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43-438: The Margaret Mead Award is presented to a younger scholar for a particular accomplishment such as a book, film, monograph , or service, which interprets anthropological data and principles in ways that make them meaningful and accessible to a broadly concerned public. The award is designed to recognize a person clearly associated with research and/or practice in anthropology. The awardee's activity will exemplify skills in broadening

86-450: A broader meaning: a non-serial publication complete in one volume (book) or a definite number of books. Thus it differs from a serial or periodical publication such as a magazine , academic journal , or newspaper . In this context only, books such as novels are considered monographs. In biological taxonomy , a monograph is a comprehensive treatment of a taxon in written form. Monographs typically review all known species within

129-444: A card catalog that was easily accessible and secure for keeping the cards in order; he managed this by placing the cards on edge between two wooden blocks. He published his findings in the annual report of the library for 1863 and they were adopted by many American libraries. Work on the catalog began in 1862 and within the first year, 35,762 catalog cards had been created. Catalog cards were 2 by 5 inches (5 cm × 13 cm);

172-467: A focus on machine-cut index cards and the trays and cabinets to contain them, the Library Bureau became a veritable furniture store, selling tables, chairs, shelves and display cases, as well as date stamps, newspaper holders, hole punchers, paper weights, and virtually anything else a library could possibly need. With this one-stop shopping service, Dewey left an enduring mark on libraries across

215-503: A group, add any newly discovered species, and collect and synthesize available information on the ecological associations, geographic distributions, and morphological variations within the group. The first-ever monograph of a plant taxon was Robert Morison 's 1672 Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova , a treatment of the Apiaceae . Book publishers use the term "artist monograph" or "art monograph" to indicate books dealing with

258-499: A rough alphabetical arrangement by author. Before printing, librarians had to enter new acquisitions into the margins of the catalog list until a new one was created. Because of the nature of creating texts at this time, most catalogs were not able to keep up with new acquisitions. When the printing press became well-established, strict cataloging became necessary because of the influx of printed materials. Printed catalogs, sometimes called dictionary catalogs , began to be published in

301-420: A single artist, as opposed to broader surveys of art subjects. The term monograph is also used for audiovisual or film documentary-type representations of a subject, often creatively expressed. The term "monographic film" has also been used for short fiction or animated films. Video or film essays on a single topic are also referred to as monographs. IndyVinyl , by Scottish film academic Ian Garwood,

344-458: A standard form) even if it appears differently in the library material. This standardization is achieved by a process called authority control . Simply put, authority control is defined as the establishment and maintenance of consistent forms of terms – such as names, subjects, and titles – to be used as headings in bibliographic records. An advantage of the authority control is that it is easier to answer question 2 (Which works of some author does

387-569: Is a monographic research project focused on "vinyl records in American independent cinema between 1987 and 2018". It includes an 8,000-word peer-reviewed academic book chapter; video compilations; "critical montages "; and a series of social media posts, all curated on a website. Garwood has written that his project is "an attempt to produce a research output equivalent to an academic monograph, but incorporating video-based forms of criticism that have been popularised through online film culture". In

430-558: Is available among the stacks of materials. The tradition of open stacks of printed books is paradigmatic to modern American library users, but ancient libraries featured stacks of clay or prepaper scrolls that resisted browsing. As librarian, Gottfried van Swieten introduced the world's first card catalog (1780) as the Prefect of the Imperial Library, Austria. During the early modern period, libraries were organized through

473-434: Is considered library material (e.g., a single novel in an anthology ), or a group of library materials (e.g., a trilogy ), or linked from the catalog (e.g., a webpage) as far as it is relevant to the catalog and to the users (patrons) of the library. The card catalog was a familiar sight to library users for generations, but it has been effectively replaced by the online public access catalog (OPAC). Some still refer to

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516-530: Is generally a work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, often created by a single author or artist. Traditionally it is in written form and published as a book, but it may be an artwork, audiovisual work, or exhibition made up of visual artworks . In library cataloguing , the word has a specific and broader meaning, while in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration uses

