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107-461: Pre-Spanish era : The region was inhabited by Günuna Kena nomads (also known as northern Tehuelches ). They were later (after the 11th century) strongly influenced by the Mapuche culture. 1577–1857 : First European explorers. Sir Francis Drake made a reconnaissance of the coast and its sea lion colonies; Don Juan de Garay explored the area by land a few years later, in 1581. In 1742, during

214-405: A Symphonic Orchestra. Mar del Plata has a wide variety of clubs located by district: the area of Escollera Norte (known for its quantity of pubs and nightclubs) and Constitution Avenue. The development of the city as a seasonal summer resort in the early 20th century led upper class tourists from Buenos Aires to build a European-inspired architecture, based mainly on the picturesque and later on

321-466: A broad sense to group together indigenous peoples from Patagonia and the Pampas . Several specialists, missionaries and travelers have proposed grouping them together on account of the similarities in their cultural traits, geographic vicinity and languages, even though the languages they spoke amongst themselves were not related to each other and their geographic distributions were extensive. According to

428-561: A certain El Lal was sent. Also, within Tehuelche myth, through the god Temauckel, Erral created humans and taught them how to use bows and arrows. The Tehuelche culture embraced the presence of evil spirits called guarichos. Gualicho . The ancestors of the Tehuelche are probably responsible for the creation of the rock art of Cueva de las Manos , created from about 13,000 to 9,000 years ago up until around 700 A.D. Six thousand years ago

535-424: A chief known as Pitioche and his wife and child were captured. Reports of these shocking facts form part of Christian Báez and Peter Mason's book Zoológicos humanos ( Human Zoos ). Anthropologist Robert Lehmann-Nitsche was also criticized for having studied members of the Tehuelche people who had been abducted and were exhibited in circuses. By decree of President José Evaristo Uriburu on 11 January 1898,

642-652: A city. 1911–1930 : The residents, mostly newly arrived emigrants from Europe, demanded and obtained the control of the Municipality administration. The socialists were the mainstream political force in this period, carrying out social reforms and public investment. The main port was also built and inaugurated in 1916. 1930–1946 : A military coup reinstated the Conservative hegemony in politics through electoral fraud and corruption, but at local levels they were quite progressive, their policies viewed in some way as

749-466: A closer relationship with the languages from Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (southern Chonan) and a more distant relationship with the language of the Gününa küne indigenous group (northern Chonan). Escalada considered the idea that the entire Tehuelche complex had a common linguistic core, called Ken ('people'). Until the 19th century the following languages were recognized: In central Patagonia there

856-420: A continuity of the socialist trend. In 1932, the construction of National Route 2 was completed, which connected Mar del Plata to Buenos Aires. Before this, a dirt road connected Mar del Plata to Buenos Aires using a different route, required almost two days to travel by car. The seaside Casino complex opened in 1939, was designed by architect Alejandro Bustillo , dates from this period. 1946–1955 : Birth of

963-526: A definitive interpretation of the ethnological panorama of Patagonia and the adjacent Northern area ) (1965); Un nuevo panorama etnológico del area pan-pampeana y patagónica adyacente (A new ethnological panorama of the Pan-Pampas and adjacent Patagonian area) (1969); and Bosquejo de una etnología de la provincia de Río Negro (Outline of an ethnology of the Río Negro province) (1985), reaffirming

1070-576: A disagreement in the wording of a clause encompassing the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), with Brazil and Argentina (two countries with highly competitive agricultural industries) in particular refusing to negotiate a deal where the U.S. does not limit barriers and subsidies to the U.S. agricultural industry. Talks about the FTAA, a possible free trade zone encompassing thirty-four nations in

1177-707: A great many subdivisions, as the Leuvuches, or People of the River, and Calille-Het, or People of the Mountains; amongst whom are the Chulilau-cunnees, Sehuau-cunnees, and Yacana-cunnees. All these, except those of the River, are called by the Moluches, Vucha-Huilliches. In 1936 Milcíades Vignati published Las culturas indígenas de la Pampa y Las culturas indígenas de la Patagonia (The Indigenous Cultures of

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1284-645: A morphosyntactic projection in Clarificación lingüística de las relaciones interculturales e interétnicas en la región pampeano-patagónica ( Linguistic Clarification of Intercultural and Inter-ethnic Relations in the Pampas-Patagonian Region ), and in 2005 he developed a phonological description in Voces en el viento ( Voices in the Wind ). Puelche is a dead language . Casamiquela released

1391-544: A mother language called "Ken". He grouped them together geographically into "dry land" and "islanders", denying the existence of a separate "Pampa" group. The names used by Escalada, which he obtained from Mapuche-speaking informants, were: Argentine historian and paleontologist Rodolfo Casamiquela reviewed Escalada's classifications in his books Rectificaciones y ratificaciones hacia una interpretación definitiva del panorama etnológico de la Patagonia y área septentrional adyacente ( Rectifications and ratifications towards

