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69-527: One of the oldest in the world, the Spanish national anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfantª Española ( Book of the Ordinance of Newly Played Military Fife and Drum Calls by The Spanish Infantry ), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled La Marcha Granadera (English: March of

138-422: A movable-do system, and then to express any pitch having a given scale degree in the context of a given musical piece, regardless of that pitch's absolute value, in terms of a staff position defined as corresponding to that scale degree. The more specific effect is to treat fife subtypes sounding in different keys as comparable to transposing-instrument subtypes (e.g., of clarinet) sounding in those keys except that

207-481: A 10-hole (Model L). Two of the holes were used by the right hand middle finger – covering only one of the two produced F ♮ . Some players found this quite difficult, so eventually (c. 1970s), an 11-hole model was introduced, the Model M, with both the original double right hand middle finger holes and a right hand thumb hole to choose from for the F ♮ . These were actually ideas derived from several makers of

276-458: A Boehm style bore (cylindrical foot and truncated parabolic head) and large tone holes. Custom "Swiss Cheese" models feature even larger tone holes, to produce a stronger and more mellow tone when played in the lowest octave. Tuning is further refined than on the McDonagh. Healy fifes also offer more dynamic control than the McDonagh models. Simultaneously with the emergence of the McDonagh fife,

345-549: A demand for fifes that were superior in intonation and better suited for group playing than those used during the Civil War. This call was answered by the Cloos Company of Brooklyn, New York, and their Crosby Model fife. These fifes were one piece, cylindrical bore instruments with six irregularly sized and placed tone-holes. Compared to fifes made before this time, Cloos fifes were easier to play, better tuned, and produced

414-734: A headquarters and museum in Ivoryton, Connecticut . Fife alone, or fife and drum, is also used in numerous European countries, especially in the South of France ( Occitania ): Languedoc and the county of Nice; in Switzerland (notably Basel ); and in Northern Ireland, where it is often accompanied by the lambeg drum . Modern players of Celtic music , folk music , old-timey music , and folk-rock include fifing in their arrangements of tunes and songs. The Junkanoo festival of

483-468: A la mano hasta el fin, al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie! Flag of Spain (Chorus) Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Life, life, future of the Fatherland, in your eyes it is an open heart Purple and gold: immortal flag; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Purple and gold: to want and to achieve; You are, flag,

552-494: A lathe-turned, knob-like decoration at the ends for protection. Modern fifes may have two- or three-piece constructions, and may incorporate a sliding tuning joint made of metal or cork. Fifes are most commonly used in Fife and Drum Corps, but can also be found in folk music , particularly Celtic music . Some Caribbean music makes use of fifes, which are usually made from bamboo . The names of different varieties of fife follow

621-495: A maker named Ed Ferrary assumed the mantle of the now-defunct Cloos company, producing traditional 6-hole cylindrical fifes. For those who continue to play traditional fifes, the Ferrary became the fife of choice. After Mr. Ferrary's death, his tooling and equipment were purchased for Ed Bednarz of Warehouse Point, Connecticut , who markets his fifes through outside sellers, including fellow Lancraft fifer Ed Boyle of Philadelphia and

690-463: A much louder sound. After the death of Cloos Company founder George Cloos in 1910, the company continued to make fifes under the aegis of his son Frederick until it was bought out by Penzel-Mueller in 1946. Penzel-Mueller continued to make Cloos fifes for another six years after the buyout. In 1958, a new model fife designed by fifer John McDonagh was manufactured in Germany. This model was used by

759-531: A musician from Mississippi , who played blues on homemade cane fifes. There remains an active and enthusiastic group, primarily in the northeastern United States, that continues to play fife and drum music in a folk tradition that has gone on since the American Civil War . The center of this activity is in eastern Connecticut . There is a loose federation of corps, though not a governing body, called The Company of Fifers and Drummers, which maintains

