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68-480: Margaret Theresa of Spain (Spanish: Margarita Teresa , German: Margarete Theresia ; 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673) was, by marriage to Leopold I , Holy Roman Empress , German Queen , Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia . She was the daughter of King Philip IV of Spain and the elder full-sister of Charles II , the last of the Spanish Habsburgs . She is the central figure in

136-550: A grandson of Louis XIV, all hopes of a peaceable settlement vanished. Under the guidance of William III a powerful league, a renewed Grand Alliance, was formed against France; of this the emperor was a prominent member, and in 1703 he transferred his claim on the Spanish monarchy to his second son, Archduke Charles . The early course of the war was not favorable to the Imperialists, but the tide of defeat had been rolled back by

204-522: A happy marriage. The empress always called her husband "Uncle" (de: Onkel ), and he called her "Gretl" (a German diminutive of Margaret). The couple had many common interests, especially in art and music. During her six years of marriage, Margaret gave birth to four children, of whom only one survived infancy: The empress reportedly inspired her husband to expel the Jews from Vienna, because she believed that they were to blame for her children's deaths. During

272-502: A lasting rivalry with France and its king, Louis XIV . The latter's dominant personality and power completely overshadowed Leopold, even to this day, but Leopold was no less a warrior-king given the greater part of his public life was directed towards the arrangement and furtherance of wars. Leopold's first war was the Second Northern War (1655–1660), in which King Charles X of Sweden tried to become King of Poland with

340-493: A merely supporting role. He grew to manhood without the military ambition that characterized most of his fellow monarchs. From the beginning, his reign was defensive and profoundly conservative." Elected king of Hungary in 1655, he followed suit in 1656 and 1657 in Bohemia and Croatia respectively. In July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, Leopold was elected Holy Roman Emperor at Frankfurt in opposition to

408-589: A more mature and formal attitude of Margaret can be seen, due to her upcoming marriage to the emperor. The most famous painting by Velazquez in the series of portraits of the infanta was Las Meninas (1656), currently in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. In it, the artist painted the 5-year-old infanta in his studio while working on a portrait of her parents. She is surrounded by her maids of honor and other courtiers, but her eyes are riveted to her parents, whose reflection

476-635: A notable victory at Saint Gotthard . By the Peace of Vasvár the Emperor made a twenty years' truce with the Sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary. French expansion increasingly threatened the empire, especially the seizure of the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670, followed by the 1672 Franco-Dutch War . By mid-June, the Dutch Republic teetered at

544-637: A political defeat for the Habsburgs. It ended the idea that Europe was a single Roman Catholic empire; governed spiritually by the Pope and temporally by the Holy Roman Emperor . Moreover, the treaty was devoted to parceling out land and influence to the "winners", the anti-Habsburg alliance led by France and Sweden. However, the Habsburgs did gain some benefits out of the Thirty Years' War ;

612-584: A series of portraits of the infanta were painted. Three of them – " Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress " (1653), Infanta Margarita in a White and Silver Dress (1656) and Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Blue Dress (1659) were sent to the Imperial court in Vienna, and now are displayed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum . In the last paintings of the 8-year-old infanta made by Velázquez,

680-572: A vital tool for consolidation of Habsburg power under Leopold. In 1692, the Duke of Hanover was raised to the rank of an elector, becoming the ninth member of the electoral college. In 1700, Leopold, greatly in need of help for the impending war with France, granted the title of King in Prussia to the Elector of Brandenburg . The net result of these and similar changes was to weaken the authority of

748-423: Is also said to have been open with close associates. Coxe described Leopold in the following manner: "His gait was stately, slow and deliberate; his air pensive, his address awkward, his manner uncouth, his disposition cold and phlegmatic." Spielman argues that his long-expected career in the clergy caused Leopold to have "early adopted the intense Catholic piety expected of him and the gentle manners appropriate to

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816-573: Is depicted shortly after her father's death and shortly before her wedding. Both paintings are also included in the collection of the Museo del Prado. The authority of the "Portrait of the Infanta Margarita" (1655) currently at the Louvre , is still questioned by researchers. There are portraits of an adult Margaret by a number of European artists, most of which are stored in the collections of

