10. These generators are in turn connected to three-phase transformers. The transformers connected to turbines 1, 4, and 7 were manufactured by

576-495: A small dam called Jari Dam to block the Jari Nala ;– about 11 miles (18 km) beyond the new Mirpur town had to be constructed. There was a total of 120 x 10 cubic yards (cu yds) of excavation for the reservoir whereas the total fill amounted to 142 x 10 cu yds and concrete to 1.96 x 10 cu yds respectively. The main embankment is earthfill with clay as the core material. Gravel and A-type sandstone are applied on

640-627: A true sense. Mangla is located 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city of Mirpur , at the mouth of the Mangla Dam. The dam reservoir has a perimeter of 400 km, and is a place of interest. It hosts the Mangla Power Station, which is the second largest in Pakistan. Mangla is the site of the historic Mangla Fort. The fort is situated on a high hill overlooking the Jhelum river, dividing the Mirpur and Jhelum districts. A part of Mangla fort

704-617: Is 274 ft (84 m) and the length is 6,800 ft (2,100 m). The main spillway is a submerged orifice type with 9 radial gates, 36 ft (11 m) x 40 ft (12 m) each; it has a maximum capacity of 1.1 million cusecs. The emergency spillway is a weir type with an erodible bund and a maximum capacity of 0.23 million cusecs. The 5 tunnels are steel and concrete lined and 1,560 feet long in bedrock. The internal diameter ranges between 26 ft (7.9 m) and 31 ft (9.4 m). The powerhouse, which consists of turbines, generators, and transformers, has been constructed at

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768-823: Is a crescent and star. Different types of security threads are also present in each banknote. The State Bank has started a new series of banknotes, phasing out the older designs for new, more secure ones. Pakistan put foreign exchange controls in place in 1949, restricting the export and import of currency except for when needed for Hajj in Saudi Arabia . This created an opportunity for smuggling, leading Pakistan to issue special Hajj notes for use by pilgrims. These were differentiated by an overprint in English "For pilgrims from Pakistan for use in Saudi Arabia and Iraq". Although other means of exchange were considered,

832-639: Is a multipurpose dam situated on the Jhelum River , lying in the Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir and the Jhelum District in Punjab , Pakistan . It is the sixth-largest dam in the world. The village of Mangla , which sits at the mouth of the dam, serves as its namesake. In November 1961, the project's selected contractors were revealed; it was announced that Binnie & Partners,

896-446: Is an act of worship." which is حصول رزق حلال عبادت ہے (Hasool-e-Rizq-e-Halal Ibaadat hai). The banknotes vary in size and colour, with larger denominations being longer than smaller ones. All contain multiple colours. However, each denomination does have one colour which predominates. All banknotes feature a watermark for security purposes. On the larger denomination notes, the watermark is a picture of Jinnah, while on smaller notes, it

960-494: Is derived from the Sanskrit word rūpya , which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver", in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun rūpa "shape, likeness, image". Rūpaya was used to denote the coin introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540 to 1545 CE . The Pakistan (Monetary System and Reserve Bank) Order, 1947

1024-413: Is earthfill with B-type sandstone as the core material. A-type sandstone is applied on the shoulders. The maximum height of the intake embankment above the core trench is 144 ft (44 m) and the length is 16,900 ft (5,200 m). Jari Dam is also an earthfill type with silt as the core material. Gravel is applied on the shoulders of the dam. The maximum height of Jari dam above the core trench

1088-558: Is greater in northern cities and towns. In Bradford , an industrial town in north-west England , it is estimated that roughly three-quarters of the population is from Mirpur, with a sizeable population also in Birmingham. At the time, many took up work in the textile and steel mills, due to the acute shortage of workers in England. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from

1152-425: Is largely attributed to political instability, devastating flooding, and a debt crisis. The Pakistani rupee gained value from the end of September until mid-October 2023, when Pakistan's Federal Investigation Agency embarked on a country-wide raid on exchange companies involved in illegal dollar transactions, which involved the buying and selling of dollars through informal channels without documentation. Since then,

1216-531: Is still increasing." Mangla reservoir had an initial reservoir capacity of 7.25  billion cubic metres (5.88 million acre-feet ), which reduced to 5.77 billion m (4.674 million acre⋅ft) in 2005 due to the sedimentation & was likely to reduce further. To counteract this phenomenon, the Mangla Dam Raising Project was started in 2004 and the main dam, spillway and its allied works were completed in 2009 at