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828-413: A national contest to create a new official state anthem, and a jury consisting of three well-known composers was chosen to designate a winning entry. Although over 400 compositions were submitted, including those written by the young composers Federico Chueca , Ruperto Chapí and Tomás Bretón , a new anthem was never selected. After extensive deliberations, the jury had advised that Marcha de Granaderos

897-508: A number of years, both Larry Trout and Wilson Woods made McDonagh fifes jointly – Trout the fish-marked familiar McDonagh Model and Wilson the Regimental Model. Eventually, both men discontinued making fifes as of 2003. Most recently, The Cooperman Company, founded by Patrick H. Cooperman, took over the manufacture of McDonagh fifes. Cooperman had ventured himself into the concert-fifemaking world in about 1985 with his own version of

966-545: A profusion of Native American, African and European traditions. When played in its upper register, the fife is loud and piercing, yet also extremely small and portable. According to some reports, a band of fifes and drums can be heard up to 3 miles (4.8 km) away over artillery fire. Because of these qualities, European armies from the Renaissance on found it useful for signaling on the battlefield. Armies from Switzerland and southern Germany are known to have used

1035-628: A rendition of " You'll Never Walk Alone " at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee (COE), Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to La Marcha Real ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games . That same year Telecinco , enticed by the COE, organized a national contest and posted 25 different lyrics on their website which they thought best matched COE's requirements. The winner

1104-423: A second hole under the right middle finger. Fifes are made primarily of wood, such as blackwood , grenadilla , rosewood , mopane , pink ivory , cocobolo , boxwood , maple , or persimmon . Some fifes are entirely made of metal or plastic. Military and marching fifes have metal reinforcing bands, called ferrules , around the ends to protect them from damage. A fife used in less strenuous conditions may have

1173-590: A supposed Prussian origin for Marcha Real . According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the Count of Colomera , who was serving in the Prussian Court to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II's army, under orders of King Charles III . In 1868, this spurious history was published in Los Sucesos , changing the beneficiary of the gift to the Count of Aranda . The myth

1242-441: A tube with six finger holes and an embouchure hole that produces sound when blown across. Modern versions of the fife are chromatic , having 10 or 11 finger holes that allow any note to be played. On a 10-hole fife, the index, middle and ring fingers of both hands remain in the same positions as on the six-hole fife, while both thumbs and both pinkies are used to play accidentals. An 11-hole fife has holes positioned similarly but adds

1311-549: A two-piece fife, as well as an acoustically correct one-piece version, through the assistance of a few key players. Though the fifes played and sold well, they had not reached the popularity of the McDonagh. The early 1990s saw the emergence of the Healy Flute Company as a major player in the manufacture of fifes. Founder Skip Healy is a champion fife player and well known Irish flute player from Rhode Island . His fifes are two-piece, six or ten hole instruments with

1380-509: Is a six-hole simple system flute. These flutes are unable to play all chromatic pitches, while many of the chromatic pitches which they can play are grossly out of tune. Because of these restrictions on available notes, the common six-hole fife is for practical purposes capable of playing only in the written keys of D (concert B ♭ ) major, G (concert E ♭ ) major, A (concert F) major, and those keys’ relative minors . An experienced fife player can play three full octaves , although

1449-552: Is a small, high-pitched, transverse aerophone , that is similar to the piccolo . The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often used in fife and drum corps , military units , and marching bands . Someone who plays the fife is called a fifer . The word fife comes from the German Pfeife , meaning pipe, which comes from the Latin word pipare . The fife is a diatonically tuned instrument commonly consisting of

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1518-718: The Himno de Riego was adopted as the anthem of the republic. The current symphonic version of the Marcha Real that replaced the Pérez Casas one was written by maestro Francisco Grau and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the Marcha Real , then belonging to Pérez Casas's heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560/1997, it should be in

1587-566: The American Revolutionary War , the British and Americans used the so-called Scotch and English Duties , specified melodies associated with various military duties. American martial music was influenced by that of the British military throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By the early 19th century, warfare was changing and fifes were no longer practical as combat signaling devices, being gradually replaced by