1498-472: A mythical tribe of Patagonian giants . Prior to meeting the Tehuelche groups in person, the explorers had been amazed by the size of their footprints. Enlarged by the animal furs they used as footwear, their feet appeared much larger than those of the Europeans at the time. During the 16th century, the average male height of Europeans at around 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) would have been shorter than

1605-410: A principle part of the Tehuelche diet, leaving guanacos in second place. The Selk'nam from Tierra del Fuego did not develop a comparable dependency on horses. Welsh settlers arrived in the Tehuelche lands of the lower Chubut Valley in 1865. Relations were mostly amicable and have been described as mutual feelings of "trust and admiration". Paternalistic attitudes toward the Tehuelche were common among

1712-484: A state structure, the Tehuelche did not possess an organized religious system (liturgy and vertical structure). However, like all the Pampas and Patagonian peoples, they had a corpus of beliefs based on their own myths and rituals, which were narrated and updated by the shamans who also practiced medicine with the help of the spirits invoked in themselves. The Tehuelche people believed in diverse Earth spirits, along with

1819-541: A supreme deity who created the world but does not intervene in it. One of the cosmological versions of the creation myth is one in which the deity, known as Kóoch, brought order to the world's chaos, creating distinct elements. Similarly, the Selk'nam people from Tierra del Fuego in Argentina, narrated a similar myth where the world creator, a deity known as Kénos' (a variant of Kóoch through a common root). According to this,

1926-521: Is 20.4 °C (69 °F). It is 7.5 °C (45 °F) in July. The West-Southwest winds can take the temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) between mid May and early October, while the Southeast ones (the so-called Sudestada ) are stronger, producing coastal showers and rough seas, as well as strong squalls, but the cold is much less intense. There is fog in the last days of fall, and springtime

2033-536: Is 926.1 millimetres (36 in). "Clima Mar del Plata" (in Spanish). Climate Data. Mar del Plata is the head of the department of General Pueyrredón . The current mayor of the city and department is Guillermo Montenegro, of the Juntos por el Cambio party. The town council has some legislative powers. The term of office for both the mayor and council members is four years. In 1919, Mar del Plata became

2140-422: Is a well-developed packaging machines industry, its quality being recognized in international markets. One of these companies was one of the pioneers in the automatic packaging of tea bags , exporting its original machine-designs abroad. Another company also exports its products and has sold royalties to other countries. During the mid-1980s, Mar del Plata saw the birth of electronics factories, focused mostly on

2247-553: Is a wide variety of art schools: Also, there are two conservatories (classical and popular music), a vocational school of art, and a municipal school of classical and modern dance. Mar del Plata's most popular football (soccer) teams are Aldosivi , Alvarado and Kimberley . Aldosivi plays in Primera Nacional , Alvarado and Kimberley in the Torneo Argentino B . Peñarol and Quilmes de Mar del Plata are

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2354-434: Is also an important sports centre with a multi-purpose Olympic style stadium (first used for the 1978 World Cup and later upgraded for the 1995 Pan American Games ), five golf courses and many other facilities. As an important fishing port, industry concentrates on fish processing and at least two large shipyards. The area is also host to other light industry, such as textile, food manufacturing and polymers . There

2461-457: Is also possible to experience daily highs of 15 °C (59 °F). Winter temperatures average 13 °C (55 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night; they sometimes climb to 22 °C (72 °F) especially in August, but there are also days where highs stay below 6 °C (43 °F) and temperatures fall some degrees below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. Spring brings

2568-484: Is also present in the subsequent cultural developments of the Tehuelche people. From this time and until the European arrival (early 16th century) the Tehuelche people were hunter-gatherers who utilized seasonal mobility, moving towards guanaco herds. During the winter they were in the low areas (meadows, wetlands, shores, lake shores, etc.), and during the summer they moved up to the central plateaus of Patagonia or to

2675-508: Is known about Tehuelche culture before the use of the horse, although their socioeconomic organization resembled that of the Ona people from Tierra del Fuego. The introduction of the horse by the Spaniards, which they became acquainted with as of 1570, transformed the social organization of Tehuelche people: the introduction caused groups to develop dependencies on horses in their daily lives. Like

2782-404: Is not uncommon, but snow accumulation on the ground is rare, a phenomenon that takes place every six years or so, according to the 1960-2004 data. Among the best known such occurrences in the last decades were the 1975 and 1991 snowstorms, but there were also snow accumulations in 1994 and 1997 in the highest hills area of Sierra de los Padres , in 1995 along the southern coast; the other two during

2889-524: Is often marred by sea winds and sudden temperature changes. The city's summer maximum temperatures fluctuate broadly around the average of 26 °C (79 °F): while there are many days between 30 °C (86 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F) (although less than in other areas of the Pampas region), strong on-shore or southerly winds can also keep temperatures closer to 20 °C (68 °F), and nights can sometimes be very cool even in midsummer (falling below 10 °C (50 °F) sometimes). However,

2996-536: Is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the Organization of American States . In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference program. The theme of the Fourth Summits of