1280-903: Is the official currency in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State Bank of Pakistan . It was officially adopted by the Government of Pakistan in 1949. Earlier the coins and notes were issued and controlled by the Reserve Bank of India until 1949, when it was handed over to the Government and State Bank of Pakistan, by the Government and Reserve Bank of India. In Pakistani English , large values of rupees are counted in thousands; lakh (hundred thousands); crore (ten-millions); arab (billion); kharab (hundred billion). Numbers are still grouped in thousands ( 123,456,789 rather than 12,34,56,789 as written in India) The word rūpiya

1344-543: The Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . This was against the international convention that large water reservoirs would not be targeted in war. As a consequence, the hydro project was temporarily out of service. From the data available in 2009, the project had generated 183.551 billion units of low-cost Hydel energy since its commissioning. The annual generation during 2008-2009

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1408-632: The Indian rupee , it was originally divided into 16 annas , each of 4 pice or 12 pie . For the first seven months following partition, currency issued by the RBI and the Government of India continued to circulate in Pakistan. Modified RBI notes in denominations of 2, 5, 10, and 100 rupees, and 1-rupee notes from the Government of India were later introduced. The modifications involved inscribing Government of Pakistan in English and "Hakumat-e-Pakistan" in Urdu on

1472-419: The Jhelum River and Poonch River in the Mirpur District of Kashmir , about 108 kilometres (67 mi) southeast of the capital city of Islamabad . The Mangla Dam components include a reservoir, main embankment, intake embankment, main spillway, emergency spillway, intake structures, 5 tunnels, and a power station. Besides the main dam, a dyke called Sukian – 17,000 ft (5,200 m) in length and

1536-593: The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and its tribal areas , foreign direct investment began to fall, and the structural problems of the balance of payment were exposed; foreign exchange reserves fell disastrously to as low as US$ 2 billion. The rupee continued to slowly decline until the start of 2018 when it began to rapidly devalue. The crash worsened midway through 2021, with the Pakistani rupee losing almost half its value between May 2021 and May 2023. This

1600-425: The State Bank of Pakistan . On 14 August 2022, State Bank of Pakistan released the design of the commemorative 75 Rupees note marking the 75th anniversary of Independence day of Pakistan . The note was signed by the former governor of State Bank of Pakistan Raza Baqir and was made available to the public from September 30 2022. On July 4th 2023, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) Governor Jameel Ahmad introduced

1664-553: The Badshahi Masjid but many do not. The Re. 1/- and Rs. 2/- coins were changed to aluminium in 2007. Paisa-denominated coins ceased to be legal tender in 2013, leaving the Re. 1/- coin as the minimum legal tender. On 15 October 2015, the Pakistan government introduced a revised Rs. 5/- coin with a reduced size and weight and having a golden colour, made from a composition of copper-nickel-zinc, and also in 2016

1728-582: The British versions. This new design was circulated on 31 January 1953. On 14 December 1963, the State Bank of Pakistan started operating its printing press, eventually taking over all national banknote production. Later, the 1-rupee note was modified to include a purple back with pink and blue under-print, similar to the De La Rue design. Variations of the 1-rupee note are identified by differences in

1792-487: The Italy-based Savigliano. The transformers for turbine 5 and 6 are a make of Italtrafo , another Italian company, while the remaining five transformers were provided by Škoda. The Government of Pakistan had agreed to pay royalties to the Government of AJK (Azad Jammu and Kashmir) for the use of the water and electricity generated by the dam. Pakistan initially committed to supplying free electricity to

1856-556: The Mangla Dam powerhouse which is estimated to provide additional production for the next 40 years. The project, when complete, will increase the power generation capacity of the Mangla Dam to 1,310 MW from the existing 1,000 MW capacity. WAPDA successfully commissioned two refurbished generating units of the Mangla Hydel Power Station on 23 May 2022, increasing their capacity from 200 MW to 270 MW. Pakistani rupee The Pakistani rupee ( ISO code : PKR )

1920-546: The Mirpur Bypass and two bridges across River Jehlum and Bong Canal respectively. The dam was expanded in the era of Pervez Musharraf but it did not enhance the capacity of electric generation except increasing the level of water in the dam. In November 2012, the United States announced a grant of $ 150 million for the expansion of the Mangla Dam powerhouse. Under the project, $ 400 million would be spent on

