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58-531: Martin went to the American School of Bilbao (Spain), where he received his primary and secondary education. Since 2011, he has been an official staff volunteer at Euskal Encounter, Gipuzkoa Encounter and Araba Encounter LAN parties . He is the coordinator of the Free Software area, where he organizes the "Hack It / Solve It" competition (a cybersecurity challenge known as capture the flag ) and

116-401: A central location or one that is known to all participants. Such events are often organized quickly with little planning, and some overnight events, with some stretching into days (or even weeks). Because of the small number of players, games are usually played on small levels and/or against bots . If the venue lacks Wi-Fi , an ad hoc network may be set up, thereby eliminating the need for

174-626: A hundred or more. Small parties can form spontaneously and take advantage of common household networking equipment, but larger ones typically require more planning, equipment and preparation, even dedicated gaming servers . As of 2020, the world record for the size of a LAN party is 22,810 visitors, set at DreamHack , in Jönköping , Sweden . Usually, smaller LAN parties consist of people bringing their computers over to each other's houses to host and play multiplayer games. These are sometimes established between small groups of friends, and hosted at

232-518: A low-calorie "instant" energy drink that can be taken in one swallow (or "shot"), as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can, which may contain 250 calories or more. A common energy shot is 5-hour Energy which contains B vitamins and caffeine in an amount similar to a cup of coffee. Energy drinks such as Red Bull are often used as mixers with alcoholic drinks , producing mixed drinks such as Vodka Red Bull which are similar to but stronger than rum and coke with respect to

290-669: A match. As well as counting for standings in national and international gaming leagues such as the CPL there are regular events such as QuakeCon in which the very best players from around the world compete against one another, much like in popular sports. Practice matches are usually held prior to a match so competitors can get a rough idea of what they are up against. Often case modders and overclockers attend these events to display their computers, which otherwise would be seen by few. Some come just to display their computers and look at others' computers. Some attendees also use these parties for

348-588: A time due to the high caffeine and taurine content. Classified as a drug, only limited amounts were allowed to be imported for personal use. In May 2009, it became legal to sell in Norway as the ban was in conflict with the European Economic Area 's laws on free competition. The Norwegian version has reduced levels of vitamin B6 . The Norwegian Food Safety Authority initially recommended an age limit on

406-414: A wired network. Providing refreshments is often also a duty of the host, though guests are usually asked to contribute. In larger parties where participants may not all know each other personally, an entry fee may even be charged. Another tradition of some small groups is to purchase large amounts of fast food for consumption over many days. Many LAN participants will also bring food or drink to consume over

464-465: A youthful audience through social media channels. Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there

522-625: Is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country, and Australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day. Bridgetown in Western Australia became the first place in Australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of February 2023. Canada limits the amount of caffeine per serving to 180 mg. Energy drinks are also subject to certain labelling requirements. Some imported energy drinks have surpassed

580-548: Is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature. According to the Mayo Clinic , it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day. This has been confirmed by a panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults. According to

638-524: Is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as "energy", but distinct from food energy ). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain sugar, other sweeteners, or herbal extracts , among numerous other possible ingredients . They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels , and distinct from sports drinks , which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category. Energy drinks have

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696-541: Is no scientific consensus to support these claims. Energy drinks have been associated with many health risks, such as an increased rate of injury when usage is combined with alcohol, and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions. Populations at risk for complications from energy drink consumption include youth, caffeine-naïve or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant, competitive athletes and people with underlying cardiovascular disease. Energy drinks are usually marketed to young people and provide

754-1104: Is not required to be displayed on product labels for food. However, companies often place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label regardless, and some advocates are urging the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change this practice. Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teens, and young adults. Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens' sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks , and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias . The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions. In Europe, energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with

812-454: The Quake , Left 4 Dead , Call of Duty , Battlefield , Doom and Halo series. Prizes may be awarded to winners, and can include computer hardware such as overclocking kits, cases, lights, fans, graphics cards and sometimes even complete computers (often considered humorous as typically the winner of the competition would already have (and be competing on) a custom PC far superior to

870-559: The PlayStation 4 and demonstrated that at the 33rd Chaos Communication Congress by running Steam inside Linux. He wrote the usbmuxd tool for synchronizing data from iPhones to Linux computers. In 2021, Martin founded the Asahi Linux project, an effort to port Linux to the new Apple silicon -powered Macs . He currently remains the lead developer on the project. While reverse engineering Apple's hardware, Martin discovered

928-755: The Red Bull product, a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century. Mateschitz developed Red Bull based on the Thai drink Krating Daeng , itself based on Lipovitan. Red Bull became the dominant brand in the US after its introduction in 1997, with a market share of approximately 47% in 2005. In New Zealand and Australia, the leading energy drink product in those markets, V , was introduced by Frucor Beverages . The product now represents over 60% of market in New Zealand and Australia. In 2002, Hansen Natural Company introduced

