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78-680: A Rhodes Scholar , Abley settled in Montreal in 1983, where he lived until 2024. His memoir of his father, The Organist: Fugues, Fatherhood, and a Fragile Mind , appeared in 2019. It was followed by a work of literary travel, Strange Bewildering Time: Istanbul to Kathmandu in the Last Year of the Hippie Trail (2023). In 2024 he moved to Gananoque , Ontario. Born in Warwickshire , England, Mark Abley moved to Canada with his family as

156-605: A residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House , an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities. There were originally 60 scholarships. Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes's will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium);

234-446: A Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, and influential activists. Additionally, some have made significant contributions to literature, arts, and technology, influencing culture and scientific understanding. Numerous international scholarship programs were very much underway by 1900. Since the 1880s, governments, universities, and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships to home universities. By 1900,

312-422: A beneficiary of the resources and labor of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved." A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that there was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy—a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanize in unacceptable ways. There

390-446: A ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder. While the group does not have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed as it is "the ultimate form of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a large part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a benevolent founder and benefactor." Public criticism has also focused on the alleged hypocrisy of applying for and accepting

468-599: A children's book about words and their origins, Camp Fossil Eyes. He has also written the text of a picture book for young children, Ghost Cat. Abley has edited several books, including When Earth Leaps Up and A Woman Clothed in Words by Anne Szumigalski ; he was Szumigalski's literary executor. Over the years he has led workshops for the Quebec Writers' Federation, the Maritime Writers' Workshop, and

546-690: A combination of literary and academic achievements, athletic involvement, character traits like truth and courage, and leadership potential, originally assessed on a 200-point scale. In 2018, the criteria were revised to emphasize using one's talents and caring for others. The American Rhodes Scholarship is highly competitive, with a 1.4% acceptance rate in 2020, while other countries have varying rates. Scholars can study full-time postgraduate courses at Oxford for one to three years, receiving financial support for tuition and living expenses, along with access to Rhodes House facilities. The Rhodes Scholarship has faced controversies since its inception, primarily concerning

624-665: A conference of the Association of American University Presses, and spoke in a Festival of Landscape at Magdalene College, Cambridge . In 2005 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for research into language change. His book The Prodigal Tongue: Dispatches from the Future of English (2008) was positively reviewed in The Times (London) and by William Safire in The New York Times . In August 2009 Abley published

702-689: A credit to their professions…and communities," finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad ( Pakistan ), Bill Clinton ( United States ), Dom Mintoff ( Malta ), John Turner ( Canada ), Norman Manley ( Jamaica ), and three Prime Ministers of Australia : Bob Hawke , Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull . From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science. Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue

780-412: A focus on Qwabe's own views which included such statements as "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational and other public spaces – which makes it easy for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism". Among other things, the campaign called for

858-450: A full-time career in government…the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas." The most popular career choice for Rhodes Scholars

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936-548: A more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes's legacy, as well as imperial history", and ending

1014-546: A new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital age. Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. Howard Florey was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 after studying medicine at the University of Adelaide Medical School . In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist Ernst Boris Chain , led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin. Robert Q. Marston , an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey,

1092-531: A part in the final vision for the scholarship. The scholarships are based on Rhodes's final will and testament, which states that "no student shall be qualified or disqualified for election…on account of his race or religious opinions". The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which is located at Rhodes House in Oxford. The trust has been modified by four acts of Parliament:

1170-499: A small boy, and grew up in Lethbridge , Alberta and Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . His father Harry was an organist who played in churches and cinemas; he also taught the pipe organ. His father's struggle with depressive illness is a major theme of Abley's memoir of his father, The Organist (2019). Abley attended the University of Saskatchewan , from which he won a Rhodes Scholarship in 1975. He won prizes for his poetry while

1248-416: A student at St John's College, Oxford , and began to write full-time after returning to Canada and moving to Toronto in 1978. He was a contributing editor of both Maclean's and Saturday Night magazines, and a frequent contributor to The Times Literary Supplement . As a young man Abley was a freelance writer and broadcaster. For sixteen years he worked as a feature writer and book-review editor at

1326-580: A top university" when they criticised the university's post-graduate education as "outdated" and "frustrating" in comparison to their education in the United States, specifically pointing to the perceived low quality of instruction and an insufficient scholarship stipend for living expenses. They also criticised the Rhodes application process itself, arguing that potential applicants should not apply unless they are "ready to study and live in Oxford." The original op-ed spurred responses on both sides of