3103-486: The Buenos Aires Great Southern reached Mar del Plata in 1886; the first hotels started their activity. The upper-class people from Buenos Aires became the first tourists of the new born village. They also established a local government that reflected their conservative ideals. Build-up of a French style resort. On 19 July 1907, the provincial legislature approved a bill that declared Mar del Plata as

3210-765: The Chonan languages and the Het languages. The available evidence distinguishes between six languages in the Tehuelche complex: the Chon group (Teushen, Aoenek'enk, Selk'nam and Haush), the language of the Gününa küne indigenous group and the language of the Querandí people. The language of the Aonekkenk people appears more closely related to the language of the Teushen people (central eastern Chonan). These languages in turn maintain

3317-601: The Chubut river separated the two largest subdivisions: the "Southern Tehuelche" and "Northern Tehuelche". The first subdivision stretched towards the south to the Strait of Magellan , whereas the second group extended towards the north to the Colorado River (Argentina) and Rio Negro (Argentina) . The presence, or lack thereof, Tehuelche people in the Pampas has led to disagreements among researchers, who have not agreed on

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3424-516: The Mapuche term chewel che, which would mean "brave people", "rugged people", or "barren land people". Another version suggests that it could be derived from one of their factions, the Tueshens, plus the Mapuche word "che" meaning 'people' or 'peoples'. The classification of indigenous groups that lived in the Pampas and Patagonia is confusing due to the different terms that were used to refer to

3531-511: The Peronist movement. A coalition between socialists and radicals defeated this new party by a narrow margin in Mar del Plata, but by 1948 Peronism came to dominate the local administration. The massive tourism, triggered by the welfare politics of Perón and the surge of the middle class marked a huge growth in the city's economy. 1955–1970 : After the fall of Perón , the socialists regained

3638-666: The President of the United States , George W. Bush , on Latin American soil, took place in the days leading up to the summit. The summit was characterized for a regional opposition against the US-sponsored FTAA ( Spanish : ALCA ). The " Summit of the Americas " is the name for a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of North America and South America . The function of these summits

3745-738: The War of Jenkins' Ear , eight survivors of HMS  Wager , part of Admiral Anson expedition and led by midshipman Isaac Morris, lived through a ten-month ordeal before being decimated and captured by the Tehuelches , who eventually handed them to the Spaniards. After holding the Englishmen as prisoners, they returned Morris and his surviving companions to London in 1746. First colonization attempt by Jesuit Order near Laguna de los Padres ended in disaster (1751). 1857–1874 : The Portuguese entrepreneur José Coelho de Meirelles, taking advantage of

3852-473: The art deco styles. This gave Mar del Plata the nickname of the Argentine Biarritz . The building industry became the main non-seasonal activity of the town by 1920. During the 1930s, 1940s, and beyond, local architects and builders, like Auro Tiribelli, Arturo Lemmi, Alberto Córsico-Picollini and Raúl Camusso recreated and transformed the picturesque values into a middle-class scale, marking

3959-531: The neoliberal " Washington Consensus ", the FTAA, and U.S. President George W. Bush. Morales, Maradona and Rodríguez were part of a group of participants who travelled aboard a train named the Expreso del Alba from Buenos Aires to Mar del Plata. Alba is an acronym for Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas (" Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas ") but is also the Spanish word for dawn . The Express

4066-761: The "Peénken" (people of the North), the "Háunikenk" (people of the South), and the "Aónikenk" (the people of the West). In his 1949 piece El complejo tehuelche. Estudio de etnografía patagónica ( The Tehuelche Complex. An Ethnographic study of Patagonians ), the military doctor Federico A. Escalada classified the Tehuelche people from historic periods, on the basis of the Estudio de la realidad humana y de la bibliografía ( Study of Human Reality and Bibliography ), into five simple categories, each with their own language derived from

4173-621: The 16th to the 19th centuries due to their large stature and physical strength. Since the 18th century, there was important commercial activity and product exchanges among the native inhabitants of the Pampas plains and the Sierras of the current Buenos Aires Province , the inhabitants of Northern Patagonia, and those of both edges of the Andes . There were two very important trade fairs in Cayrú and Chapaleofú. These trade fairs, called "Poncho fairs" by

4280-525: The 19th century by Argentina and Chile, gradually disrupting their traditional economies. The establishment of large sheep farming estates in Patagonia was particularly detrimental to the Tehuelche. Contact with outsiders also brought in infectious diseases ushering deadly epidemics among Tehuelche tribes. Most existing members of the group currently reside in cities and towns of Argentine Patagonia. The name "Tehuelche complex" has been used by researchers in

4387-533: The 21st century shows an amazingly quick recovery in all sectors of the ailing economy. In November 2005 the city hosted the 4th Summit of the Americas . As part of the Argentine recreational coast, tourism is Mar del Plata's main economic activity, with over eight million tourists visiting the city in annually. Mar del Plata has a sophisticated tourist infrastructure with numerous hotels, restaurants, casinos, theatres and other tourist attractions. Mar del Plata