1656-513: The Bahamas and Jamaica includes the music of bamboo fifes. In the rural lands of northeast Brazil , people use a bamboo fife named Brazilian fife (in Brazil it is called pife nordestino or just pife ). This fife is a mix of Native American flute traditions with European fife traditions. The groups that use this instrument utilize only flute and percussive elements in their music, in

1725-509: The Grenadiers ). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer. There is a misconception that its author was Frederick II of Prussia , a great lover of music. That mistaken belief arose in 1861 when it was published as fact in the periodical La España militar ( Military Spain ). In 1864, Col. Antonio Vallecillo published the story in the diary El Espíritu Público ( The Public Spirit ), claiming

1794-757: The King , while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias , the President of the Government of Spain , or during sporting events. There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau and requested by the Government of Spain . All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by

1863-596: The Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time. As the harmonisation of Marcha Real was written by Pérez Casas in the early 20th century, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas' estate in 1997 for 130 million pesetas (781,315.734 euros ) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires,

1932-941: The Trooping of the Colour . Amateur historical reenactment groups and dedicated civil bands sometimes feature fife and drum corps sporting period military costumes from the Revolutionary War , the War of 1812 , the Mexican War or the American Civil War. Military fife and drum bands can be heard in Germany, where they are part of the Bundeswehr . The Bundeswehr Staff Band Berlin and the Bundeswehr Band Bonn have fifes and drums assigned, as do

2001-672: The infantry bugle . They were still used as signaling (as opposed to musical) instruments by American units during the Civil War, but were gradually phased out by the 1880s (the same case in France). A similar evolution occurred in the British Army. The US Marines were the last American units to drop fifers from their rolls. However, the British have an unbroken tradition of using fife and drum corps attached to their infantry regiments, with whom they still parade regularly. Germany also continued an unbroken tradition of fife and drum corps until

2070-406: The violin or piano . The fife can still be heard in some Appalachian folk music , playing lively dance tunes. American slaves adopted fifes in their musical traditions, which derived from African music . The tradition developed into fife and drum blues , a genre that continued throughout the 20th century but has since died out. One of the most famous artists in the tradition was Othar Turner ,

2139-600: The 18th–19th century uniforms of the Guardias de Corps , and the Spanish Army's 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ also has a dedicated fife and drum unit. The modern era of fifing in the United States began in about 1880, with the popularizing of civilian fife and drum corps in a musical tradition that has come to be known as Ancient fife and drum (or simply Ancient). The rise of these corps led to

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2208-533: The A major version is optional. The bugle call To the Colors in Spain is the version played by Bugle bands in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem (the old official one, adapted for

2277-615: The Cloos tradition, with variations intended to improve intonation. In 1975, Patrick Cooperman opened his full-time workshop in Centerbrook, Connecticut , making traditional fifes, drums and drumsticks. The Cooperman Company has remained in operation under the control of other family members since Patrick's death in 1995, and in 2006 combined its Connecticut and Vermont operations under one roof in Bellows Falls, Vermont . Now known as

2346-467: The Cooperman Company, Cooperman continues to make student fifes in plastic and domestic hardwoods, as well as the original Cooperman model one piece fife in exotic woods. Other manufacturers of Ancient fifes include Ralph Sweet of Enfield, Connecticut 's Sweetheart Flute Company, whose Cloos model fifes most closely resemble the original instrument. After Ralph Sweet's death, his flute shop

2415-467: The Fatherland, the triumphant explosion Has opened the way to the sun; Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples and when they speak they have faith in the Spanish will ... Mark plow hammer and bugle your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith! Guide the mind and the hand until the end, the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing! Lyrics were adapted from an earlier version on 1928 written by José María Pemán (1897–1981) during

2484-666: The Healys). The notable exception to this tendency, is the fife line of the Yalesville Ancient Fife and Drum Corps, who continue to use the six-hole, straight-bore metal fifes manufactured by Patrick Caccavale in Kensington, Connecticut from 1945 until his death in 1982. Spanish National Orchestra The Orquesta Nacional de España (Spanish National Orchestra) is a Spanish orchestra based in Madrid . Although