1984-658: The Pakistani Government (with a 60% stake), started with a capital of 7.5 million rupees. The foundation for the facility was laid in Karachi by the Governor General of Pakistan on 11 March 1949. In selecting a printing method, the PSPC chose the intaglio process over the lithographic method due to concerns about counterfeiting and regional security issues with India. This decision reflected a preference for

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2048-518: The Pakistani rupee has been fiat money . Before the collapse of Bretton Woods system , the currency was pegged at a fixed exchange rate to the United States dollar for international trade, with the dollar convertible to gold for foreign governments only. The rupee was pegged to British Pound until 1982 when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq changed to a managed float . As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982–83 and 1987–88 and

2112-600: The Rs. 75 commemorative note is fully valid for transactions. He explained that the SBP issues all currency under Section 25 of its Act, and the Rs. 75 note has no expiration date. Qamar also dismissed rumors that the government had withdrawn or discontinued the banknote. The commemorative note issued in 2022 for Pakistan’s 75th independence anniversary featured Quaid-e-Azam, Fatima Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. This selection stirred some debate, as certain individuals felt

2176-621: The Senate committee, including Mohsin Aziz, who argued that the high-denomination note facilitates corruption. All banknotes other than the Re. 1/- and Rs. 2/- feature a portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the obverse along with writing in Urdu . The reverses of the banknotes vary in design and have English text. The only Urdu text found on the reverse is the Urdu translation of the Prophetic Hadith, "Seeking an honest livelihood

2240-562: The United Kingdom's Thomas De La Rue and Company, along with Bradbury Wilkinson and Company, manufactured various denominations for Pakistan. After independence, the Pakistani government established a national security printing facility in 1949, named the Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC). This venture, a partnership between Thomas De La Rue & Co. Ltd. (holding a 40% stake) and

2304-414: The Urdu text (where the currency was renamed taka ), since Bengali was the state language of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ). The PSPC began issuing its own 1- and 5-rupee notes in the fiscal year 1952-53. These notes resembled those previously produced by Thomas de la Rue & Company, but the 1-rupee note featured a notable change: a blue back without under-print, different from the purple back of

2368-680: The area as a result of the dam being built. Some of those affected by the dam were given work permits for Britain by the Government of Pakistan, and as a result, in many cities in the UK the majority of the Pakistani community originates from the Dadyal-Mirpur area of Kashmir . There are 747,000 Mirpuris in the United Kingdom, and the British Mirpuri community forms about 70% of the British Pakistani community. The percentage

2432-455: The cost of importing raw materials increased rapidly, causing pressure on Pakistani finances and damaging much of the industrial base. The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the United States dollar until the turn of the century when Pakistan's large current account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up against the dollar. The State Bank of Pakistan then stabilized the exchange rate by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, to preserve

2496-462: The country's export competitiveness. 2008 was termed a disastrous year for the rupee after the elections: between December 2007 and August 2008, it lost 23% of its value, falling to a record low of Rs.79/ 20 against the US dollar. The major reasons for this depreciation were huge current and trade accounts deficits that had built up since the credit boom in Pakistan after 2002. Due to rising militancy in

2560-749: The currency was decimalised, with the rupee subdivided into 100 pice, renamed (in English) paise (singular paisa ) later the same year. However, coins denominated in paise have not been issued since 1994. In 1972, the newly independent Bangladesh introduced the taka originally at parity with the Pakistani rupee. Afterwards, the Pakistani rupee ceased to be legal tender in Bangladesh. In 1948, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 pice, 1 ⁄ 2 , 1 and 2 annas, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 rupee. 1 pie coins were added in 1951. In 1961, coins for 1, 5 and 10 pice were issued, followed later

2624-500: The entire region of Azad Kashmir and providing complimentary clean water to the city of Mirpur. However, over time, this agreement was not transparently upheld, resulting in Pakistan encountering challenges in fulfilling its financial obligations related to royalty payments for electricity and water services in Azad Kashmir. Over 280 villages and the towns of Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged and over 110,000 people were displaced from

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2688-401: The flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project, though not initially designed as one, also works as a flood control structure by retaining water during the flood-prone season of Monsoon . On 5 December 1971, the dam was damaged due to a bombing raid conducted by