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4494-613: The American Continent, began on 11 December 1994 at the first Summit of the Americas in Miami , United States . The concept of a 34-nation free trade zone, however, only came to prominence and the public consciousness seven years later at the Quebec City Summit of the Americas which was met with large protests and demonstrations by people involved in the anti-globalization movement . President Bush stated prior to

4601-610: The Americas was "Creating Jobs to Fight Poverty and Strengthen Democratic Governance". The Declaration and Plan of Action of Mar del Plata, signed by the attending heads of state and government at the conclusion of the event, was expected to deal extensively with the topic of job creation. Nevertheless, most of the deliberations concerned the Free Trade Area of the Americas . These original objectives dealing with job creation in Latin America however quickly dissolved over

4708-514: The Andes mountains where they had, among other sacred sites, Mount Fitz Roy . On 31 March 1520 the Spanish expedition, under the command of Fernando de Magallanes , landed in San Julián Bay to spend the winter there. Here, they made contact with Tehuelche indigenous groups, who they referred to as "Patagones", as told by the scribe, Antonio Pigafetta . Pigaffetta described these people as

4815-611: The Aonekken ("people of the South") people speak the language commonly known as the Tehuelche language or Tshoneka or Aonekkenk, which constitutes the language currently most studied from the group and the only language that continues to be used. There is a group of people who try to recover the language through a program called "Kkomshkn e wine awkkoi 'a'ien" ("I am not ashamed of speaking Tehuelche"). The organization focuses on spreading

4922-536: The Argentine government. His sons, Chiefs Papón and Mulato, ended up on a reserve in southern Chile. The Tehuelche people had to live with Welsh immigrants who, since the second half of the 19th century, began to settle in Chubut: the relations were generally harmonious between the two groups. In 1869, Chief Biguá recognized the need to defend the Welsh against a potential attack from Chief Calfucurá. Little information

5029-581: The Camusu Aike reservation was created for the "gathering of Tehuelche tribes". The reservation is located in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina. In 1922, President Hipólito Yrigoyen created the following reserves by decree: Lago Viedma (Lots 119–117) between 20,000 and 25,000 hectares (200–250 km ; 77–97 sq mi), Lago Cardiel (Lot 6) and Lago Cardiel (Lot 28 bis). The first two were stripped of their status in 1966 and

5136-1022: The Cathedral, the Schoenstatt Sanctuary, the “Christ” of the South Jetty, a replica of the Lourdes Grotto , the Chapels of Stella Maris and Santa Cecilia, of other cults is the Russian Orthodox Church of Mar del Plata. The Muslim community opens the doors of the Sunni Mosque of the Muslim community. For its part, the Jewish community offers visits to the Gabriel Temple. The local Government sponsors

5243-619: The FTAA as a priority because the Doha round not only involves our neighborhood, it involves the whole world", he said. President Bush also went on to urge the Brazilian government to put pressure on the European Union to cut its farm subsidies, a major issue in world trade negotiations. In the midst of protests from the civilian population and after US refusal to end or reduce its protectionism on agricultural markets, and opposition from

5350-462: The Gennakenk people of Neuquén, the upper valley of Río Negro and the so-called 'country of Strawberries', or Chulilaw (the region approximately bounded to the north by Lake Nahuel Huapi, to the east by the low mountains and morraines called Patagónides, to the west by the high summits of the Andes and to the south by Lake Buenos Aires/General Carrera). The horse, or more precisely, the mare, became

5457-579: The Jesuits at the time who recorded their existence (such as Thomas Falkner ), were places for the exchange of various types of products: from livestock and agricultural products to garments, such as ponchos. Cayrú was located in the most western part of the Tandilia system (in the current territory of the Olavarría Partido ). Chapaleofú refers to the homonymic water stream vicinity, situated in

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5564-450: The Mar del Plata Summit that the U.S. would continue to push in favor the FTAA agreement despite opposition from some left-wing governments in the region. Though President Bush acknowledged that progress on the FTAA talks had stalled, he stated that the Doha Round global trade talks aimed at securing a global trade pact by the start of 2006 had to now take priority over the FTAA stating to reporters in Washington: "The Doha round really trumps

5671-500: The Pampas and central and North of Patagonia, producing the Araucanization of a large part of the ancient inhabitants. Finally, the subsequent Conquest of the Desert carried out by the Argentine Army led to the near extinction of these indigenous communities. This historic overview has led to the disagreement among researchers. In the 19th century, explorers such as Ramón Lista and George Chaworth Musters named them "tsóneka", "tsónik" or "chonik". The majority of experts agree that

5778-425: The Pampas and the Indigenous Cultures of Patagonia) in which he proposed that between the 16th and 19th centuries the "Gününa-küne" or "Tuelches" lived from the southern half of the province of Rio Negro to the boundary between the present Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces. The "Serranos" were to the North of them and the "Aônükün'k" or "Patagones" were located to the South. These peoples were divided between three groups:

