70-528: The Markeaton Brook is an 11-mile-long (17 km) tributary of the River Derwent in Derbyshire , England. The brook rises from its source south of Hulland Ward , and flows for most of its length through the countryside north-west of Derby before entering a culvert to the north of the city centre; it reappears from this culvert and runs through a short section of open channel on the other side of
140-606: A "camping-close" or "camping-pightel" specifically for the playing of the East Anglian version of football known as Camp Ball. In 1486 comes the earliest description of "a football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game. This reference is in Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with ...it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis',
210-474: A 1321 dispensation , granted by Pope John XXII to William de Spalding of Shouldham in Norfolk : "To William de Spalding, canon of Scoldham of the order of Sempringham. During the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his, also called William, ran against him and wounded himself on a sheathed knife carried by the canon, so severely that he died within six days. Dispensation is granted, as no blame
280-465: A Clergymen from the Southeast of England: They get the bladder and blowe it great and thin, with many beanes and peason put within, It ratleth, shineth and soundeth clere and fayre, While it is throwen and caste up in the eyre, Eche one contendeth and hath a great delite, with foote and hande the bladder for to smite, if it fall to the ground they lifte it up again... Overcometh the winter with driving
350-601: A ball being kicked. The earliest reference to ball games in post-classical Europe comes from the eighth-century English historian Bede , who refers to a "playing ball" ("pila ludicra") in his work De Temporum Ratione . Another early reference comes from the ninth-century Historia Brittonum , attributed to the Welsh monk Nennius . The text, written in Wales , mentions a group of boys "playing at ball" ('pilae ludus'). The earliest reference from France which provides evidence of
420-475: A ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule , in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet, and sticks, date from the 12th century. These archaic forms of football, typically classified as mob football, would be played in towns and villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams, who would clash in a heaving mass of people struggling to drag an inflated pig's bladder by any means possible to markers at each end of
490-610: A ball game. It looks as though they are using their hands for the game; however, kicking certainly cannot be excluded. Most other medieval images of ball games in England show large balls. This picture clearly shows that small balls were also used. King Edward III of England also issued such a declaration, in 1363: "[m]oreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games". At this time football
560-687: A critic of the game) advocates "footeball" as part of what he calls vehement exercise in his Castel of Helth published in 1534. Secondly English headmaster Richard Mulcaster provides in his 1581 publication Positions Wherein Those Primitive Circumstances Be Examined, Which Are Necessarie for the Training up of Children , the earliest evidence of organised, refereed football for small teams playing in formation. The first reference to football in Ireland occurs in
630-600: A fine of 20 shillings on mayors and bailiffs in towns where misdemeanours such as football occurred. This confirms that football was not confined to London. The Accounts of the Worshipful Company of Brewers between 1421 and 1423 concerning the hiring out of their hall include reference to "by the "footeballepleyers" twice... 20 pence" listed in English under the title "crafts and fraternities". This reference suggests that bans against football were unsuccessful and
700-404: A football field, stating that: "[t]he boundaries have been marked and the game had started." Nevertheless, the game was still rough, as the account confirms: "a game, I say, abominable enough . . . and rarely ending but with some loss, accident, or disadvantage of the players themselves." Medieval sport had no referee. In 1510 comes the next description of early football by Alexander Barclay ,
770-484: A football game comes from the end of the 15th century in a Latin account of a football game with features of modern soccer . It was played at Cawston in Nottinghamshire , England. It is included in a manuscript collection of the miracles of King Henry VI of England . Although the precise date is uncertain it certainly comes from between 1481 and 1500. This is the first account of an exclusively "kicking game" and