559-418: Is placed in order in the catalog drawer depending on the type of record. If it was a non-fiction record, Charles A. Cutter's classification system would help the patron find the book they wanted in a quick fashion. Cutter's classification system is as follows: Traditionally, there are the following types of catalog: The earliest librarians created rules for how to record the details of the catalog. By 700 BCE

602-483: Is presented at length, distinguishing a monograph from an article. For these reasons, publication of a monograph is commonly regarded as vital for career progression in many academic disciplines. Intended for other researchers and bought primarily by libraries, monographs are generally published as individual volumes in a short print run . In Britain and the U.S., what differentiates a scholarly monograph from an academic trade title varies by publisher, though generally it

645-426: Is the assumption that the readership has not only specialised or sophisticated knowledge but also professional interest in the subject of the work. A written monograph is usually a specialist book on one topic, although its meaning has been broadened to include any works which are not reference works and which may be written by one or more authors, or an edited collection. In library cataloguing , monograph has

688-486: The Bible are sorted under the standard name of the book(s) they contain. The plays of William Shakespeare are another frequently cited example of the role played by a uniform title in the library catalog. Many complications about alphabetic sorting of entries arise. Some examples: In a subject catalog, one has to decide on which classification system to use. The cataloger will select appropriate subject headings for

731-541: The Dynix software developed in 1983 and used widely through the late 1990s, has greatly enhanced the usability of catalogs, thanks to the rise of MARC standards (an acronym for MAchine Readable Cataloging) in the 1960s. Rules governing the creation of MARC catalog records include not only formal cataloging rules such as Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules , second edition (AACR2), Resource Description and Access (RDA) but also rules specific to MARC, available from both

774-523: The 2-by-5-inch (5 cm × 13 cm) "Harvard College-size" cards as used at Harvard and the Boston Athenaeum. It also suggested that a larger card, approximately 3 by 5 inches (8 cm × 13 cm), would be preferable. By the end of the nineteenth century, the bigger card won out, mainly to the fact that the 3-by-5-inch (8 cm × 13 cm) card was already the "postal size" used for postcards. Melvil Dewey saw well beyond

817-742: The 20th century. Other influential pioneers in this area were Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan and Seymour Lubetzky . Cutter's objectives were revised by Lubetzky and the Conference on Cataloging Principles (CCP) in Paris in 1960/1961, resulting in the Paris Principles (PP). A more recent attempt to describe a library catalog's functions was made in 1998 with Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), which defines four user tasks: find, identify, select, and obtain. A catalog helps to serve as an inventory or bookkeeping of

860-598: The Assyrians followed the rules set down by the Babylonians. The seventh century BCE Babylonian Library of Ashurbanipal was led by the librarian Ibnissaru who prescribed a catalog of clay tablets by subject. Subject catalogs were the rule of the day, and author catalogs were unknown at that time. The frequent use of subject-only catalogs hints that there was a code of practice among early catalog librarians and that they followed some set of rules for subject assignment and

903-540: The Harvard College size. One of the first acts of the newly formed American Library Association in 1908 was to set standards for the size of the cards used in American libraries, thus making their manufacture and the manufacture of cabinets, uniform. OCLC , major supplier of catalog cards, printed the last one in October 2015. In a physical catalog, the information about each item is on a separate card, which

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946-673: The Library of Congress's catalog card service in 1911 led to the use of these cards in the majority of American libraries. An equivalent scheme in the United Kingdom was operated by the British National Bibliography from 1956 and was subscribed to by many public and other libraries. More about the early history of library catalogs has been collected in 1956 by Strout. In a title catalog, one can distinguish two sort orders: The grammatical sort order has

989-418: The advantage that often, the most important word of the title is also a good keyword (question 3), and it is the word most users remember first when their memory is incomplete. To its disadvantage, many elaborate grammatical rules are needed, so many users may only search with help from a librarian. In some catalogs, persons' names are standardized (i. e., the name of the person is always cataloged and sorted in