5885-412: The Patagones and Pehuenches on the banks of the Senguerr River; other combat occurred at Barrancas Blancas and Shótel Káike. By 1828, the Pincheira Royalist army attacked the Tehuelche group in the Bahía Blanca and Carmen de Patagones area. The Tehuelche people south of the Río Negro had a female chief: María la Grande . Her successor, Casimiro Biguá , was the first Tehuelche chief to make treaties with

5992-440: The Patagonian men whose height reportedly averaged above 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) by some accounts and around 183 centimetres (6 ft) by other accounts. Thus the Europeans may have considered them to be "Patones" ('large footed') or the Patagonians may have reminded the explorers of the giant Pathoagón from the knighthood novel Primaleón . The Patagonians' large craniometry made them famous in European literature from

6099-409: The Strait of Magellan: The Tehuelhets, who in Europe are known by the name of Patagons, have been, through ignorance of their idiom, called Tehuelchus; for chu signifies country of abode, and not people; which is expressed by the word het, and, more to the south, by the word kunnee or kunny. These and the Chechehets are known to the Spaniards by the name of Serranos, or Mountaineers. They are split into

6206-443: The Study of the Gününa küne Indian ), claiming that they called their language Gününa yájitch or Pampa. During the 1950s, Casamiquela collected vocabulary, songs and prayers from various elders, outlining a morphosyntactic analysis. In 1960, Ana Gerzenstein made a phonetic and phonological classification in her Fonología de la lengua gününa-këna ( Phonology of the Gününa-këna Language ). In 1991, José Pedro Viegas Barros outlined

6313-429: The Tehuelche and Ranquel peoples adopted many of the Mapuche customs and their language, while the Mapuches adopted parts of the Tehuelche way of life (such as living in tolderías) and thereby, the differences between the two groups were blurred to the point that their descendants refer to themselves as Mapuche-Tehuelche people. During the first half of the 18th century, Chief Cacapol and his son, Chief Cangapol , were

6420-410: The Toldense industry emerged, consisting primarily of goods such as two-sided sub-triangular projectile points, lateral and terminal scrapers, bifacial knives and tools made from bone. Later, between 7000 and 4000 B.C., the Casapedrense industry appeared, characterized by a greater proportion of stone tools made in sheets, which was most likely a demonstration of a specialization in guanaco hunting, which

6527-436: The United States. Along with the American COPsync, Inc, the company developed in 2013 the software for VidTac, an in-car video system for law enforcement, and the internet landing page application Lander, bought by the Silicon Valley company QuestionPro in 2016. Since the 2000s, a local company builds and develops oil industry equipment, with customers in the United States, Russia, Oman and Egypt . Located southwest of

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6634-480: The Welsh. There was a widespread critical view of the Argentine militaries' treatment of the Tehuelche and of traders who provided Tehuelches with alcohol and weaponry. Tehuelches were reportedly seen as uncivilized, savage and childlike by the Welsh. As early as the second half of the 19th century, Tehuelche groups were abducted and displayed against their will in countries such as Belgium , Switzerland , (Germany), France and England. More specific data shows that

6741-467: The beginning of a vernacular architecture , called Mar del Plata Style , consisting in small samples of the luxury-laden summer residences of high society, built for the summer visitor as well as for the local resident. These chalets were built with stone façades , gable roofs covered with Spanish or French tiles, prominent eaves and front porches . This gives the town some distinctive urban character compared with other Argentine cities, despite

6848-402: The city hosted a strong international chess tournament . Tehuelche people The Tehuelche people , also called the Aónikenk , are an Indigenous people from eastern Patagonia in South America. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Tehuelche were influenced by Mapuche people, and many adopted a horseriding lifestyle. Once a nomadic people, the lands of the Tehuelche were colonized in

6955-479: The city there are quartzite quarries. The stone is traditionally used in construction. There is a huge area of farms in the rural areas surrounding the city, specialized mostly in the cultivation of vegetables . In 2012, Mar del Plata became a wine-producing area, when a wine company from Mendoza province produced 20,000 lt from a vineyard at Chapadmalal beach from grape varieties such as Sauvignon blanc , Chardonnay , Riesling and Gewürztraminer . Since then,

7062-465: The coast of the Pacific Ocean. This was the start of cultural exchanges and migratory movements, between distinct groups such as the Tehuelche, Ranquel and Mapuche people. Although Mapuche trade started as a means of fostering commerce and alliances, it was completed by generating a large cultural influence on the Tehuelche and other groups, to the point that it is referred to as the "Mapuchization" or " Araucanization of Patagonia ". A large portion of

7169-428: The coastline, ending at Miramar , 40 km (25 mi) south of Mar del Plata. Route 88 connects to Necochea and Route 226 to Balcarce , Tandil and Olavarría . The city has a bus and train station serving most cities in Argentina . There are two daily trains to Buenos Aires' Constitución station using new trains operated by Trenes Argentinos . These services are part of the General Roca Railway , owned by

