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26-570: The name Marianum itself goes back to Pope Boniface IX , who in 1398 granted the Servites the right to confer theological degrees. This college in Rome was closed in 1870 by the victorious Italian government, which took over the Papal States, Rome and many papal institutions. It opened again under the name Sant' Alessio Falconieri in 1895. In 1939, Servite priest Gabriel Roschini founded

52-584: A master's degree in Mariology (2-year academic program) and a doctorate in Mariology. This Mariological facility has a library with more than 85,000 volumes on Mariology and a number of magazines and journals that treat of theological and Mariological topics. 41°53′11″N 12°27′49″E  /  41.8863°N 12.4635°E  / 41.8863; 12.4635 Pope Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( Latin : Bonifatius IX ; Italian : Bonifacio IX ; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli )

78-513: A vacant benefice but the expectation of one; and when an expectation had been sold, if another offered a larger sum for it, the pope voided the first sale. The unsympathetic observer Dietrich von Nieheim reports that he saw the same benefice sold several times in one week, and that the Pope talked business with his secretaries during Mass. There was resistance in England, the staunchest supporter of

104-647: The Catholic Encyclopedia reports. In England, the anti-papal preaching of John Wyclif supported the opposition of the king and the higher clergy to Boniface IX's habit of granting English benefices as they fell vacant to favorites in the Roman Curia. Boniface IX introduced a revenue known as annates perpetuæ , withholding half the first year's income of every benefice granted in the Roman Court. The pope's agents also now sold not simply

130-579: The Albigenses had been exterminated less than a century before. Their numbers spread to Spain and northern Italy. These evoked uneasy memories of the mass processions of wandering flagellants of the Black Death period, 1348–1349. They went in procession from city to city, clad in white garments, with faces hooded, and wearing on their backs a red cross, following a leader who carried a large cross. Rumors of imminent divine judgement and visions of

156-527: The prince-electors met at Rhense on 20 August 1400 to depose Wenceslaus as King of Germany and chose in his place Rupert , Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1403 Boniface IX recognized Rupert as king. In 1398 and 1399, Boniface IX appealed to Christian Europe in favor of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus , threatened at Constantinople by Sultan Bayezid I , but there

182-515: The French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name Benedict XIII . Over the next few years, Boniface IX was entreated to abdicate, even by his strongest supporters: King Richard II of England (in 1396), the Diet of Frankfurt (in 1397), and King Wenceslaus of Germany (at Reims, 1398). He refused. Pressure for an ecumenical council also grew as

208-740: The Roman papacy during the Schism : the English Parliament confirmed and extended the statutes of Provisors and Praemunire of Edward III , giving the king veto power over papal appointments in England. Boniface IX was defeated in the face of a unified front, and the long controversy was finally settled to the English king's satisfaction. Nevertheless, at the Synod of London (1396), the English bishops convened to condemn Wyclif . In Germany,

234-672: The Virgin Mary abounded. They sang the newly popular hymn Stabat Mater during their processions. For a while, as the White Penitents approached Rome, gaining adherents along the way, Boniface IX and the Curia supported their penitential enthusiasm, but when they reached Rome, Boniface IX had their leader burnt at the stake, and they soon dispersed. "Boniface IX gradually discountenanced these wandering crowds, an easy prey of agitators and conspirators, and finally dissolved them", as

260-540: The bridges also, and for long seasons he was forced to live in more peaceful surroundings at Assisi or Perugia . He also took over the port of Ostia from its Cardinal Bishop . In the Papal States , Boniface IX gradually regained control of the chief castles and cities, and he re-founded the States as they would appear during the fifteenth century. The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but

286-523: The city itself. Boniface IX saw to it that Ladislaus was crowned King of Naples at Gaeta on 29 May 1390 and worked with him for the next decade to expel the Angevin forces from southern Italy. During his reign, Boniface IX finally extinguished the troublesome independence of the commune of Rome and established temporal control, though it required fortifying not only the Castel Sant'Angelo , but

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312-422: The costs of modern warfare rose and supporters needed to be encouraged by gifts, for fourteenth-century government depended upon such personal support as a temporal ruler could gather and retain. All the princes of the late 14th century were accused of avaricious money-grubbing by contemporary critics, but among them contemporaries ranked Boniface IX as exceptional. Traffic in benefices, the sale of dispensations, and

338-401: The fourteen cardinals who remained faithful to the papacy at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon had just crowned a French prince, Louis II of Anjou , as king of Naples. The youthful Ladislaus was the son of King Charles III of Naples , assassinated in 1386, and Margaret of Durazzo , scion of a line that had traditionally supported the popes in their struggles in Rome with the anti-papal party in