986-517: The functional beverages ' added ingredients such as B vitamins, inositol, glucuronolactone, and taurine. It argued that nutritional supplements should be added to foods only when necessary for public health, such as in the case of iodised salt . High caffeine content was also stated as an issue – only amounts up to 150 mg/L were allowed in beverages; in 2009 the limit was raised to 320 mg/L and taurine and glucuronolactone were approved as ingredients, making energy drinks legal. As of 2024 ,

1044-775: The health effects of caffeine . Health experts agree that energy drinks which contain caffeine do improve alertness. There is no reliable evidence that other ingredients in energy drinks provide further benefits, even though the drinks are frequently advertised in a way that suggests they have unique benefits. The dietary supplements in energy drinks may be purported to supply benefits, such as for vitamin B12 , but no claims of using supplements to enhance health in otherwise normal people have been verified scientifically. Marketing of energy drinks has been particularly directed towards teenagers, with manufacturers sponsoring or advertising at extreme sports events and music concerts, and targeting

1102-804: The " M1racles " security vulnerability on the Apple M1 processor. LAN parties A LAN party is a social gathering of participants with personal computers or compatible game consoles , where a local area network (LAN) connection is established between the devices using a router or switch , primarily for the purpose of playing multiplayer video games together. LAN party events differ significantly from LAN gaming centers and Internet cafes in that LAN parties generally require participants to bring your own computer (BYOC) and are not permanent installations, often taking place in general-use venues or residences. The size of these networks may vary from as few as two people to very large gatherings of

1160-613: The "AI Contest" competition. He has been part of fail0verflow, (formerly known as Team Twiizers) where he was responsible for reverse engineering and hacking the Wii . He was the first to write an open source driver for the Microsoft Kinect by reverse engineering for which he was widely credited. Sony sued him and others for hacking the PlayStation 3; the case was eventually settled out of court. In 2016, he ported Linux to

1218-478: The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration advises against energy drink consumption for children; with only limited consumption of energy drinks (250 mL (8.5 U.S. fl oz) per day, assuming no other caffeine intake) for children between 15 and 17 years old. In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under

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1276-526: The EFSA this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee (90 mg each) or 2 1/2 standard cans (250 ml) of energy drink (160 mg each/80 mg per serving). Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmia ), and dyspepsia . In the United States, caffeine dosage

1334-410: The US in 2010. Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water , and high-fructose corn syrup or sugar (for non-diet versions). Other common ingredients are guarana , yerba mate , açaí , and taurine , plus various forms of ginseng , maltodextrin , inositol , carnitine , creatine , glucuronolactone , sucralose or ginkgo biloba . In

1392-516: The United States, some energy drinks, including Monster Energy and Rockstar Energy, were reported to be rebranding their products as drinks rather than as dietary supplements. As drinks they would be relieved of FDA reporting requirements with respect to deaths and injuries and can be purchased with food stamps , but must list ingredients on the can. Some places ban the sale of prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drinks, which can be described as energy drinks containing alcohol. In response to these bans,

1450-427: The United States, the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250 mg per 8 fluid ounce (237 ml) serving. The FDA recommends that 400 mg per day is safe for adults, while 1200 mg per day can be toxic . Globally, energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults. In 2017, global energy drink sales were about 44 billion euros . In 2017, manufacturers were modifying

1508-415: The age of 18. In November 2012, President Ramzan Kadyrov of Chechnya (Russian Federation) ordered his government to develop a bill banning the sale of energy drinks, arguing that as a form of "intoxicating drug", such drinks were "unacceptable in a Muslim society". Kadyrov cited reports of one death and 530 hospital admissions in 2012 due to "poisoning" from the consumption of such drinks. A similar view

1566-512: The age of 18. In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the AFP reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week. Norway did not allow Red Bull for

1624-515: The amount of caffeine that they contain. Sometimes this is configured as a bomb shot , such as the Jägerbomb or the F-Bomb — Fireball Cinnamon Whisky and Red Bull. Caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations. The American products Four Loko and Joose originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in

1682-636: The comfort of their own homes rather than the inconvenience of packing and then setting up their PC's to the LAN party host's location. While traditional LAN parties have solely consisted of computer gaming, the widespread adoption of network-centric console platforms, such as Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , has led to an evolution in LAN parties. Modern consoles equipped with Ethernet ports are able to communicate with each other over standard routers or switches, much like traditional computers. Console-LAN attendees need only their console, games, and television to garner

1740-449: The composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories, caffeine content, "clean" labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients, exotic flavors, and ingredients that may affect mood . In 2020, Red Bull had the largest global market share among energy drinks, at 43%, followed by Monster Energy at 39%, Rockstar Energy at 10%, and Amp and NOS , at 3% each. Some countries have certain restrictions on