7276-502: The country's abundance of wild cattle, built a pier and a factory for salted meat near Cabo Corrientes , but the business only lasted a few years. 1874–1886 : Patricio Peralta Ramos acquired the now abandoned factory along with the surrounding terrain, and founded the town on February 10, 1874. Basque rancher Pedro Luro bought a part of Peralta Ramos land for agricultural production. First docks also erected around this time. 1886–1911 : The railway line from Buenos Aires , built by

7383-404: The current Tandil Partido . Both municipalities, or partidos, are located in the interior of the current Buenos Aires Province . The movements of people to participate in the exchanging of products generated certain cultural exchanges between different groups living anywhere from the humid Pampas, the northern Patagonia, the immediate area near the Andes (both on its western and eastern edges), to

7490-401: The data collected by Hunziker and Claraz to create a comparative vocabulary of Tehuelche languages: El grupo lingüístico tschon de los territorios magallánicos ( The Chonan Linguistic Groups of the Magellanic Territories ). In 1925, Harrington gathered words from bilingual Tehuelche speakers which he published in 1946 in Contribución al estudio del indio gününa küne ( A Contribution to

7597-403: The dawn of the equestrian complex, longitudinal movements (from south to north and vice versa) were very important in establishing extensive exchange networks. In the mid-19th century the Aonikenk exchanged their skins and mollusks for cholilas (strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, Magellan barberry , Chilean pine tree seeds, Cyttaria , buds and Chilean bamboo buds, etc.) and apples with

7704-474: The exclusion zone and ended peacefully. However, radical protesters ( piqueteros , left-wing political parties , anarchist organisations, etc.), who opposed what they considered reformism, organized a second march in which the protests turned violent. Protesters lit fires, hurled Molotov cocktails , and set fire to a bank. Police used tear gas in an attempt to quell the violence. Unconfirmed reports indicate that there were at least twenty injured resulting from

7811-414: The existence of a Tehuelche complex. Casamiquela proposed the following classification for the continental area circa 1700: The different ethnic groups that are recognized under the broad term "Tehuelche" spoke languages whose exact quantity and relationships have been subject to different opinions. For Roberto Lehmann Nitsche, the languages stemming from the Pampas and Patagonia divided in to two groups,

7918-670: The existence of a separate subdivision called the "Pampas", nor what their relationship and borders were with the Mapuches. One of the primary classifications was from English Jesuit Thomas Falkner in his 1774 work A description of Patagonia and the adjoining parts of South America , which introduced the ethnic name ' Het peoples ' for the Puelche people, which included the Tehuelche: The Puelches, or Eastern Peoples ... They bear different denominations, according to

8025-547: The fact that the growing mass of tourists in the '60s imposed the construction of large apartment buildings and skyscrapers as the predominant architectural style downtown. Mar del Plata has an oceanic climate ( Cfb , according to the Köppen climate classification ), with humid and moderate summers and relatively cool winters, although polar air masses from Antarctica are frequent. The average daily mean temperature in January

8132-427: The first and last name of the last Puelche speaker: José María Cual, who died in 1960 at the age of 90. Although mobile, Tehuelche groups tended to move in specific circuits, predominantly from west to east and vice versa. During each season, the groups had places where they would set up camps, known as aik or aiken among themselves, and referred to as tolderías by the Spanish and Creoles . Each Tehuelche group

8239-647: The first hours of July 10, 2004 and July 15, 2010, and again in Sierra de los Padres and the southern coast on September 11, 2015. There were flurries in September 1986, June 2007, July 2011 and August 2013. The record high is 42.4 °C (108 °F) on January 14, 2022 while the record low is −9.3 °C (15 °F) on July 6, 1988. The wet season occurs between October and April, especially in summer (December to March), with values over 90 millimetres (3.5 in) in each of those months. The average annual rainfall

8346-526: The first town in South America to have a Socialist Mayor, a son of Italian Immigrants, Teodoro Bronzini . The Socialist Party would dominate the city political landscape for most of the 20th century. Mar del Plata has had 109 Mayors and Commissioners from 1881 to the present. There is a work by the American political scientist Susan Stokes about the democratic process in Mar del Plata since 1983 in comparison to other regions of Argentina. One of

8453-470: The four Mercosur countries ( Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , and Paraguay ) and Venezuela , which maintained that the U.S.-led proposal would damage their nations' economies, the Summit talks failed to reach an agreement on a regional trade deal. Talks continued beyond the scheduled end of the meeting as supporters of the U.S.-led proposal sought to set another date to continue negotiations. Twenty-nine of

8560-412: The government company Nuevos Ferrocarriles Argentinos . Mar del Plata is the most popular destination for conventions in Argentina after Buenos Aires . Mar del Plata has a wide range of services in this sector. The summer season hosts over fifty theatrical plays. The city has, for those who do religious tourism, an interesting interreligious circuit that includes a visit among Catholics, in addition to