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#1732780397419840-633: A football match. The oldest surviving ball that might have been used for football games dates to about 1540 and comes from Scotland. It is made from leather and a pig's bladder. It was discovered in 1981 in the roof structure of the Queen's Chamber, Stirling Castle . Whilst other uses for the ball, such as the Italian game pallone , have been suggested, most notably by the National Museum of Scotland , due to its size (diameter 14–16 cm ), staff at
910-455: A fotebal." It was considered socially acceptable for a football to be included in medieval English Heraldry . On 22 April 1497, James IV of Scotland , who was at Stirling Castle paid two shillings for footballs, recorded as, "giffen [given] to Jame Dog to b[u]y fut ballis to the King". It is not known if he himself played with them. The earliest and perhaps most important description of
980-412: A great depth under water. Great damage was done to the houses and furniture; several walls were thrown down; bridges and great quantities of wood carried away, and numbers of cattle swept from pastures perished. The parish church of St. Werburgh received considerable damage, it having made so great a breach in the pavement throughout the church so as to require it to be new paved." Repairs to the paving in
1050-575: A multi-agency project designed to reduce sediment runoff in the catchment, restore hedgerows, and tackle invasive species such as American mink and Himalayan balsam . Taking part in the project are the Friends of the Markeaton Brook, an advocate group which aims to protect the brook and its surroundings, and educate the public on its history, amenities and nature. River Derwent, Derbyshire Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1120-662: A number of towns, notably the Ba game played at Christmas and New Year at Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands of Scotland, Uppies and Downies over Easter at Workington in Cumbria , and the Royal Shrovetide Football Match on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday at Ashbourne in Derbyshire , England. Few images of medieval football survive. One wooden misericord carving (photo below right) from
1190-582: A private house, and Britannia mill is now part of The University of Derby. Nun's mill was another site recorded in Derby, and mentioned as one of the goals in the description of the mob football game that took place in Derby until the 18th century. Due to its location beside the confluence of the River Derwent and the Markeaton brook, Derby has a long history of being flooded from either the brook or
1260-509: A student of Oxford University , found his brother Adam dead, and it was alleged that he was killed by Irish students, whilst playing the ball in the High Street towards Eastgate ". In 1314, comes the earliest reference to a game called football when Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree on behalf of King Edward II banning football. It was written in
1330-549: A town. By some accounts, in some such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal, as long as it did not lead to manslaughter or murder . These antiquated games went into sharp decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. In spite of this, games continued to be played in some parts of the United Kingdom and still survive in
1400-454: Is attached to William de Spalding, who, feeling deeply the death of his friend, and fearing what might be said by his enemies, has applied to the pope." Banning of ball games began in France in 1331 by Philip VI , presumably the ball game known as La soule . In the mid-fourteenth century a misericord (a carved wooden seat-rest) at Gloucester cathedral , England shows two young men playing
1470-623: Is mentioned as one of the games played by King Arthur's knights in Brut , written by Layamon , an English poet from Worcestershire . This is the earliest reference to the English language "ball". Layamon states: "some drive balls (balles) far over the fields". Records from 1280 report on a game at Ulgham , near Ashington in Northumberland , in which a player was killed as a result of running against an opposing player's dagger. This account
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#17327803974191540-479: Is noteworthy because it is the earliest reference to an English ball game that definitely involved kicking; this suggests that kicking was involved in even earlier ball games in England. In Cornwall in 1283 plea rolls No. 111 mention a man named Roger who was accused of striking a fellow player in a game of soule with a stone, a blow which proved fatal. The earliest reference to ball games being played by university students comes in 1303 when "Thomas of Salisbury ,
1610-401: Is unclear exactly what is happening in this set of three images, although the last image appears to show a man with a broken arm. It is likely that this image highlights the dangers of some medieval football games. Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball". This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve
1680-528: The French used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls [ rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ] in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid: we command and forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." Another early account of kicking ball games from England comes in
1750-600: The Middle Ages . Alternative names include folk football , mob football and Shrovetide football . These games may be regarded as the ancestors of modern codes of football , and by comparison with later forms of football, the medieval matches were chaotic and had few rules. The Middle Ages saw a rise in popularity of games played annually at Shrovetide (before Lent ) throughout England, particularly in London . The games played in England at this time may have arrived with
1820-616: The Roman occupation but there is little evidence to indicate this. Certainly the Romans played ball games, in particular harpastum . There is also one reference to ball games being played in southern Britain prior to the Norman Conquest . In the ninth century Nennius 's Historia Brittonum tells that a group of boys were playing at ball ( pilae ludus ). The origin of this account is either Southern England or Wales . References to
1890-471: The Statute of Galway of 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery but banned " 'hokie' – the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves" as well as other sports. (The earliest recorded football match in Ireland was one between Louth and Meath , at Slane , in 1712.) Apprentices progressing to become master craftsmen in 16th-century Perth traditionally had to pay for a banquet and hold
1960-400: The 18th and 19th centuries. In December 1740 there was; "A great flood in Derby. On Tuesday last, we had the greatest inundation of water here that ever was known, occasioned by the falling of a great quantity of snow and rain, which began on Sunday, and continued (almost without intermission) till Tuesday morning, at which time several streets, and all the rooms upon the ground floor were laid
2030-756: The Bramble brook. It crosses beneath the Morledge, before it finally re-emerges from the culvert into the Mill Fleam at the Cockpit island, and then runs alongside the Bass recreation ground, until it reaches the River Derwent. The brook and its tributaries drain a catchment area of 64 square kilometres (25 sq mi), which lies to the north-west of Derby, between that of the River Ecclesbourne to
2100-489: The English word "football" when in 1409 he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball". On 4 March 1409, eight men were compelled to give a bond of £20 to the London city chamberlain for their good behaviour towards "the kind and good men of the mystery of Cordwainers ", undertaking not to collect money for a football ('pro pila pedali'). In 1410, King Henry IV of England found it necessary to impose
2170-707: The Stirling Smith Museum and researchers at the Scottish Football Museum have attributed its use to football, citing the description of the ball used in the Carlisle Castle game of 1568. The violence of early football in Scotland is made clear in this sixteenth-century poem on the " beauties of football ": Bruised muscles and broken bones Discordant strife and futile blows Lamed in old age, then cripled withal These are
Markeaton Brook - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-559: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 219920350 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:53:17 GMT Mob football Medieval football is a modern term used for a wide variety of the localised informal football games which were invented and played in England during
2310-506: The beauties of football The earliest specific reference to football (pila pedalis) at a university comes in 1555 when it was outlawed at St John's College, Oxford . Similar decrees followed shortly after at other Oxford Colleges and at Cambridge University . Another reference occurred in 1555, when Antonio Scaino published his treatise Del Giuoco della Palla ( On the Game of the Ball ). It
2380-522: The brook also falls over a cascade. Continuing in a south-east direction, the Cutler brook meets a minor tributary that flows from Quarndon and the name changes to become the Markeaton brook. The larger brook then flows into Markeaton Park , where it is joined by its largest tributary the Mackworth Brook which drains the area around Mackworth and Kirk Langley . Various channels exist within
2450-486: The brook in the centre of the town. Residents living alongside the course of the brook were trapped in their houses, and produce from nearby allotments was uprooted and swept through the streets. The second flood occurred less than a year later in May 1932; again intense rainfall caused the brook to overflow, with considerable flooding throughout the central shopping quarter. A contemporary account recalls that; "Water poured into