1404-635: A writers' lounge and the Library and Archives. The Leighton Artists' Studios has nine studio cottages. The centre also operates the Walter Phillips Gallery , an art museum located within the Banff Centre. In addition to its arts programming, conferences were introduced in 1953 and management programs in 1954. Banff Centre hosts 500 conferences a year, with proceeds dedicated to supporting arts programming. In 2003, it became host to

1482-407: Is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the most distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such as Zambian activist Lucy Banda , have become prominent members of the civil rights movement. In 1990, third-wave feminist author Naomi Wolf put forward ideas about beauty and power with her book The Beauty Myth , ushering in

1560-483: Is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes's character, nor to sanitize the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated." The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law, as opposed to public service for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment." Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticised

1638-400: Is now affiliated with the University of Calgary , which became its trustee and a significant student feeder in 1966. In the mid-1990s, in response to a cut in its provincial operating grant, the centre launched a capital campaign (The Creative Edge). Proceeds were used to develop conference and arts facilities, which opened in 1996. The centre was designated as a National Training Institute by

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1716-657: The Montreal Gazette . In 1996 he won Canada's National Newspaper Award for critical writing; he was previously shortlisted for the award in 1992 in the category of international reporting for a series of articles about the Horn of Africa . He returned to freelance writing in 2003, though he continued to write the "Watchwords" columns on language issues for the Gazette. Between 2009 and 2020 he worked at McGill-Queen's University Press as an acquisition editor. He served as

1794-888: The Banff Centre for the Arts . His magazine journalism has appeared in The Walrus , Canadian Geographic , Canada's History and many other publications. He was shortlisted for the President's Medal at the National Magazine Awards . In 2013, Abley published Conversations with a Dead Man: The Legacy of Duncan Campbell Scott. Scott was a poet who also ran the Department of Indian Affairs for many years. It received high praise from Bob Rae and Cindy Blackstock among others. A revised and updated edition

1872-758: The Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch ; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands ; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown . These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools). During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees have added about another 40 scholarships at one time or another, though not all have continued. Some of these extended

1950-588: The First and Second World Wars . No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes's will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community . Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by

2028-543: The Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 that banned discrimination based on sex, including in education. The trustees then applied to the Secretary of State for Education to admit women into the scholarship, and in 1976 the request was granted. In 1977, women were finally admitted to the full scholarship. Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested against the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at

2106-650: The Transvaal . Shortly after Rhodes's death, Stead implied in a published article about the Will that he suggested that Rhodes open the scholarships to women, but Rhodes refused. Nothing more is said on the matter. After his death, the will was under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. In 1916, however, the trustees introduced a bill into the House of Commons that, catering to popular British sentiment during

2184-625: The University of Oxford in Oxford , United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world. Established in 1902, it is the oldest graduate scholarship in the world. It is considered among the world's most prestigious international scholarship programs. Its founder, Cecil John Rhodes , wanted to promote unity among English-speaking nations and instill a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders, irrespective of their chosen career paths. The scholarship committee selects candidates based on

2262-581: The War , "revoked and annulled" the scholarships for Germans. Since then, legal control over the will has resided with Parliament. In 1970, the trustees established the Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Unlike the regular scholarship, a Visiting Fellow was expected to have a doctorate or comparable degree, and to use the two-year funded study to engage in independent research. Only 33 Visiting Fellowships were awarded. In 1975, Parliament passed

2340-609: The 1935 summer school, the students performed Relief by Minnie Bicknell. In 1935 the centre became known as The Banff School of Fine Arts. The Carnegie grant that initial funded the centre was suspended from August to December 1935 to be assessed by the Carnegie Foundation. The grant was renewed for two years, though the Foundation recommended the University of Alberta should assume financial responsibility at

2418-503: The 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to change the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the African National Congress did black South Africans begin to win the scholarships. Out of five thousand Rhodes Scholarships awarded between 1903 and 1990, about nine hundred went to students from Africa. Public criticism of