884-490: Is visible in the mirror on the wall. The canvas was the inspiration for Picasso , who in 1957 created more than forty variations of this pattern. The image of Margaret in the paintings by Velázquez inspired not only painters. The poet Boris Pasternak mentions it in a poem of 1923 "Butterfly Storm", in which she appears to him as a vision during a thunderstorm in Moscow. The first image in this poem who Pasternak contrasted with

952-719: The Corpus Christi celebration of 1670, the emperor ordered the destruction of the Vienna synagogue and a church was built on the site on his orders. Even after her marriage, Margaret kept her Spanish customs and ways. Surrounded almost exclusively by her native retinue (which included secretaries, confessors, and doctors), she loved Spanish music and ballets and therefore hardly learned the German language. Weakened due to six pregnancies in six years (which included four living childbirths and two miscarriages) and four months into her seventh pregnancy, Margaret died on 12 March 1673, at

1020-613: The Hofburg , where she is depicted with her only surviving child. Numerous copies of her portraits are also preserved, and are now kept in the museum collections around the world. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold's reign is known for conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and rivalry with Louis XIV , a contemporary and first cousin (on the maternal side; fourth cousin on

1088-648: The Nine Years' War , and the War of the Spanish Succession . In this last, Leopold sought to give his younger son Charles the entire Spanish inheritance, disregarding the will of the late Charles II . Leopold started a war that soon engulfed much of Europe. The early years of the war went fairly well for Austria , with victories at Schellenberg and Blenheim , but the war would drag on until 1714, nine years after Leopold's death, which barely had an effect on

1156-713: The Viennese Jewish community, which used to live in an area called "Im Werd" across the Danube Canal. After the expulsion of the Jewish population, with popular support, the area was renamed Leopoldstadt as a thanksgiving. But Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg , issued an edict in 1677, in which he announced his special protection for 50 families of these expelled Jews. In governing his own lands Leopold found his chief difficulties in Hungary, where unrest

1224-475: The "little angel". She grew up in the queen's chambers in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid surrounded by many maids and servants. Both Margaret's father and maternal grandfather Emperor Ferdinand III loved her deeply. In his private letters King Philip IV called her "my joy". At the same time, Margaret was brought up in accordance with the strict etiquette of the Madrid court, and received a good education. In

1292-666: The French Cardinal Mazarin , who sought to place the Imperial Crown on the head of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria or some other non-Habsburg prince. To conciliate France , which had considerable influence in German affairs thanks to the League of the Rhine , the newly elected emperor promised not to assist Spain, then at war with France . This marked the beginning of a nearly 47-year reign characterized by

1360-529: The Habsburgs as emperors but strengthen them in their own lands. Leopold was the first to realize this altered state of affairs and act in accordance with it. The reign of Leopold saw some important changes made in the constitution of the Empire. In 1663 the Imperial Diet entered upon the last stage of its existence, and became a body permanently in session at Regensburg. This perpetual diet would become

1428-548: The Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (who was her maternal uncle and paternal cousin). However, the Madrid court hesitated to agree to this proposal, because the infanta could inherit the Spanish crown if her little brother died. The count of Fuensaldaña, Spanish ambassador in France, suggested the infanta as a possible bride for King Charles II of England . However, King Philip IV rejected this idea, replying that

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1496-645: The Holy Roman Empire, Archduke Leopold Ignaz . But in 1660 and under the terms of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , Maria Theresa was married to the French King, Louis XIV ; as a part of her marriage contract, she was asked to renounce her claims to the Spanish throne in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry, which was never paid. Then began discussion about a marriage between Margaret and

1564-661: The Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Enns, the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc." Ramiro N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez de Guzm%C3%A1n Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán ( León, Spain , c.  1600 – Madrid , 1668) was a Spanish nobleman. He served as viceroy of Naples from 1637-44 under King Philip IV of Spain . He was the son-in-law of Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares . He held various additional titles, including Lord of