2520-554: The brook. St Werburgh's Church, Derby which is located next to the brook, suffered greatly from flood damage, such as in 1673, when "A great flood upon the Markeaton brook, carried away the hay, filled cellars as high as the Angel, Rotten Row, and broke down three of the ten bridges”, again in 1677 and in November 1698 “A great flood which washed down part of St. Werburgh’s church and the steeple fell." The church faced further floods in
2590-403: The catchment can generate a flow of 50 cubic metres per second (1,800 cu ft/s), within thirteen hours of intense rainfall. Summer flows are much smaller, with the brook producing a flow of only 0.35 cubic metres per second (12 cu ft/s). The brook drains a catchment with a geology consisting of mainly Mercian mudstones and Siltstone , but with some Sandstone and Shales in
2660-479: The catchment that have occurred since the original design. The brook and its tributaries supports a range of flora and fauna, and includes two protected areas of ecological importance at Muggington Bottoms and Kedleston Hall. Rare freshwater sponges, and the endangered native white clawed crayfish have been found in the brook. Since 2004, the catchments of the Mercaston & Markeaton brooks have been included in
2730-549: The catchment. The planned solution was the construction of two flood relief culverts, with associated improvements to the sewerage system. Opened in 1938, the largest of the diversion tunnels was called the Northern Flood Relief Culvert, and drains excess flows from the Markeaton and Mackworth brooks. The second, known as the Bramble brook culvert takes surplus flows for that tributary stream. The northern relief culvert commences at Markeaton Park, near to
2800-482: The centre of the city. Although concealed, its presence could not be ignored, with a number of notable floods occurring in Derby before significant changes, including diversions and relief culverts were deemed necessary to prevent further inundations. From its source south of Hulland Ward, the brook flows south-east where it is joined by the Black Brook, at Mercaston and is initially named after this village. To
2870-475: The church were also required after the largest flood in the 19th century in April 1842. Herbert Spencer , who was an engineer in Derby at that time, described the flood: "A tributary of the river Derwent which runs through Derby, called the Markeaton Brook, was raised suddenly to an immense height by a local deluge of rain, and overflowed to the extent of producing in the main street a flood of some six feet in depth:
Markeaton Brook - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-466: The city before joining the Derwent. The brook is closely associated with the historical development and the early industrial heritage of Derby. Originally the course of the brook passed through the city in an open channel, but it was successively bridged and piped over the years, and by Victorian times it was almost completely covered. It is now hidden from view in a series of culverts as it flows beneath
3010-466: The confluence of the Markeaton and Mackworth brooks. Each brook has its own inlet spillway, with a weir that overflows during periods of high flows. Flows from these inlets converge, and are then taken by the relief culvert eastwards for 2.2 km through the suburbs of Derby, to an outfall with the Derwent in Darley Park . In 2006, the inlet works were improved and upgraded to cope with changes in
3080-495: The early fourteenth century at Gloucester Cathedral , England, clearly shows two young men running vigorously towards each other with a ball in mid-air between them. There is a hint that the players may be using their hands to strike the ball. A second medieval image in the British Museum , London clearly shows a group of men with a large ball on the ground. The ball clearly has a seam where leather has been sewn together. It
3150-415: The first description of dribbling : "[t]he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game. It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet... kicking in opposite directions." The chronicler gives the earliest reference to
3220-473: The first of the Canterbury Tales (written some time after 1380), he uses the following line: "He rolleth under foot as doth a ball". The English theologian John Wycliffe (1320–1384) referred to football in one of his sermons: "and now þei clouten þer shone wiþ censuris, as who shulde chulle a foot-balle". It may be the earliest use of the word football in English. That football was known at
3290-631: The flood level in the Wardwick as “4ft 3in” with the greatest depth of the flood being recorded in Willow row at “6 ft”.Losses due to the floods was estimated at £15,000 (equivalent to £1,783,590 as of 2023). In the early 1930s there were two major floods caused by the brook, which provided the impetus to find a solution, and prevent further flooding in Derby. The first was in September 1931 when heavy rain across Derbyshire, caused substantial flooding from