8667-478: The groups. In other cases, the seasonal migrations that they practiced which involved traveling long distances made Europeans that observed them overestimate the number of people from a group or the distribution range of a language. In conjunction with all of these factors, the intrusion of the Mapuches , or Araucans, from the west deeply transformed their cultural reality, intermixing and absorbing ethnic groups from

8774-589: The historian Antonio Pigafetta from Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition in 1520, he referred to the indigenous people he came across in the San Julian Bay as the "Patagoni". In 1535 the historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés explained in his Historia general y natural de las Indias (General and Natural History of the Indies), that "We Spaniards call them the Patagones for their big feet", which

8881-425: The historian Francisco López de Gómara agreed with in 1552. Based on these accounts, the first name the Spanish used to refer to the Tehuelche people was the Patagones. However, some researchers speculate, without verifiable bases, that Magellan could have been inspired by the dog-headed monster from the 1512 novel Primaleón known as "Pathogan". According to the most widespread view, the word Tehuelche comes from

8988-522: The indigenous groups in the North American Great Plains, the Tehuelche also worked the thicket steppes of Patagonia, living mainly off of guanaco and rhea meat (ñandú or choique), followed by South Andean deer , deer , Patagonian mara and even puma and jaguar meat, in addition to certain plants (although late, they learned how to cultivate the land). As for fish and shellfish, there were certain cases where their consumption

9095-524: The language and culture. In 1864, Hunziker recorded a vocabulary and a collection of phrases from a language called Genakenn in the Viedma region. In 1865, the explorer Jorge Claraz traveled from south of Buenos Aires to Chubut being guided by individuals who spoke Gününa iajëch, collecting the names of places, words and sentences in his Diario de viaje de exploración al Chubut ( Chubut exploration travel diary ) (1865–1866). In 1913, Lehmann Nitsche used

9202-409: The local winery turned into a tourist attraction. Microbeweries flourished during the 2010s, amounting by 2016 to one third of the national production. Although the area had suffered from a high rate of unemployment from 1995 to 2003, Mar del Plata has seen 46,000 new jobs created from the third quarter of 2003 to the third quarter of 2008, representing an increase of 22%. The 2008 Davis Cup Final

9309-412: The main theses of her articles is that the social and economic development of Mar del Plata was quite atypical, with a strong prevalence of middle-class values that discouraged the policy of clientelism that is the common background in other urban environments of Argentina. The area has many schools and universities, both private and public. It once had a German school, Johann-Gutenberg-Schule. There

9416-545: The main beach district. Three concentric rings of chain-link fence were erected in the city, and residents living inside were issued special passes to be permitted in to get to their homes. Ships belonging to the Argentine Navy were positioned offshore, while helicopters patrolled the beach area. The Argentine Air Force deployed A-4AR Fightinghawks to the nearest Tandil airbase supported by U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry AWACS operating from Bahía Blanca . There

9523-417: The main political force after the return of Democracy in 1983 . 1989–2010 : Though Peronism replaced the radicals in central government amid a national financial crisis, the latter party continued to rule in Mar del Plata. Some resurgence of mass tourism in the early '90s was followed by a deep social crisis in town, with an increase of poverty, jobless rates and emigration. By contrast, the first decade of

9630-810: The most important chiefs in the regions extending from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Oceans, and from the Río Negro to the Salado River . Cangapol had a seat in the government in the Sierra de la Ventana region, and their people were known as the "Mountain Pampas". The Pampas knew how to align themselves with the Mapuches from the west, to attack the Buenos Aires Campaign in 1740. In this process there were also inter-ethnic struggles and by 1820 heavy combat erupted between

9737-425: The most popular basketball teams. Peñarol have won eight official tournaments (Súper 8, FIBA Americas League , five National Leagues, InterLigas , and Copa Argentina). Mar del Plata hosted the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship , where the city's basketball fans supported Argentina's national basketball team to win the gold medal. All games were played in the 8,000 seat Polideportivo Islas Malvinas . For many years,

9844-509: The most variable weather, with heat waves bringing highs of more than 30 °C (86 °F) followed by highs of 10 °C (50 °F) to 15 °C (59 °F) and perhaps a late-season frosty night all perfectly possible in October and November. There are about six days of frost each year in the city center, and almost 27 recorded at the airport. The average dates for the first and last frost are May 23 and October 4 respectively. Snowfall

9951-547: The nations at the meeting agreed to resume talks over the Free Trade Area of the Americas in 2006; the five dissenters instead proposed to wait for the results of the next World Trade Organization meeting in Hong Kong . Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez pronounced the FTAA "buried". Security for the summit included 10,000 local police and national security forces, including Federal Police , National Gendarmerie and Naval Prefecture . More than twenty streets were blockaded in

10058-408: The native population groups from these regions. There are various causes that have prevented the establishment of one unique and complete classification. Among these circumstances, the extinction of some of these groups, coupled with the vast amount of land on which these groups were distributed, which inhibited Spanish explorers who first identified certain Tehuelche peoples from making contact with all