1632-827: The House Guzman, II Duke of Medina de las Torres , Prince of Stigliano, Duke of Sabbioneta, Lord of the Valle de Curuenyo, Lord of the Council of Cilleros, Sumiller de Corps , Chancellor of the Indies, General Treasurer of the Crown of Aragon, Commander of valdepeñas, Captain of the hundred continuous guard the royal person, Castilian of Castel Nuovo in Naples, Lieutenant and Captain General. His wife, Anna Carafa, duchess of Stigliano,

1700-536: The King of England should look for a wife in France. In October 1662, the new Imperial ambassador in Spain, Count Francis Eusebius of Pötting, began one of his main diplomatic assignments, which was the celebration of the marriage between the infanta and the emperor. Negotiations by the Spanish side were led by Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán , Duke of Medina de las Torres. On 6 April 1663, the betrothal between Margaret and Leopold I

1768-628: The Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Among them, "a full-length portrait of the Infanta Margarita Teresa, the Empress" (1665) by Gerard Du Chateau and "Portrait of Empress Margarita Teresa in a theatrical costume" (1667) by Jan Thomas van Ieperen . One of the last portraits of Margaret is the "Portrait of Empress Margarita Teresa and her daughter Maria Antonia" (c. 1670) by Jan Thomas van Ieperen , currently in

1836-588: The Protestant aristocracy in Habsburg territories had been decimated, and the ties between Vienna and the Habsburg domains in Bohemia and elsewhere were greatly strengthened. These changes would allow Leopold to initiate necessary political and institutional reforms during his reign to develop somewhat of an absolutist state along French lines. The most important consequences of the war was in retrospect to weaken

1904-657: The Spanish royal fleet on 16 July, in turn escorted by ships of the Order of Malta and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . Then (after a short stop in Barcelona because Margaret had some health issues) the cortege sailed to the port of Finale Ligure , arriving on 20 August. There, Margaret was received by Luis Guzman Ponce de Leon, Governor of Milan . The cortege left Finale on 1 September and arrived in Milan ten days later, although

1972-528: The affairs of Transylvania, always an unruly state, and this interference brought on a war with the Holy Roman Empire , which after some desultory operations really began in 1663. By a personal appeal to the diet at Regensburg Leopold induced the princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664, the great Imperial general Raimondo Montecuccoli gained

2040-830: The age of 21. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt , in Vienna . Only four months later, the widower emperor – despite his grief for the death of his "only Margareta" (as he remembered her) – entered into a second marriage with Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria , member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg. After Margaret's death, her rights over the Spanish throne were inherited by her only surviving daughter Maria Antonia, who in turn passed them to her only surviving son Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria when she died in 1692. After Joseph Ferdinand's early death in 1699,

2108-508: The aid of allies including György II Rákóczi , Prince of Transylvania . Leopold's predecessor, Ferdinand III , had allied with King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland in 1656. In 1657, Leopold expanded this alliance to include Austrian troops (paid by Poland). These troops helped defeat the Transylvanian army, and campaigned as far as Denmark. The war ended with the Treaty of Oliwa in 1660. The Ottoman Empire often interfered in

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2176-553: The allies, and in September 1697, England, Spain and the United Provinces made peace with France at the Treaty of Rijswijk . Leopold refused to assent to the treaty, as he considered that his allies had somewhat neglected his interests, but in the following month he came to terms and a number of places were transferred from France to the Holy Roman Empire. The peace with France lasted for about four years and then Europe

2244-584: The brink of destruction, which led Leopold to agree to an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia and the Republic on 25 June. However, he was also facing a revolt in Hungary and viewed French conquests in the Rhineland a higher priority than helping the Dutch. His commander, Raimondo Montecuccoli , was ordered to remain on the defensive and avoid a direct conflict. Chaotic logistics made it impossible to maintain

2312-503: The castle up, leaving it in ruins. They fled as supposedly Hungarian rebel troops under the command of Imre Thököly, cooperating with the Turks, and sacked the city of Bielsko in 1682. In 1692, Leopold gave up his rights to the property, giving his rights by donation to Theresia Keglević . Espousing the cause of the rebels Sultan Mehmed IV sent an enormous army into Austria early in 1683; this advanced almost unchecked to Vienna , which