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2496-434: The 2020 class. In his will, Rhodes specified that he did not want his scholarships to go to "merely bookworms." He wanted each candidate assessed in regard to: To assess candidates, Rhodes specified a 200-point scale, unequally applied to each of the four areas (3/10 to each of the first and third areas, 2/10 to each of the other two areas). The first area was to be judged by examination, the second and third by ballot from

2574-727: The American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the Churchill Scholarship , Truman Scholarship , Marshall Scholarship , Fulbright Scholarship , and Mitchell Scholarship . It is approximately as selective as the Gates Cambridge Scholarship , which has an award rate of 1.3%. In Canada between 1997 and 2002, there were an average of 234 university-endorsed applicants annually for 11 scholarships, for an acceptance rate of 4.7%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in

2652-516: The Atlantic. Other students criticised the authors for their tone of "ingratitude and entitlement," while The Sunday Times noted that it fueled the rivalry between the University of Cambridge , Harvard University , and the University of Oxford and existing concerns about the quality of British graduate education. In response, the Rhodes Trust released two statements, one to The Sunday Times saying that "the criticisms…are unrepresentative of

2730-658: The British empire, and to strengthen diplomatic ties between Britain and the United States of America. In Rhodes's own words, "I…desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages which I implicitly believe will result from the union of the English-speaking peoples throughout the world and to encourage in the students from North America who would benefit from the American Scholarships." Rhodes also bequeathed scholarships to German students in

2808-721: The Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, the Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and most recently by the Rhodes Trust (Modification) Order 1976, a statutory instrument in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships ) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in

2886-571: The Rhodes Scholarship extended into new territories, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for China , later with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the United Arab Emirates . The organization administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s. The Rhodes Scholarship

2964-448: The Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living gift" to the United States. Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir Francis Wylie ), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications);

3042-518: The Rhodes Scholarship while criticizing it, with University of Cambridge academic Mary Beard , writing in The Times Literary Supplement , arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his cash." Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'm no beneficiary of Rhodes. I'm

3120-638: The Spanish translation, Abley was awarded the LiberPress Prize for international authors in Girona , Catalonia. Abley has given talks at Oxford University , College of the Holy Cross , Ohio State University , McGill University , Queen's University , the University of Toronto and elsewhere. He delivered the annual Priestly Lecture at the University of Lethbridge , gave the opening address to

3198-463: The U.S.-based Carnegie Foundation . Elizabeth Sterling Haynes , Theodore and Eliot Cohen, Gwillym Edwards, and Gwen Pharis served as the centre's first employees, with Haynes and Cohen teaching approximately 230 students that first summer. Initially only a single course in drama was offered. In 1934, the centre established their special children's drama division and hired instructors Wallace House, Roy Mitchell , and Jocelyn Taylor Mitchell. During

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3276-527: The United States, applicants must first pass a university-internal endorsement process, then proceed to one of the 16 U.S. districts committees. In 2020, approximately 2,300 students sought their institution's endorsement for the American Rhodes scholarship, among those 953 from 288 institutions were university-endorsed, of whom 32 were ultimately elected. This represents a 1.4% award rate when considering both endorsed and non-endorsed applicants. As such,

3354-691: The United States. The Kennedy Scholarship program, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy , adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Marshall Scholarship as a coeducational alternative to

3432-571: The University of Oxford. These were John Brademas , Bob Hawke (Western Australia and University 1953), Rex Nettleford and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked. In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes anniversary celebrations, John McCall MacBain , Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards

3510-474: The area, CFPE-FM and CFPF-FM, from Friends of Banff National Park Fellowship, and to launch an additional new station, CJXB-FM. Under the Banff Centre's ownership, the existing stations would be expanded to incorporate some community radio talk and information programming, while the new CJXB would program an adult album alternative music format. The approval to acquire CFPE and CFPF from the Friends of Banff

3588-426: The candidate's fellow students, and the fourth by the headmaster of the candidate's school. The results for each candidate would be sent to the trustees of Rhodes's will, or their appointees, who would then give a final assessment by averaging the marks for each candidate. Except for the candidates submitted by the four schools in southern Africa, the trustees were vested with the final decisions. Rhodes also added that

3666-500: The creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes The American Oxonian , founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries. In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded honorary degrees by

3744-489: The end of that term. As arts programming continued to succeed and develop, conferences were introduced in 1953 and management programs in 1954. The facility was renamed The Banff Centre for Continuing Education (The Banff Centre for short) in 1970. The centre was granted full autonomy as a non-degree granting educational institution under the governance of a board of directors by the Province of Alberta in 1978. The centre