2553-705: The West German Bundeswehr and the East German National People's Army formed dedicated sections. Today the fife's military legacy can be seen in marching bands, for example in English, Welsh and Irish military units and in the pipes and drums of Scottish regiments. There are fife and drum corps in Switzerland, and the United States " Old Guard " has a ceremonial one . British fife and drum bands play at ceremonies such as

2622-726: The bands attached to the Bundeswehr Military Music Service in the German Army, German Navy and the Luftwaffe. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy have dedicated fife, drum and bugle bands attached to the main military bands. They are seen especially at the annual parades on May 21 and September 18 and 19. This tradition is now adopted by various Chilean elementary and secondary schools and colleges, both public and private, which frequently appear at public events. The Russian Army places fifes and drums at

2691-599: The bugle) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played. Being the national anthem, and played in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance; civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation. Fife (musical instrument) A fife ( / f aɪ f / FYFE )

2760-433: The cavalry or artillery, which used trumpets, kettle drums or both. Each company in an infantry regiment was assigned two fifers and two drummers. When the battalion (5 companies) or regiment (10 companies) was formed up on parade or for movement en masse, these musicians would be detached from the companies to form a "band". This is how the term band first came to refer to a group of musicians. In their individual companies,

2829-413: The conventions of transposing instruments: These conventions are specific to transposing instruments. By contrast, non-transposing instruments use another convention. For example, although the trombone and the tuba each produce a B ♭ when played at their lowest harmonic position with the slide not extended or with no valves depressed, respectively, the trombone's music parts are not transposed, and

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2898-534: The copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism. As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the public domain . Though the Marcha Real has no official lyrics, words have been written and used for it in

2967-514: The days of the 19th century, including Giorgi, even though there was no need for F ♮ in traditional fife music. Around this time, Roy Seaman had been deeply involved in the making of piccolos under his name, the body style of which resembled the McDonagh Model fife. Roy retired from actively manufacturing fifes and sold the operation of making McDonagh fifes to an apprentice, Larry Trout. Operating on his own, Trout soon chose to mark

3036-401: The designs of the 1830s fell from favor, and had the added value of being tunable with each other (by sliding the joint or the head cork). In addition, they gave the player greater dynamic control and could be played even louder than traditional fifes, the result of the lower cone in the bore. At first, only six hole (Model J) fifes were made, but by 1962, McDonagh designed and Seaman manufactured

3105-582: The end of World War II. They were integral to the regular German Army, Air Force and Navy, and not merely part of the Hitler Youth and the Nazi Party organizations. Bands of fifes and drums were regularly at the head of regimental parades and ceremonies of the infantry regiments, military schools and naval and air bases. The tradition of fifes and drums, though, even carried on in the Cold War, as both

3174-611: The entire fife and drum community. They were two-piece instruments with a dual conical bore – the foot joint tapered down from the joint to about an inch before terminus, where the bore cone reversed itself and opened up again slightly. They used the popular flute and piccolo designs of the 1830s, where "cone" flutes were popular and most common. The cone flutes had fallen out of favor to the cylindrical flutes designed by Boehm, though fifes and piccolos remained popular among folk music performers. As would be expected, these fifes were notably more internally in tune than most previous fifes, since

3243-1425: The entry by Paulino Cubero, then unemployed. The new lyrics received criticism, resulting in them being pulled only five days later, and the idea was scrapped indefinitely. A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own regional anthems . These lyrics were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946) on the occasion of Alfonso XIII's silver wedding anniversary. They were never made official. La bandera de España (Coro) Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria, que en tus ojos es abierto corazón...! Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr; Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán. España guiadora (Solo) ¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos donde quieras tú; que honrarlo es nuestra ley! ¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos, porque vivas tú, sin tregua pueblo y rey! Una bandera gloriosa nos das; ¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará! Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir, ¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti! ¡Viva España!... (Coro) ¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria, la explosión triunfal abrió camino al sol; ¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos y al hablar dan fe del ánimo español... ¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe! ¡Guíe la mente