2380-646: The conclusion of peace Louis renewed his aggressions on the German frontier through the Réunions policy . Engaged in a serious struggle with the Ottoman Empire, the emperor was again slow to move, and although he joined the Association League against France in 1682 he was glad to make a truce at Regensburg two years later. The whole European position was now bound up with events in England , and

2448-507: The conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. In 1687, the Diet of Hungary in Pressburg (now Bratislava) changed the constitution; the right of the Habsburgs to succeed to the throne without election was admitted and the emperor's elder son Joseph I was crowned hereditary King of Hungary. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 had been

2516-584: The daughter of her paternal grandparents. The marriage of her parents was purely made for political reasons, mainly the search for a new male heir for the Spanish throne after the early death of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias in 1646. Besides him, the other only surviving child of Philip IV's first marriage was the Infanta Maria Theresa , who later became the wife of King Louis XIV of France. After Margaret, between 1655 and 1661, four more children (a daughter and three sons) were born from

2584-511: The emperor over the princes of the empire and to compel him to rely more and more upon his position as ruler of the Austrian archduchies and of Hungary and Bohemia. Leopold was a man of industry and education, and during his later years, he showed some political ability. Regarding himself as an absolute sovereign, he was extremely tenacious of his rights. Greatly influenced by the Jesuits , he

2652-651: The famous Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez , and the subject of many of his later paintings. Margaret Theresa was born on 12 July 1651 in Madrid as the first child of King Philip IV of Spain born from his second marriage with his niece Mariana of Austria . Because of this avunculate marriage , Margaret's mother was nearly thirty years younger than her father. Margaret's paternal grandparents were King Philip III of Spain and his wife Archduchess Margaret of Austria . Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Infanta Maria Anna of Spain ,

2720-464: The grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Upper and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Marquess of

2788-461: The great victory of Blenheim before Leopold died on 5 May 1705. The emperor himself defined the guidelines of the politics. Johann Weikhard of Auersperg was dismissed in 1669 as the leading minister. He was followed by Wenzel Eusebius, Prince of Lobkowicz . Both had arranged some connections to France without the knowledge of the emperor. In 1674 Lobkowicz also lost his appointment. He also expelled Jewish communities from his realm, for example

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2856-534: The infanta to Ferdinand Joseph, Prince of Dietrichstein and Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach , Prince-Bishop of Trent , representants of Leopold I. On 20 October the new Austrian cortege left Roveredo, crossing the Tyrol , through Carinthia and Styria , and arrived on 25 November at the district of Schottwien , twelve miles from Vienna where the emperor came to receive his bride. The infanta formally entered Vienna on 5 December 1666. The official marriage ceremony

2924-568: The influence of Bertali and Viennese composers in general (in oratorios and other dramatic works), and of Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (in ballets and German comedies). His sacred music is perhaps his most successful, particularly Missa angeli custodis , a Requiem Mass for his first wife, and Three Lections , composed for the burial of his second wife. Much of Leopold's music was published with works by his father, and described as "works of exceeding high merit." The full titulature of Leopold after he had become emperor went as follows: "Leopold I, by

2992-432: The late monarch still hesitated to marry his daughter to his Austrian relative because he sought to ensure her rights as sole ruler of the Spanish crown in case of the extinction of his male line. Mariana of Austria, now Dowager Queen and Regent of the kingdom on behalf of her minor son Charles II, delayed the wedding of her daughter. The marriage was agreed upon only after intense Imperial diplomatic efforts. On 25 April 1666,

3060-489: The marriage between Philip IV and Mariana of Austria, but only one survived infancy, the future King Charles II of Spain . Despite the close consanguinity of her parents, Margaret did not develop the serious health issues and disabilities that her younger brother had shown since his birth. During her childhood she was once seriously ill, but survived. According to contemporaries, Margaret had an attractive appearance and lively character. Her parents and close friends called her

3128-504: The marriage by proxy was finally celebrated in Madrid, in a ceremony attended not only by the Dowager Queen, King Charles II and the Imperial ambassador but also by the local nobility; the groom was represented by Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli . On 28 April 1666 Margaret traveled from Madrid to Vienna, accompanied by her personal retinue. The infanta arrived at Dénia , where she rested for some days before embarking on