1032-541: The author's name. This made finding a book difficult. The first issue of Library Journal , the official publication of the American Library Association (ALA), made clear that the most pressing issues facing libraries were the lack of a standardized catalog and an agency to administer a centralized catalog. Responding to the standardization matter, the ALA formed a committee that quickly recommended

1075-400: The bibliographic item and a unique classification number (sometimes known as a "call number") which is used not only for identification but also for the purposes of shelving, placing items with similar subjects near one another, which aids in browsing by library users, who are thus often able to take advantage of serendipity in their search process. Online cataloging, through such systems as

1118-642: The context of Food and Drug Administration regulation, monographs represent published standards by which the use of one or more substances is automatically authorized. For example, the following is an excerpt from the Federal Register : "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule in the form of a final monograph establishing conditions under which over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products are generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded as part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products." Such usage has given rise to

1161-447: The country. Uniformity spread from library to library. Dewey and others devised a system where books were organized by subject, then alphabetized based on the author's name. Each book was assigned a call number which identified the subject and location, with a decimal point dividing different sections of the call number. The call number on the card matched a number written on the spine of each book. In 1860, Ezra Abbot began designing

1204-555: The direction of the librarian in charge. There was no universal method, so some books were organized by language or book material, for example, but most scholarly libraries had recognizable categories (like philosophy, saints, mathematics). The first library to list titles alphabetically under each subject was the Sorbonne library in Paris . Library catalogs originated as manuscript lists, arranged by format ( folio , quarto, etc.) or in

1247-416: The early modern period and enabled scholars outside a library to gain an idea of its contents. Copies of these in the library itself would sometimes be interleaved with blank leaves on which additions could be recorded, or bound as guardbooks in which slips of paper were bound in for new entries. Slips could also be kept loose in cardboard or tin boxes, stored on shelves. The first card catalogs appeared in

1290-453: The first practical use of the system. In the mid-1800s, Natale Battezzati , an Italian publisher, developed a card system for booksellers in which cards represented authors, titles and subjects. Very shortly afterward, Melvil Dewey and other American librarians began to champion the card catalog because of its great expandability. In some libraries books were cataloged based on the size of the book while other libraries organized based only on

1333-1325: The impact of anthropology, the skills for which Margaret Mead was admired widely. The recipients of the award are as follows. 1979 - John Ogbu 1980 - Brigitte Jordan 1981 - Nancy Scheper-Hughes 1982 - Mary Linsday Elmendorf 1983 - Ruthann Knudson 1984 - Sue E. Estroff 1985 - Susan C.M. Scrimshaw 1986 - Jill Korbin 1987 - Myra Bluebond-Langner 1988 - Alex Stepick III 1989 - Mark Nichter 1990 - Wenda Trevathan 1991 - Will Roscoe 1993 - Leo R. Chavez 1995 - Katherine Ann Dettwyler 1997 - Philippe Bourgois 1999 - Paul Farmer 2000 - Kathryn M. Dudley 2001 - Mimi Nichter 2002 - Tobias Hecht 2003 - Marc Sommers 2004 - Donna Goldstein 2005 - Luke Eric Lassiter 2007 - João Biehl 2008- Daniel Jordan Smith 2009 - Sverker Finnström 2010 - Jessaca Leinaweaver 2011 - Frances Norwood 2012 - Erin Finley 2013 - Sera Young 2014 - Seth M. Holmes 2015 - Mark Schuller 2016 - Jason De Leon 2017 - Sameena Mulla 2018 - Jennifer Mack 2019 - Claudio Sopranzetti 2020 - Narges Bajoghli and Ashanté M. Reese (co-winners) 2021- Amber R. Reed 2022- Michael Crawley 2023- Darren Byler Monograph A monograph