3822-486: The exclusion of women and Black Africans. Initially, the scholarship was limited to male students with Commonwealth of Nations , Germany, and the United States, a restriction that only changed in 1977 following the passage of the Sex Discrimination Act. Protests for the inclusion of non-white scholars began in the 1970s, but it wasn't until 1991 that Black South Africans were awarded the scholarship due to

3900-562: The federal government in 1999, and became home to the Banff International Research Station in 2003. The centre's name was officially changed to "The Banff Centre" in 2008, and to the "Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity" in 2016. On June 11, 2020, the institution laid off 284 staff members via Zoom. The layoff subsequently sparked an open letter from several prominent artists, curators, arts figures, alumni and current and former staff expressing concern for

3978-440: The first 30 years of female recipients, many of whom individually recounted personal experiences as well as professional accomplishments. In his 2008 book Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship ( Yale University Press ), biographer and historian Philip Ziegler writes that "The advent of women does not seem notably to have affected the balance of Scholars among the various professions, though it has reduced

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4056-642: The first writer-in-residence for the city of Pointe-Claire in 2010–11. He has written four books of poetry, two children's books, and several non-fiction books. Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages (2003) describes people and cultures whose languages are at risk of vanishing in an era of globalization . It was short-listed for the Grand Prix du Livre de Montréal and the Pearson Writers' Trust Nonfiction Prize. It has been translated into French, Spanish, Japanese and Latvian. In 2009, thanks to

4134-496: The fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust. In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, John Rowett , and commended its recovery under wardens Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn . As of 2018, due to the introduction of the Global Rhodes Scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship is open to postgraduate students from anywhere in

4212-482: The hope that, "a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world." Rhodes, who attended Oriel College, Oxford , believed the university's residential colleges would be the best venue to nurture diplomatic ties between future world leaders. To this day, controversies persist over Rhodes's Anglo-supremacist beliefs, most of which date back to his 1877 confession of faith. However, such convictions did not play

4290-478: The incidence of worldly success." Although it is true that female recipients have not become heads of state yet, they have succeeded in many other ways as described in the Rhodes Project. In South Africa, the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in order to allow female applicants. In 2012,

4368-629: The institution's commitment to values supporting its visual arts programming and operations. Programs include residencies, workshops, practicum programs, the Leighton Artists' Studios (an artist retreat opened by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , on 20 August 1985 ), and the multidisciplinary Banff Summer Arts Festival. In 2013, the centre applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to acquire two tourist information radio stations serving

4446-406: The number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 spots (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 spot (5.7%). According to the Rhodes Trust, the overall global acceptance rate stands at 0.7%, making it one of the most competitive scholarships in the world. An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during

4524-462: The political changes in the country. Additionally, criticism of Cecil Rhodes's colonialist legacy has spurred movements calling for a reevaluation of the scholarship and its ties to Rhodes's views. Critics have also highlighted the tendency of recipients to pursue careers in business rather than public service, diverging from the scholarship's original intent. In 2007, some criticized Oxford's postgraduate education as outdated, further igniting debate over

4602-730: The present, the program's critics have had two main themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business; second, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-one goal." Andrew Sullivan wrote in 1988 that "of the 1,900 or so living American scholars…about 250 fill middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities…[while] another 260...have ended up as lawyers." In 2007, an op-ed in The Harvard Crimson by two American Rhodes Scholars caused an "international row over Oxford's status as

4680-482: The quality of education and the scholarship's value. Rhodes Scholars have pursued diverse careers across various fields, including education, law, business, and medicine, often achieving respectable positions. Many have engaged in social justice, human rights advocacy, and civil rights work. In the medical and scientific communities, they have contributed to advancements in genetics, disease research, and surgical techniques. Notable scholars include former heads of state,

4758-461: The removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum. While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, was critical of the accuracy of Qwabe's statements and warned against "pandering to contemporary views." A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the group Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain

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4836-427: The scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will. A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations . Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website. Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries. As of 2018, scholars are selected from over 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 countries) worldwide. In 2015,