3196-400: The most favored language at his court. Likewise he had received comprehensive ecclesiastical training as he had originally been selected for a career in the higher clergy. This plan, though, was dropped upon the 1654 death of his older brother, Ferdinand IV , when Leopold became heir apparent. Nonetheless, Leopold's spiritual education had had a manifest impact on him. Leopold remained under

3264-541: The official entry was not celebrated until 15 September. After spending almost all September in Milan, the infanta continued the journey through Venice , arriving in early October in Trento . At every stop Margaret received celebrations in her honor. On 8 October the Spanish retinue arrived at the city of Roveredo , where the head of Margaret's cortege, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque officially handed

3332-470: The opera was called the "staging of the century" by contemporaries due to its magnificence and expense. The year before, the emperor gave an equestrian ballet where he personally mounted on his horse, Speranza; due to technical adaptations, the ballet gave spectators the impression that horses and carriages were hovering in the air. Despite the age difference, Leopold I's unattractive appearance and Margaret's health problems, according to contemporaries they had

3400-451: The other hand, his piety and education may have caused in him a fatalistic strain which inclined him to reject all compromise on denominational questions, which is not always considered a positive characteristic of a ruler. Leopold was said to have typical Habsburg physical attributes, such as the prominent Habsburg lower jaw . Short, thin, and of sick constitution, Leopold was cold and reserved in public and socially inept. However, he

3468-409: The paternal side), in the west. After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious in the east thanks to the military talents of Prince Eugene of Savoy . By the Treaty of Karlowitz , Leopold recovered almost all of the Kingdom of Hungary , which had fallen under Turkish power in the years after the 1526 Battle of Mohács . Leopold fought three wars against France: the Franco-Dutch War ,

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3536-418: The portraits of the Infanta was mentioned by Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov , in his work "Eternal Childhood". The Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress (1660), formerly credited to Velázquez, is now considered one of the masterpieces of his son-in-law, Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo . To Martínez del Mazo also belongs the latter "Portrait of the Infanta Margarita in mourning dress" (1666), in which she

3604-425: The rights of inheritance were disputed by both Emperor Leopold I and King Louis XIV of France, son-in-law of King Philip IV. The outcome of the War of the Spanish Succession was the creation of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon in the person of King Philip V , Margaret's great-nephew. Shortly before the birth of Margaret, painter Diego Velázquez returned to the Spanish court in Madrid. From 1653 to 1659

3672-399: The second half of the 1650s at the imperial court in Vienna the necessity developed for another dynastic marriage between the Spanish and Austrian branches of the House of Habsburg . The union was needed to strengthen the position of both countries, especially against the Kingdom of France . At first the proposals were for Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV, to marry the heir of

3740-421: The spell of his clerical education and Jesuit influence throughout his life. For a monarch he was uncommonly knowledgeable about theology, metaphysics, jurisprudence and the sciences. He also retained his interest in astrology and alchemy which he had developed under Jesuit tutors. A deeply religious and devoted person, Leopold personified the pietas Austriaca , or the loyal Catholic attitude of his house. On

3808-439: The tension lasted until 1688, when William III of Orange won the English crown through the Glorious Revolution and Louis invaded Germany. In May 1689, the Grand Alliance was formed, including the emperor, the kings of England, Spain and Denmark, the Elector of Brandenburg and others, and a fierce struggle against France was waged throughout almost the whole of Western Europe. In general the several campaigns were favourable to

3876-454: The troops and Brandenburg left the war in June 1673 under the Treaty of Vossem . An anti-French Quadruple Alliance was formed in August, consisting of the Dutch Republic, Spain , Emperor Leopold, and the Duke of Lorraine , while in May 1674, the Imperial Diet declared it an Imperial war . The 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen is generally seen as a French victory, although the Alliance succeeded in limiting their gains. Almost immediately after

3944-591: The warring states. When peace returned with the Treaty of Rastatt , Austria could not be said to have emerged as triumphant as it had from the war against the Turks. Born on 9 June 1640 in Vienna , Leopold received the traditional program of education in the liberal arts , history, literature, natural science and astronomy. He was particularly interested in music, as his father Emperor Ferdinand III had been. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning. He became fluent in Latin , Italian , German , and Spanish . In addition to German, Italian would be