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1376-465: The importance of standardized cards and sought to outfit virtually all facets of library operations. To the end he established a Supplies Department as part of the ALA, later to become a stand-alone company renamed the Library Bureau . In one of its early distribution catalogs, the bureau pointed out that "no other business had been organized with the definite purpose of supplying libraries". With

1419-426: The late 19th century after the standardization of the 5 in. x 3 in. card for personal filing systems, enabling much more flexibility, and toward the end of the 20th century the online public access catalog was developed (see below). These gradually became more common as some libraries progressively abandoned such other catalog formats as paper slips (either loose or in sheaf catalog form), and guardbooks. The beginning of

1462-522: The library have?). On the other hand, it may be more difficult to answer question 1 (Does the library have some specific material?) if the material spells the author in a peculiar variant. For the cataloger, it may incur too much work to check whether Smith, J. is Smith, John or Smith, Jack . For some works, even the title can be standardized. The technical term for this is uniform title . For example, translations and re-editions are sometimes sorted under their original title. In many catalogs, parts of

1505-487: The library's contents. If an item is not found in the catalog, the user may continue their search at another library. A catalog card is an individual entry in a library catalog containing bibliographic information, including the author's name, title, and location. Eventually the mechanization of the modern era brought the efficiencies of card catalogs. It was around 1780 that the first card catalog appeared in Vienna. It solved

1548-449: The objectives of a bibliographic system in his Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalog . According to Cutter, those objectives were 1. to enable a person to find a book of which any of the following is known (Identifying objective): 2. to show what the library has (Collocating objective) 3. to assist in the choice of a book (Evaluating objective) These objectives can still be recognized in more modern definitions formulated throughout

1591-553: The online catalog as a "card catalog". Some libraries with OPAC access still have card catalogs on site, but these are now strictly a secondary resource and are seldom updated. Many libraries that retain their physical card catalog will post a sign advising the last year that the card catalog was updated. Some libraries have eliminated their card catalog in favor of the OPAC for the purpose of saving space for other use, such as additional shelving. The largest international library catalog in

1634-487: The problems of the structural catalogs in marble and clay from ancient times and the later codex—handwritten and bound—catalogs that were manifestly inflexible and presented high costs in editing to reflect a changing collection. The first cards may have been French playing cards, which in the 1700s were blank on one side. In November 1789, during the dechristianization of France during the French Revolution ,

1677-466: The process of collecting all books from religious houses was initiated. Using these books in a new system of public libraries included an inventory of all books. The backs of the playing cards contained the bibliographic information for each book and this inventory became known as the "French Cataloging Code of 1791". English inventor Francis Ronalds began using a catalog of cards to manage his growing book collection around 1815, which has been denoted as

1720-402: The recording of the details of each item. These rules created efficiency through consistency—the catalog librarian knew how to record each item without reinventing the rules each time, and the reader knew what to expect with each visit. The task of recording the contents of libraries is more than an instinct or a compulsive tic exercised by librarians; it began as a way to broadcast to readers what

1763-539: The term to mean a set of published standards. The English term monograph is derived from modern Latin monographia , which has its root in Greek . In the English word, mono- means ' single ' and -graph means ' something written ' . Unlike a textbook , which surveys the state of knowledge in a field, the main purpose of a monograph is to present primary research and original scholarship. This research

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1806-654: The use of the word monograph as a verb, as in "this substance has been monographed by the FDA". Library cataloguing A library catalog (or library catalogue in British English ) is a register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations. A catalog for a group of libraries is also called a union catalog . A bibliographic item can be any information entity (e.g., books, computer files, graphics, realia , cartographic materials, etc.) that

1849-494: The world is the WorldCat union catalog managed by the non-profit library cooperative OCLC . In January 2021, WorldCat had over half a billion catalog records and three billion library holdings. Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi in 1841 and Charles Ammi Cutter in 1876 undertook pioneering work in the definition of early cataloging rule sets formulated according to theoretical models. Cutter made an explicit statement regarding

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