1798-462: The course of the party—though they can be held at any hour, many LAN parties begin late in the evening and run through the next morning, making energy drinks a popular choice. When some of the participants cannot be present or when merging a few LAN parties together, VPN software such as Hamachi can be used to arrange computers over the Internet so they appear to be on the same LAN. Normally,

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1856-487: The deaths of athletes. Reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor, and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine; the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children not consume caffeinated energy drinks. Dr. Enuf , an "energy building" soft drink containing caffeine and B vitamins,

1914-411: The early morning hours. Large parties can last for several days with no scheduled breaks. Most of the time, sleep is compromised to play for extended periods of time lasting from night to morning. There are also designated rooms separated from the LAN party for sleep. Energy drink An energy drink is a type of functional beverage containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine , which

1972-482: The effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance , such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients. Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there

2030-509: The energy drink Monster Energy . Hansen Natural Company changed their name to Monster Beverage Corporation after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after Monster Energy became the largest source of revenue. The company's previous beverages were taken ownership of by the Coca-Cola Company . The energy shot product, an offshoot of the energy drink, was launched in the US with products such as 5-Hour Energy , which

2088-417: The form of regular barbecues or even employment of a catering staff running a public canteen. Gaming clans — groups of gamers that often play in team games—often use these gatherings to meet one another, since they typically play together over the Internet between other parties with little real-world contact. Their goal is often to win tournaments. Clans are often in "ladders" where they move up after winning

2146-403: The host will host the games but sometimes at very small LAN parties (e.g. 2 or 3 people) all participants will connect to an online internet server and add a word in front of their name to tell everyone else that they are a clan or group. At bigger LANs (e.g. 5 or more people) the host or a friend of the host will use a spare PC as a game server to serve all the participants. Usually the host and/or

2204-524: The legal limit and were recalled. The Canada Border Services Agency is supposed to stop such products from entering the country but does not often patrol energy drinks to verify that they meet regulations. In 2009 under the Ministry of Social Protection , Colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14. In 1997, Denmark banned the sale of Red Bull. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration criticized

2262-652: The main attraction. Amongst these are demoparties such as Assembly and hacker conventions such as DEF CON . In the traditionally active demoscene countries, such as those in Northern Europe , the LAN party culture is often heavily influenced by demoparties. This is due to the fact that many of the largest demoparties were already well established in the early 1990s and their facilities were also suitable for large-scale LAN party activity. This eventually led to gaming clans and other similar groups to attend these events and regard them merely as large LAN parties. On

2320-482: The main reasons for running such servers is so file sharing can be monitored/controlled while standard Windows file sharing ( SMB/CIFS ) can be blocked, thus preventing the spread of SMB/CIFS-based viruses. Most P2P setups used at LAN parties also have a 'centralized' chat area, where all members of the LAN party can converse in an IRC -like environment. There are also other kinds of parties not referred to as "LAN parties" where temporary LANs are built but are not used as

2378-407: The marketers can change the formula of their products. In January 2019, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan signed a law that imposes a number of restrictions on energy drinks. To protect the younger generation, a rule was introduced prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to persons under the age of 18. Advertising of energy drinks was prohibited on television and radio from 7:00 to 22:00. It

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2436-471: The organisers risk losing tens of thousands of dollars) and provide prizes for attendees. LAN parties have their own unique culture. Enthusiasts often show off computers with extravagant aftermarket cooling systems, LED lighting effects, multi-display setups, and custom-built cases, and many other enhancements. Highly caffeinated drinks, termed energy drinks , are very popular in these events to improve concentration and stamina, since LAN parties often run into

2494-613: The other hand, it is not uncommon for "pure" LAN parties in Northern Europe to organize some demoscene-like competitions in areas such as computer graphics or home videos. Many computer companies, including NVIDIA , Cooler Master , Cyber Snipa , Antec , Corsair , Alienware , SteelSeries , Tesoro , and Thermaltake , offer sponsorship packages to large LAN parties, with funding, prizes, or equipment given in return for advertising. Many large-scale LAN parties seek such sponsorship, in order to reduce operating risk (often

2552-443: The owner are administrators. The group can play together in another server as well if they wish as long as they are in the same LAN. Private LAN parties were at their peak in popularity during the late 1990s to early 2000s when broadband internet access was either unavailable or too expensive for most people at the time. Another purpose for attending private LAN parties was also the opportunity to share software, movies or music among

2610-635: The participants. File-sharing over LAN networks provided a convenient way to exchange content among participants, as most average internet users did not have access to the high-speed and bandwidth that a broadband Internet connection offers to accommodate large file size downloads. Since the wide availability of high-speed internet, friends can more easily remotely play their multiplayer games together, using gaming-orientated software such as TeamSpeak , Discord and Steam . Social media can also assist in online meet-ups and communication for groups of friends to be able to play their multiplayer games online together, in