4012-454: The whole of Hungary (including Serbs in Vojvodina ) to the Habsburg monarchy . As the Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 Serb families under Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts (Privileges) the autonomy of Serbs in his dominions, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Before

4080-555: Was Claudia Felicitas of Austria , who died in 1676 at the age of 22. Neither of their two daughters survived: His third wife was Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg . They had the following children: Like his father, Leopold was a patron of music and a composer himself. He continued to enrich the court's musical life by employing and providing support for distinguished composers such as Antonio Bertali , Giovanni Bononcini , Johann Kaspar Kerll , Ferdinand Tobias Richter , Alessandro Poglietti , and Johann Fux . Leopold's surviving works show

4148-430: Was a staunch proponent of the Counter-Reformation . In person, he was short, but strong and healthy. Although he had no inclination for a military life, he loved outdoors exercise, such as hunting and riding. He also had a taste and talent for music and composed several Oratorios and Suites of Dances. Perhaps due to inbreeding among his progenitors, the hereditary Habsburg jaw was most prominent in Leopold. Because his jaw

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4216-434: Was already dreaded by the Turks. On 12 September 1683, the allied army fell upon the enemy, who was completely routed, and Vienna was saved. The Imperial forces, among whom Prince Eugene of Savoy was rapidly becoming prominent, followed up the victory with others, notably one near Mohács in 1687 and another at Zenta in 1697, and in January 1699, Sultan Mustafa II signed the Treaty of Karlowitz by which he ceded almost

4284-433: Was besieged from July to September, while Leopold took refuge at Passau . Realizing the gravity of the situation somewhat tardily, some of the German princes, among them the electors of Saxony and Bavaria , led their contingents to the Imperial Army , which was commanded by the emperor's brother-in-law, Charles, Duke of Lorraine , but the most redoubtable of Leopold's allies was the King of Poland, John III Sobieski , who

4352-519: Was caused partly by his desire to crush Protestantism and partly by the so-called Magnate conspiracy . A rising was suppressed in 1671 and for some years Hungary was treated with great severity. In 1681, after another rising, some grievances were removed and a less repressive policy was adopted, but this did not deter the Hungarians from revolting again. Austrian forces occupied the castle of Trebišov in 1675, but in 1682 Imre Thököly captured it and then fled from continuous Austrian attacks, so they blew

4420-441: Was celebrated seven days later. The Viennese celebrations of the imperial marriage were among the most splendid of all the Baroque era, and lasted almost two years. The emperor ordered the construction of an open-air theatre near the present Burggarten, with a capacity of 5,000 people. For Margaret's birthday in July 1668, the theatre hosted the premiere of the opera Il pomo d'oro (The Golden Apple). Composed by Antonio Cesti ,

4488-545: Was depicted unusually large on a 1670 silver coin, Leopold was nicknamed "the Hogmouth"; however, most collectors do not believe the coin was an accurate depiction. In 1666, he married Margaret Theresa of Spain (1651–1673), daughter of King Philip IV of Spain , who was both his niece and his first cousin. She was depicted in Diego Velázquez ' paintings sent from the court of Madrid to Leopold as he waited in Vienna for his fiancée to grow up. Leopold and Margaret Theresa had four children, all but one short-lived: His second wife

4556-420: Was finally announced. The marriage contract was signed on 18 December. Before the official wedding ceremony (which, according to custom, had to take place in Vienna) another portrait of the infanta was sent, in order for the emperor to know his bride. King Philip IV died on 17 September 1665. In his will, he did not mention Margaret's betrothal; in fact, the context in which the document was prepared suggests that

4624-499: Was involved in the War of the Spanish Succession . The King of Spain, Charles II , was a Habsburg by descent and was related by marriage to the Austrian branch, while a similar tie bound him to the royal house of France . He was feeble and childless, and attempts had been made by the European powers to arrange for a peaceable division of his extensive kingdom. Leopold refused to consent to any partition, and when in November 1700 Charles died, leaving his crown to Philippe, Duke of Anjou ,

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