364-594: The house served as monarchs of Naples , as well as several other territories. The house was founded in the 1350s, when King John II of France , of the Valois line of Capetians , came to power. His paternal grandmother, Countess Margaret of Anjou and Maine , had been a princess of the Capetian House of Anjou or Elder Angevin Dynasty. She was the eldest daughter of King Charles II of Naples and gave Anjou to

390-590: The journal Marianum and directed it for thirty years. In 1950, he also founded the Marianum Theological Faculty, which, on December 8, 1955, became a pontifical faculty by decree Coelesti Honorandae Reginae of the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities under the authority of Pope Pius XII . Roschini served as the rector. Since 1971, the pontifical institute has been open to lay persons . The Marianum offers both

416-542: The jubilee", as indulgences were called, but the preaching of indulgences led to abuses and scandal. The jubilee of 1400 drew to Rome great crowds of pilgrims , particularly from France, in spite of a disastrous plague. Pope Boniface IX remained in the city nonetheless. In the latter part of 1399 there arose bands of flagellants , known as the Bianchi , or Albati (" White Penitents "), especially in Provence , where

442-419: The like, did not cover the loss of local sources of revenue in the long absence of the papacy from Rome, foreign revenue diminished by the schism, expenses for the pacification and fortification of Rome, the constant wars made necessary by French ambition and the piecemeal reconquest of the Papal States . Boniface IX certainly provided generously for his mother, his brothers Andrea and Giovanni, and his nephews in

468-520: The line of the House of Anjou-Durazzo in 1435 temporarily secured Naples for the Valois House of Anjou, but they were driven from Naples by Alfonso V of Aragon in 1442. René , the last duke of this, third, Angevin line, died in 1480, and Anjou reverted to the French crown. With the death of his nephew Count Charles IV of Maine in 1481, all Angevin possessions, including Provence , reverted to

494-471: The only way to breach the Western Schism , but the conciliar movement made no headway during Boniface's papacy. During the reign of Boniface IX two jubilees were celebrated at Rome. The first, in 1390, had been declared by his predecessor, Urban VI , and was largely frequented by people from Germany, Hungary, Poland , Bohemia , and England. Several cities of Germany obtained the "privileges of

520-587: The saddest chapters in the history of the Church. Neither pope had the magnanimity to put an end to the terrible state of affairs" by resigning. After his election at the papal conclave of 1389, Germany , England , Hungary , Poland , and the greater part of Italy accepted him as pope. The remainder of Europe recognized the Avignon Pope Clement VII . He and Boniface mutually excommunicated each other. The day before Tomacelli's election by

546-597: The second son of king John II of France, Louis . Within a couple of decades, Queen Joanna of Naples , also of the senior Angevin line , realized that she would remain childless. Although there were extant heirs of the senior branch, for example, the Anjou-Durazzo cadet line , she decided to adopt Louis as her final heir. Thus, in addition to the struggle of the Angevins with Aragon in Southern Italy,

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572-517: The spirit of the day. The Curia was perhaps equally responsible for new financial methods that were destined in the next century to arouse bitter feelings against Rome, particularly in Germany. House of Valois-Anjou The House of Valois-Anjou ( French : Maison de Valois-Anjou , Italian : Casa Valois-Angiò ) was a noble French family and cadet branch of the House of Valois . Members of

598-461: The two Angevin lines, senior and junior, now began to contest with each other for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples . The Anjou-Durazzo line was initially successful in securing control of Naples, but the Valois House of Anjou managed to secure Provence and continued to contest the throne with Louis II , who was actually in control of the city of Naples from 1389 to 1399. The extinction of

624-708: Was a descendant of Tamaso Cybo, who belonged to an influential noble family from Genoa and settled in Casarano in the Kingdom of Naples . An unsympathetic German contemporary source, Dietrich of Nieheim , asserted that he was illiterate ( nesciens scribere etiam male cantabat ). Neither a trained theologian nor skilled in the business of the Curia , he was tactful and prudent in a difficult era, but Ludwig Pastor , who passes swiftly over his pontificate , says, "The numerous endeavours for unity made during this period form one of

650-807: Was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope during the Western Schism . In this time, the Avignon claimants, Clement VII and Benedict XIII , maintained the Roman Curia in Avignon , under the protection of the French monarchy. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Boniface". Boniface IX was born c. 1350 in Naples . Piero (also Perino, Pietro) Cybo Tomacelli

676-473: Was little enthusiasm for a new crusade at such a time. Saint Bridget of Sweden was canonized by Pope Boniface IX on 7 October 1391. The universities of Ferrara (1391) and Fermo (1398) owe him their origin, and that of Erfurt (in Germany), its confirmation (1392). Boniface IX died in 1404 after a brief illness. Boniface IX was a frank politician, strapped for cash like the other princes of Europe, as

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