2752-441: The front of the notes. An early 1948 agreement between the governments of India and Pakistan resulted in an amendment to the Pakistan (Monetary System and Reserve Bank) Order, 1947, moving up the deadline for the RBI's role as Pakistan's monetary authority from 30 September 1948, to 30 June 1948. Concurrently, the arrangement for the RBI to supply inscribed Indian notes to Pakistan was terminated on 30 June 1948. In January 1961,

2816-664: The high level of illiteracy amongst the Pakistani pilgrims and the additional costs that would be incurred through the need to purchase such means prevented the government from these methods of exchange. The State Bank Order to allow the issue of these Hajj notes was made in May 1950. A new series of notes was released in 1972, under the name of the State Bank of Pakistan rather than the Government of Pakistan. These had an Urdu overprint as well as an English one, saying "For Haj [sic] pilgrims from Pakistan for use in Saudi Arabia only". New notes were printed in 1975 and 1978, reflecting changes in

2880-771: The irrigation system of the country as part of the Indus Basin Project , with the other being the Tarbela Dam situated on the Indus River in Swabi , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The Mangla Dam was constructed at a cost of ₨ 1,558.7 billion ( US$ 14.73 billion) with funding being provided by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank . The dam was constructed between 1961 and 1965 across

2944-404: The omission of figures like Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan , was significant. He explained that the commemorative Rs. 75 banknote, a legal tender, will not impact the overall money supply. Of the 4.3 billion notes being circulated this year, only 65 million will be the Rs. 75 denomination, making it a limited, one-time release. Between 1948 and July 1955, the Pakistani rupee

3008-403: The portraits and numbers on the note have raised printing, allowing identification of the banknote by the visually impaired. During Eid al-Fitr , shopkeepers across Pakistan refused to accept Rs. 75 notes, sparking rumors about the note’s possible demonetization. In response, SBP spokesperson Abid Qamar posted a video on the central bank’s official Twitter account, reassuring the public that

3072-595: The possibility of redemption in India. Printed by the India Security Press in Nasik, these notes consist of Indian note plates engraved (not overprinted) with the words GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN in English and "Hukumat-e-PAKISTAN" in Urdu added at the top and bottom, respectively, of the watermark area on the front only; the signatures on these notes remain those of Indian banking and finance officials. Additionally,

3136-481: The power house will generate 12 percent additional energy per year which will increase its installed capacity from 1,000 MW to 1,120 MW. The Mangla Dam Raising Project, however, has affected more than 40,000 people living in the vicinity of the dam. The total cost of compensation and resettlement was Rs. 70 billion. The resettlement project includes the construction of New Mirpur City , four satellite towns (Islamgarh, Chakswari, Dadyal, Siakh) with all civic amenities,

3200-488: The powerhouse. Each of these turbines has an output of 138,00 bhp with a rated head of 295 feet of water. The first four turbines were manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric , Japan and were installed in 1969, turbines 5 and 6 are manufactured by ČKD Blansko , the Czech Republic and were installed in 1974, turbines 7-8 were manufactured by ACEC , Belgium and were installed in 1981, while the remaining two turbines are

3264-433: The redesign, the State Bank plans to introduce a new polymer plastic banknote in one denomination later this year. "If it is received well by the public, plastic currency will be introduced in other denominations," Ahmed stated (The denominations to be redesigned include Rs 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000).Governor Ahmed also confirmed that there are no plans to cancel the Rs 5,000 note, despite suggestions from some members of

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3328-451: The same year by 1 paisa, 5 and 10 paise coins. In 1963, 10 and 25 paise coins were introduced, followed by 2 paise the next year. Re. 1/- coins were reintroduced in 1979, followed by Rs. 2/- in 1998 and Rs. 5/- in 2002. 2 paise coins were last minted in 1976, with 1 paisa coins ceasing production in 1979. The 5, 10, 25 and 50 paise all ceased production in 1996. There are two variations of Rs. 2/- coins: most have clouds above

3392-459: The serial number font and signature styles. Although the PSPC had been printing lower denomination notes since July 1953, the third series of the 100-rupee note, released in September 1953, was initially produced by Thomas De La Rue in the UK. Subsequently, these notes were printed by the PSPC, with the change in production source identifiable by variations in the serial number font. In 2024