3360-566: The flood, the Mayor of Derby set up a flood fund and a souvenir booklet costing 6d, was produced by the YMCA to raise money for those who houses and businesses had been affected. Damage to the town was estimated at £400,000. (equivalent to £35,073,091 as of 2023). Following the floods of 1931 and 1932, the Borough council arranged for an investigation to be carried out into the flooding problem within
3430-416: The following definition of camp ball: "Campan, or playar at foott balle, pediluson; campyon, or champion". In 1457 King James II of Scotland , like his father James I, also banned football and golf , viewing the games as a distraction from the mandatory archery training required of all males over age 12. In 1472 the rector of Swaffham , Norfolk bequeathed a field adjoining the church yard for use as
3500-490: The foote-ball. The first record of a pair of football boots occurs when Henry VIII of England ordered a pair from the Great Wardrobe in 1526. The royal shopping list for footwear states: "45 velvet pairs and 1 leather pair for football". Unfortunately these are no longer in existence. It is not known for certain whether the king himself played the game, but if so this is noteworthy as his son Edward VI later banned
3570-429: The fun being had by the carefree adolescents. The earliest confirmation that such ball games in England involved kicking comes from a verse about Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln . This was probably written in the thirteenth century, being recorded by Matthew Paris , although the precise date is not known: "Four and twenty bonny boys, were playing at the ball.. he kicked the ball with his right foot". In about 1200, "ball"
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#17327803974193640-536: The game in 1548 because it incited riots. The reputation of football as a violent game persists throughout most accounts from 16th-century England. In 1531, Sir Thomas Elyot noted in his The Book of the Governor the dangers of football, as well as the benefits of archery ("shooting"): Some men wolde say, that in mediocritie, whiche I haue so moche praised in shootynge, why shulde nat boulynge, claisshe, pynnes, and koytyng be as moche commended? Verily as for two
3710-405: The laste, be to be utterly abiected of al noble men, in like wise foote balle, wherin is nothinge but beastly furie and extreme violence; wherof procedeth hurte, and consequently rancour and malice do remaine with them that be wounded; wherfore it is to be put in perpetuall silence. In class she is emploied to litle strength; in boulyng oftentimes to moche; wherby the sinewes be to moche strayned, and
3780-536: The level attained being so unusual that it was marked by an iron plate let into the wall. It occurred to me to write a report on this flood; and to make suggestions for the prevention of any like catastrophe hereafter. This report was presented to the Town Council, and afterwards printed and distributed by their order." The iron flood mark from 1842 still exists on the Wardwick Tavern. Glover noted that
3850-596: The listing of football players as a "fraternity" is the earliest allusion to what might be considered a football club. The earliest reference to football or kicking ball games in Scotland was in 1424 when King James I of Scotland also attempted to ban the playing of "fute-ball". In 1425 the prior of Bicester , in Oxfordshire , England, made a payment on St Katherine's day "to sundry gifts to football players" ('ludentibus ad pilam pedalem') of 4 denarii. At this time
3920-467: The north, and various tributaries of the lower Dove, including the Hilton Brook to the south and west. The drainage basin has an annual average rainfall of 750 millimetres (30 in), which is lower than the average of 828 millimetres (32.6 in) for England. The highest point in the catchment is at 212 metres (696 ft), near Crossways farm. It has been estimated that during a large storm
3990-592: The park; the brook takes the northern channel with flow also being diverted into Markeaton Lake. The channels rejoin at Britannia Mill and continue through the West End of Derby , until the brook reaches the start of the Markeaton Brook Culvert at Ford Street. This culvert takes the brook beneath the centre of Derby, where it flows under the Strand, Victoria and Albert Street, to an unseen confluence of
4060-434: The playing of ball games (presumably La soule ) comes in 1147. This refers to the handing over of "seven balloons of greatest dimension". An early description of ball games that are likely to be football in England was given by William Fitzstephen in his Descriptio Nobilissimi Civitatis Londoniae (c. 1174 – 1183). He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday : After lunch, all