4914-552: The scholars should be distributed among the Colleges at Oxford, that the trustees could remove any scholar at their discretion, and that the trustees were to host an annual dinner so scholars could discuss their "experiences and prospects". The trustees were also encouraged to invite to the dinner other "persons who have shown sympathy with the views expressed by me in this my Will". In 2018, the same criteria underwent revision: Each country's scholarship varies in its selectivity. In

4992-475: The scholarship (which is for post-graduate students) continues to attract criticism; however, the scholarship's recent partnership with the Atlantic Philanthropies is intended to help address those issues. In 2019, University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for

5070-431: The scholarship has also focused on Cecil Rhodes's white supremacist views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to assure them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "blood money". In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, Ntokozo Qwabe , began a campaign to address Rhodes's controversial historical and political legacy , with

5148-517: The state level of the American competition. In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States. Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States has been around 35 percent. In 2007, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars published a retrospective on

5226-399: The three remaining schools followed suit to allow women to apply. Today, four of the nine scholarships allocated to South Africa are open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools. Beginning in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and 80 of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at

5304-403: The time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971. The case of South Africa was especially difficult to resolve, because in his will establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-only private secondary schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper, the issue became "explosive" in

5382-590: The travelling scholarship had become an important part of settler universities' educational visions. It served as a crucial mechanism by which they sought to claim their citizenship of what they saw as the expansive British academic world. The Rhodes program was a copy that soon became the best-known version. The Rhodes Trust established the scholarships in 1902 under the terms laid out in the eighth and final will of Cecil John Rhodes , dated 1 July 1899 and appended by several codicils through March 1902. The scholarships were founded for two reasons: to promote unity within

5460-650: The trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers in finance and business, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than did in the entire 1970s", attributing it to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations. At least a half dozen 1990s Rhodes Scholars became partners at Goldman Sachs and, since the 1980s, McKinsey has had numerous Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in private practice or academic posts. According to Schaeper and Schaeper, "From 1904 to

5538-579: The university, whether a taught master's program, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). The scholarship's basic tenure is two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust . In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars become affiliated with

5616-430: The vast majority of Americans" studying at Oxford, and another as a reply to the original op-ed arguing that "false expectations", particularly for those uncertain about their degree choice, and going to Oxford for the "wrong reasons", could contribute to dissatisfaction. Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude that while "few of them have 'changed the world'…most of them have been

5694-427: The world. Many of its greatest scholars have carried out its founder's later ideal of "equal rights for all civilized men" becoming some of the foremost voices in human rights and social justice . Some have even engaged in criticism of Cecil Rhodes himself (see Rhodes must fall ). Because access to further education, particularly post-graduate education, is linked with social mobility and racial wealth disparity ,

5772-693: Was Director of the National Institutes of Health (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the high quality of basic science research in the Institutes. Banff Centre for the Arts Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity (formerly Banff Centre ) is an arts and culture educational institution in Banff , Alberta . It offers arts programs in the performing and fine arts , as well as leadership training. It

5850-554: Was established in 1933 as the Banff School of Drama . It was granted full autonomy as a non-degree granting post-secondary educational institution in 1978. Banff Centre is a member of the Alberta Rural Development Network . On June 23, 2016, Banff Centre announced a new name: Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. The centre was founded in 1933 by the University of Alberta , with a grant from

5928-648: Was granted on July 19, 2013, while the new station was approved on August 6, 2013. The centre formally launched its new community radio programming on the existing stations in June 2014. By 2015, however, CJXB had still not launched when the Banff Centre decided to discontinue all three radio stations in order to focus on a podcasting strategy. The CRTC revoked the CFPE and CFPF licenses on April 10, 2015. Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity facilities offer resources to support artists of all disciplines. Facilities include

6006-410: Was originally, as per the language used in Rhodes's will, open only to "male students." That stipulation did not change until 1977. Rhodes developed his scholarships partly through conversation with William Thomas Stead , editor of The Pall Mall Gazette and confidant of Rhodes, and at one time an executor of the Will who was stricken from the role when he objected to Rhodes's ill-fated effort to seize

6084-446: Was published by Stonehewer Books in 2024. Coteau Books published The Tongues of Earth, a volume of Abley's new and selected poems, in 2015. It was shortlisted for the 2016 Fred Cogswell Award for literary excellence. The Organist was named by BBC Music Magazine as one of the top ten classical music books of 2019. Rhodes Scholar The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at

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