10165-430: The resources from their territories; a violation of this rule led to war. The Tehuelche had a very organized family unit, in which men were the authoritative figures and women were subordinate. In most family contexts, the father would offer his daughter for marriage in exchange for various goods. Each man could have two or three wives, depending on his status. As in the case of other ethnic groups that did not develop

10272-640: The situation of their respective countries, of because they were originally of different nations. Those toward the north are called Taluhets; to the west and south of these are the Diuihets; to the south east, the Chechehets; and to the south of these last is the country of the Tehuelhets ... or Falkner the "Tehuelhets" or "Patagones" were the Tehuelche people who lived from the banks of the Rio Negro to

10379-481: The summer nights are usually cool to pleasant, with values between 12 °C (54 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F). Traditionally, Easter is seen as the "last" weekend to go to the beach on the Argentine Atlantic Coast , and average maximum temperatures are around 22 °C (72 °F) at that time. While some years can have the last few days of about 30 °C (86 °F) around that time, it

10486-507: The telecommunications field, with two of them, Nexuscom and DelSat, succeeding in the international market. By the 2010s, a local technology company , PCBOX, was manufacturing and developing personal computers , tablet computers , smartphones and action-cams . Also during the decade of 2010, the development of the software industry resulted in the formation of 92 companies and 440 microbusiness. One of these companies, Making Sense, opened offices at San Antonio , Austin and Boston , in

10593-526: The third in 1990. 4th Summit of the Americas The 4th Summit of the Americas was held at Mar del Plata , about 400 km (250 mi) southeast of Buenos Aires in Argentina, on November 4–5, 2005. This summit gathered together the leaders of all the countries of the American continent, except Cuba . Major security arrangements and massive popular protests against the presence of

10700-416: The upper hand in local politics; the city reached the peak in activities like construction business and building industry. There was massive emigration from other regions of Argentina. 1970–1989 : Slight decline of tourism demand, counterbalanced by the increase of other industries such as fishing and machinery. General infrastructure renewal under the military rule. The centrist Radical Civic Union becomes

10807-425: The violence. [3] During the incident, MSNBC reported that 60 arrests had been made by 7:50 p.m. local time. The downtown streets of Mar del Plata seemed empty and ghostlike by the time rioting had started. On MSNBC during the incident, NBC News Chief White House Correspondent David Gregory and The Washington Post reporter Michael Fletcher attributed this to the widespread anticipation among locals that

10914-460: Was a one hundred mile no-fly zone in effect around the city for the duration of the summit with orders given for any planes in violation to be shot down. Leading up to the summit, Bolivian presidential candidate Evo Morales , Argentine soccer legend Diego Maradona , and Cuban singer and composer Silvio Rodríguez travelled together to take part in the "Peoples' Summit" or the "American Anti-Summit", summoning Latin American activists who oppose

11021-521: Was also an ancient transition language between the Penkkenk and the Aonekkenk languages, called Tehuesh (Tewsün, Téushenkenk or Teushen), which was gradually replaced by the Aonekkenk language. However, a large portion of the current names of places in the central plateau retain their Tewsün roots today; for example, the name of the Chubut Province is derived from the term " chupat" . Finally,

11128-410: Was banned: for example, some groups had prohibited the consumption of fish. Their groups used to consist of between 50 and 100 members. The adoption of the horse meant an extensive social change in Tehuelche culture: the new mobility altered their ancestral territories and greatly affected their movement patterns. Before the 17th century east–west movements prevailed in pursuit of guanacos; however, as of

11235-411: Was composed of various kinship and they had specific territories for hunting and gathering. The boundaries of these territories were defined through ancestry by markers with unknown significance: a hill, a trough, a hollow, or important tree. In cases where a group could not satisfy their needs in their own territory, they had to ask for the permission of neighboring people from the same ethnic group to use

11342-969: Was held in Mar del Plata. After being shut for a decade, the Gran Hotel Provincial (one of the largest hotels in Argentina) was reopened by the Madrid -based NH Hotels , in 2009. Mar del Plata continues to lead Argentina's room availability: of 440,000 registered hotel rooms nationwide in early 2009, the city was home to nearly 56,000 (5,000 more than Buenos Aires ). Mar del Plata is served by Astor Piazzolla International Airport (MDQ/SAZM) with daily flights to Buenos Aires served by Aerolíneas Argentinas and weekly flights to Patagonia served by LADE . Due to COVID-19 pandemic , flights were reduced just to two daily flights to Buenos Aires served by Aerolineas Argentinas. Highway 2 connects Mar del Plata with Buenos Aires and Route 11 connects it through

11449-584: Was joined by road by hundreds of buses carrying members of political and social organisations, protests organizers claimed days before the summit. [1] The group arriving in Mar del Plata aboard the ALBA Express went to the World Cup Stadium where Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez spoke to the crowd, then joined the "peoples' march" summoned to repudiate the presence of George W. Bush in Latin America. [2] The march did not come close to

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