4130-470: The prior was willing to give his patronage to the game despite its being outlawed. In about 1430 Thomas Lydgate refers to the form of football played in East Anglia known as Camp Ball : "Bolseryd out of length and bread, lyck a large campynge balle". In 1440 the game of Camp Ball was confirmed to be a form of football when the first ever English-Latin dictionary, Promptorium parvulorum , offered
4200-526: The retinue of Mary Queen of Scots : "20 of her retinue played at football before her for two hours very strongly, nimbly, and skilfully, without any foul play offered, the smallness of their ball occasioning their fair play". Mary's retinue was predominantly Scottish, made up primarily by nobles who had followed her south in the aftermath of the Battle of Langside . The first official rules of Calcio Fiorentino (Florentine kick) were recorded in 1580, although
4270-525: The river. In the 19th century Glover collated information on many of the earlier floods in his ‘History of the County of Derby’. Those that referred to the Markeaton Brook extended back to 1610, when three prisoners in the original Derby gaol were drowned. The gaol or jail was located near the Cornmarket, and had underground cells beneath street level, that filled with floodwaters, "owing to a sudden rise" of
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#17327803974194340-473: The south of Weston Underwood the name changes to the Cutler Brook, from where it flows through the parkland of Kedleston Hall . The channel through the park has been modified as part of the landscaping of the grounds in the 18th century into a series of lakes. Beside the upper lake is a neoclassical style boathouse and fishing room, beyond is a "very handsome stone bridge", where beneath the three arches,
4410-403: The streets and many houses were filled to a depth of six or seven feet. In the low-lying parts of the town it gathered quickly and, by ten o’clock on this memorable Sunday morning, shops in the Cornmarket, St James’s Street and the bottom end of St Peter’s Street were immersed half-way up the windows. The centre of town presented the appearance of a lake and the sight was unforgettable." Following
4480-623: The turn of the century in Western England comes from about 1400 when the West Midland Laud Troy Book states in English: "Hedes reled aboute overal As men playe at the fote-ball". Two references to football games come from Sussex in 1403 and 1404 at Selmeston and Chidham as part of baptisms. On each occasion one of the players broke his leg. King Henry IV of England provides an early documented use of
4550-542: The upper reaches. It has been designated as main river by the Environment Agency from Markeaton Park to its confluence with the Derwent. There were more than twelve probable water mills sites along the course of the brook, some of them mentioned in the Domesday Book when Derby was listed with having ten mills. Nearly all of them have been lost or demolished, although the mill at Mercaston survives as
4620-460: The vaines to moche chafed. Wherof often tymes is sene to ensue ache, or the decreas of strength or agilitie in the armes: where, in shotyng, if the shooter use the strength of his bowe within his owne tiller, he shal neuer be therwith grieued or made more feble. Although many sixteenth-century references to football are disapproving or dwell upon its dangers, there are two notable departures from this view. First, Sir Thomas Elyot (although previously
4690-414: The youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in
4760-474: Was already being differentiated in England from handball, which suggests the evolution of basic rules. Between 1314 and 1667, football was officially banned in England alone by more than 30 royal and local laws. (See the article Attempts to ban football games for more details.) Likewise the poet Geoffrey Chaucer offered an allusion to the manner in which contemporary ball games may have been played in fourteenth-century England. In Part IV of The Knight's Tale ,
4830-462: Was for each team to try to cross the ball across a marked space at the opposite end of the field. To start, the ball was placed in the middle of the field and kicked by a member of the team that was chosen by lots. Scaino remarks that its chief entertainment for the spectators was to see "the players fall in great disarray & upside down." In June 1568 Sir Francis Knollys described a football game played at Carlisle Castle , Cumbria , England by
4900-415: Was mostly concerned with a medieval predecessor of tennis, but near the end, Scaino included a chapter titled, "Del Giuoco del Calcio" ("On the Game of Football"), for comparison. According to Scaino, the game was popular with students. It could be played with any number of players. The only rules seem to be that weapons could not be brought onto the field, and the ball could not be thrown by hand. The goal
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