2668-484: The prize). The duration of events is not standardized; organized parties often last for a weekend. Big LAN parties often offer a quiet place to sleep, shower, and eat, as well as hired security , alternative entertainment (such as music), and a dedicated support crew, as well as a professionally managed network including a connection to the Internet. Catering might come in the form of a bar , delivered food such as pizza, or nearby shops. Some parties come fully catered in

2726-483: The products of this kind bear little resemblance to soft drinks, and are sold instead in small brown glass medicine bottles, or cans styled to resemble such containers. These eiyō dorinku (literally, ' nutritional drinks ' ) are marketed primarily to salarymen . Bacchus-F , a South Korean drink closely modeled after Lipovitan, also appeared in the early 1960s and targets a similar demographic. In Europe, Dietrich Mateschitz , an Austrian entrepreneur, introduced

2784-429: The purpose of file sharing . Copyright infringement via file sharing is often discouraged or forbidden by the larger parties. However, enforcement is rare and spotty due to the time involved and often a lack of desire by organizers. Some LAN parties actively support file sharing for legitimate purposes (game patches, updates, user-contributed content), and may run Direct Connect hubs or other P2P service servers. One of

2842-608: The sale and manufacture of energy drinks. A ban was challenged in the European Court of Justice in 2004 and consequently lifted. In Australia and New Zealand, energy drinks are regulated under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ; limiting the caffeine content of 'formulated caffeinated beverages' (energy drinks) at 320 mg/L (9.46 mg/oz) and soft-drinks at 145 mg/L (4.29 mg/oz). Mandatory caffeine labeling

2900-566: The sale of energy drinks in 2019. In 2024 the Norwegian Consumer Council called for an age limit after seeing energy drink sales increase dramatically since 2019. The Food Safety Authority, as of 2024 , now disagrees with an age limit as it states it is hard to ascertain if children, specifically, are drinking more energy drinks. A majority of Norwegians support an age limit on energy drink purchases. Since 1 January 2024, energy drinks have been banned for individuals under

2958-583: The sale of energy drinks to under-16s. The UK government plans to end the sale of energy drinks to under-16s in the future. In January 2018, many United Kingdom supermarkets banned the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150 mg of caffeine per liter to people under 16 years old; this was followed by the UK government announcing that it planned to ban all sales of energy drinks to minors in 2019. However, in 2022 such plans were reported to have been scrapped by Health Secretary Sajid Javid . As of 2013 in

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3016-771: The same local gaming experience as their computer-based counterparts. Many popular multiplayer games for the console have also been ported to the PC (e.g. Battlefield: Bad Company 2 and Halo: Combat Evolved ). Developers have given consumers the choice to enjoy the same multiplayer games on multiple platforms, paving way for an alternative stage in 21st-century LAN parties. Many commercialized parties offer various tournaments, with competitions in such games as StarCraft , Warcraft III , World of Warcraft , Counter-Strike: Source , Counter-Strike: Global Offensive , Unreal Tournament , Fortnite , Kirby Air Ride , PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds , Garry's Mod , and games from

3074-614: The word energy drink was listed for the first time in the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary . Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles. Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. The marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as

3132-649: Was a preventative measure, as all research shows that consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class." The school negotiated for their local branch of the Tesco supermarket to display posters asking students not to purchase the products. Similar measures were taken by a school in Oxted , England, which banned students from consuming drinks and sent letters to parents. While not yet age-restricted by legislation, all major UK supermarkets have agreed to voluntarily stop

3190-486: Was also completely banned in printed publications intended primarily for children and adolescents, in medical, sports and educational institutions. In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and sale of energy drinks. As recommended by FSSAI, taurine is limited to 2000 mg/day, D-glucuronic-Y-lactone is limited to 1200 mg/day, Inositol

3248-480: Was created in the United States in 1949. The New York Times states that "the energy drink, as we know it", however, was born in post World War II Japan. In 1962, Taisho Pharmaceutical produced Lipovitan D, a herbal “energizing tonic” that was sold in minibar-sized bottles. The tonic was originally marketed towards truck drivers and factory workers who needed to stay awake for long shifts. However, in Japan, most of

3306-511: Was expressed by Gennady Onishchenko , Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia. In 2001, the UK Committee on Toxicity investigated Red Bull, finding it safe but issuing a warning against its consumption by children and pregnant women. In 2009, a school in Hove , England, requested that local shops refrain from selling energy drinks to students. Headteacher Falklanda Sanders added that "This

3364-456: Was first released onto the market in 2004. A consumer health analyst explained in a March 2014 media article: "Energy shots took off because of energy drinks. If you’re a white collar worker, you’re not necessarily willing to down a big Monster energy drink, but you may drink an energy shot." In 2007, energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced, whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink. On 14 August 2012,

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