3312-515: The fife ( German : Soldatenpfeife ) as early as the 15th century. Swiss and German mercenaries were hired by monarchs throughout Western Europe, and they spread the practice of military fifing. The fife was a standard instrument in European infantries by the 16th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the protocols of the fifes and drums became intricately associated with infantry regiments only. They were not used as signaling instruments by

3381-459: The fife with his own fish symbol, which replaced the script mark of Roy Seaman's name. In time, the quality of the instrument eventually suffered and other models of fifes began to emerge in the United States. McDonagh was involved with fife and drum activities for many years. That began to change by 1988 when McDonagh began to meet with some former fifing colleagues and newer players. John also renewed his collaborative friendship with Roy Seaman, who

3450-459: The fingering patterns necessary for playing in the third octave can be daunting to a beginner. Marching bands typically play only in the second and third octave since these are the loudest and most penetrating. In medieval Europe , the fife was used in some folk music traditions to accompany dancing by all social classes. The fife was one of the most important musical instruments in the United States' Colonial period, even more widespread than

3519-439: The first years of the orchestra were Ernesto Halffter , José María Franco, Enrique Jordá , Eduard Toldrà and Jesús Arámbarri , until the designation of the first principal conductor of the orchestra, Bartolomé Pérez Casas. After the death of Pérez Casas, the new principal conductor was Ataúlfo Argenta , who was in the orchestra from 1945 as the keyboard instruments player. In 2014, David Afkham became principal conductor of

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3588-699: The front of major military parades such as those on Red Square in Moscow as part of a dedicated formation. In Argentina, only the Tambor de Tacuari military band of the Regiment of Patricians has fifers, in accordance with an 1809 military regulation of the Viceroy of Buenos Aires , which allowed every militia unit in Buenos Aires to have a drummer and two fifers. The Spanish Royal Guard also has fifers, who wear

3657-401: The key of B-flat major and a tempo of 76 bpm (♩=76), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds. The current official version of Marcha Real , as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997, is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B-flat. The long, complete version is the honors music for

3726-802: The orchestra originated as of 1937, during the Spanish Civil War , it was legally founded in 1940, by the merging of Pérez Casas' Filarmónica and the Orquesta Sinfónica of Enrique Fernández Arbós . The first official concert of the newly founded orchestra was in March 1941 at the Teatro María Guerrero in Madrid, conducted by the Portuguese conductor Pedro de Freitas Branco (1896–1963). The principal conductors of

3795-523: The past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII 's reign and another during the Francoist State ; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978 when lyrics that had been approved by General Francisco Franco were abandoned. Occasionally the Francoist lyrics have been erroneously performed after their abandonment. After witnessing

3864-441: The reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The changes, made by Peman himself, intended to fit the symbols of the extreme right-wing ideology of General Francisco Franco , referred to as National-Catholicism , which were the "salute with the extended right arm" and the " yoke and arrows ". The yoke and arrows were the appropriated symbol of Falangism in Spain. There were no singular official lyrics at

3933-490: The sign of human effort. Spain guiding (Solo) Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take anywhere you want; because honoring it is our law! Command us, Spain, and united we will fight, so that you may live, relentless people and king! You give us a glorious flag; Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us! So that, one day, we can be covered by it, Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you! Long live Spain! ... (Chorus) Long live Spain! The cry of

4002-449: The signaling duties included orders to fire, retreat, advance, and so forth. By the 18th century, the military use of the fife was regulated by armies throughout Europe and its colonies. The rank of Fife Major was introduced, a noncommissioned officer responsible for the regiment's fifers, just as a Drum Major was responsible for the drummers. Books of military regulations included standard fife calls to be used in battle or at camp. During

4071-689: The three corps affiliated with him: the New York Regimentals Fife and Drum Band, St. Benedict's Jr. Fife and Drum Corps, and St. Anselm's Jr. Fife and Drum Corps. All were located in the Bronx, New York. These fifes were not otherwise available to the public. In 1960, a second generation of model evolved, specifically labeled the McDonagh Model and made by Roy Seaman, a music repairman whom John met in Manhattan. This model quickly came into popularity. These fifes were mass-produced for sale to