3456-417: The shoulders. The maximum height of embankment above the core trench is 454 ft (138 m) and the length is 8,400 ft (2,600 m). The intake embankment is earthfill type with B-type sandstone as the core material. Gravel is applied on the shoulders. The maximum height of the intake embankment above the core trench is 262 ft (80 m) and the length is 1,900 ft (580 m). Sukian Dam

3520-409: The standard notes. The use of Hajj notes continued until 1978. Until this date, stocks of notes were used without the necessity of printing new notes with the signatures of the later Governors. It is believed that, once the use of Hajj Notes was discontinued, most of the remaining stock of notes was destroyed. However, many notes entered the collector market following their sale to a banknote dealer by

3584-567: The toe of an intake embankment at the ground surface elevation of 865  feet SPD. The water to the powerhouse is supplied through five steel-lined tunnels of 30/26 feet diameter. Each tunnel is designed to feed two generating units. The powerhouse tailrace discharges into New Bong Canal, which has a length of 25,000  feet with a discharge capacity of about 49,000 cusecs, and terminates at an automatic gate control headworks at about 12 km downstream located near old Bong Escape Headworks. There are ten vertical Francis type turbines in

3648-550: The waters of the Ravi , Sutlej and Beas rivers, while Pakistan , in addition to the waters of the aforementioned three rivers' sections within Pakistani territory and some monetary compensation, received the rights to develop the Jhelum , Chenab and Indus river basins. Until 1967, the entire irrigation system of Pakistan was fully dependent on unregulated flows of the Indus River and its major tributaries . The agricultural yield

3712-403: Was 4797.425 Million KWh while the station shared a peak load of 1150 MW which was 8.18% of the total WAPDA system peak. On 1 September 2013, the water level in Mangla Dam reached a record height of 1237.15 feet against the maximum conservation level of 1242 feet. Radio Pakistan reported that "the water level in Mangla Dam has attained the maximum height of 1237.15 feet in the history and it

3776-480: Was devalued in 1949 , in which India followed suit but Pakistan did not. This caused the Pakistani rupee to be valued at a 44% premium to the Indian rupee until the Pakistani rupee was devalued in 1955, returning to parity with the Indian rupee. This parity lasted until India devalued their currency in 1966. Since the United States dollar suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper currency into any precious metal,

3840-411: Was effectively pegged to the U.S. dollar at approximately Rs.3/ 31 per U.S. dollar. Afterwards, this was changed to approximately Rs.4/ 76 per U.S. dollar, a devaluation of 30%, to match the Indian rupee's value. This fixed exchange rate was maintained until 11 May 1972, in which the rupee was devalued to Rs.11/- per dollar. Initially, the Indian and Pakistani rupees were at parity until sterling

3904-552: Was issued on 14 August 1947, by the Governor General of pre-partition British India , following the advice of an expert committee. It designated the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the temporary monetary authority for both India and Pakistan until 30 September 1948. During this transitional period, currency notes issued by the RBI and the Government of India were to remain legal tender in Pakistan. The order also allowed these notes to bear inscriptions of Government of Pakistan in Urdu and English, to be circulated from 1 April 1948. Like

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3968-735: Was razed during the construction of the Mangla Dam, however, a large part remains and serves as a public recreation place. After the completion of Mangla Dam, most of the Baral and Sultanpure Thill area was taken over by the Pakistan Army and converted into a Cantonment whereas a small section within the compound walls of Pakistan Army's officers residences, known as Baral Colony, was allotted to WAPDA named as WAPDA Officers Colony. 33°07′00″N 73°39′00″E  /  33.1167°N 73.6500°E  / 33.1167; 73.6500 Mangla Dam The Mangla Dam ( Urdu : منگلا بند )

4032-467: Was released that Pakistan plans to roll out new banknotes of all denominations, the new currency notes would be of different colors, distinct serial numbers, design and include "high security features." the transition to new banknotes would not be abrupt. Pakistan's central bank will introduce a new polymer plastic currency banknote later this year while also redesigning all existing banknotes to enhance security and incorporate hologram features.In addition to

4096-428: Was very low for a number of reasons, the most significant being a lack of water during critical growing periods. This problem stemmed from the seasonal variations in river flow due to monsoons and the absence of storage reservoirs to conserve the vast amounts of surplus water during those periods of high river discharge. The Mangla Dam was the first of the two dams constructed to reduce this shortcoming and strengthen

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