4140-560: The time, though they became popular in certain contexts. In fact, the school textbook "Enciclopedia Álvarez" featured different lyrics that were taught to children. Military bands of the Spanish Armed Forces and the National Police Corps of Spain and civilian Marching bands and Concert bands play the B flat-major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands (as arranged by Francisco Grau), and playing

4209-465: The tonic of the key in which a given fife sounds is set as corresponding to D rather than C, such that the written key signature for fife music played in a given concert key would have two fewer sharps or two more flats than would the written key signature used in music written for other transposing-instrument subtypes sounding in the same key. Like the Irish flute and the tin whistle , the ancient fife

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4278-568: The traditional fifes – Ferrary, Model F, Peeler, Cooperman, and Sweet fifes – are much better suited to their historical requirements while simultaneously allowing their fifers to play together without the discordance that can result when using instruments from multiple manufacturers. Those who play competitively usually choose McDonagh or Healy fifes, corresponding with a vaguely geographical delineation (New York, New Jersey and western Connecticut groups are more likely to choose McDonagh fifes while competitors in central-to-eastern Connecticut tend towards

4347-412: The tuba's music parts are transposed only across octaves, such that the note sounded by a tuba bears the same name as the note read by the tubist. A convention specific to some fife music and contradictory to the standard is for fife music to be written in the key of D regardless of the key in which the fife in question sounds. The general effect is to define sounded notes in terms of scale degree, as with

4416-442: The well-known Ancient sutler, Leo Brennan of Madison, Connecticut. Bednarz brands his fifes with the name "Model F". In October 2000, another Connecticut maker, Ron Peeler, established Peeler Fifes in Moodus, Connecticut, producing a Ferrary-style instrument as well as several other, more historically-oriented models copied from original early instruments. The Cooperman Fife and Drum was founded in 1961. Cooperman fifes were based on

4485-423: Was already considered the country's official anthem, and the contest was suspended. By Alfonso XIII 's time, the Royal Circular Order of 27 August 1908 established the musical score orchestrated by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Superior musician of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards, as the official version; it is known traditionally as the Grenadier March or the Royal Spanish March . During the Spanish Second Republic

4554-435: Was chosen, although only 40,000 people voted. The lyrics by Enrique Hernández-Luike , magazine publisher and poet, spoke of freedom, peace and the Constitution. The winning lyrics were sung by the Ronda de Aranzueque choir in Pastrana, and filmed by German television. However, the COE organized a new competition for the lyrics, which resulted in between 2,000 and 7,000 entries (depending on source). A private team of jurors chose

4623-400: Was now living in Arizona. In 1997, John McDonagh, along with a newly formed fife study group, made changes to the original 1962 ten-hole fife. A new manufacturer, Wilson Woods, with oversight from Roy Seaman once again, produced the new fife, designated the Regimental Model. Along with this new fife, a number of fingering changes were suggested to take full advantage of the improved design. For

4692-439: Was picked up in different publications of 1884 and 1903 until it was included in 1908 in the Enciclopedia Espasa . In 1770, Charles III declared the Marcha de Granaderos the official Honor March, an act that formalized the tradition of playing it in public, especially on solemn occasions. It became the official Spanish anthem during Isabel II 's reign. In 1870, after the 1868 Revolution , General Juan Prim organized

4761-538: Was taken over by Joseph Morneault, and is now known as Musique Morneaux. Ralph Sweet's son, Walt D. Sweet, has also established his own manufactory, Walt Sweet Flutes. Plastic instruments referred to as "fifes" are available from Yamaha and Angel, but these are not true fifes and are more closely related to the piccolo . They are in the key of C and include a left-hand thumb hole used to play middle C. Books are published on playing this instrument through Just Flutes and Choral Seas Press. Historical re-enactors find that

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