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77-625: Twelve scientific schools are working in the sphere of marine and engineers elaboration within the university. MSU prepares engineer-technical staff of 28 specialisations and specialties. MSU includes eleven institutes, sixteen faculties, the Maritime College, Human-Technical Lyceum, lyceum classes, and the School of Young Sailors and Kids' Studio. MSU has seven academic buildings, forty-six laboratories and studies, libraries, and ten professional training centers imitating ship equipment. MSU has

154-445: A Daily News -sponsored round-the-world flight. The first aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1924 by aviators of the U.S. Army Air Service in a quartet of Douglas World Cruiser biplanes. The first non-stop aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1949 by Lucky Lady II , a United States Air Force Boeing B-50 Superfortress . Since the development of commercial aviation, there are regular routes that circle

231-522: A Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection of the Earth, in yellow, overlaid on which is another map, in blue, shifted horizontally by 180° of longitude and inverted about the Equator with respect to latitude. Noon at one place is midnight at the other (ignoring daylight saving time and irregularly shaped time zones ) and, with the exception of the tropics , the longest day at one point corresponds to

308-472: A belief. The antipodes being an attribute of a spherical Earth , some ancient authors used their perceived absurdity as an argument for a flat Earth . However, knowledge of the spherical Earth was widespread during the Middle Ages, only occasionally disputed—the medieval dispute surrounding the antipodes mainly concerned the question whether people could live on the opposite side of the earth: since

385-458: A great circle distance of 17,176 km (10,673 mi; 9,274 nmi). A hypothetically almost perfect antipodal flight would be Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport , Morocco ( IATA : TNG), to Whangarei Aerodrome , New Zealand (IATA: WRE), whose designated locators are 10,800 nautical miles (12,428 mi; 20,002 km) apart, almost the maximum possible distance. However, with only a length of 3,599 ft (1,097 m), Whangarei's runway

462-544: A non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible. Yacht racing therefore defines a world circumnavigation to be a passage of at least 21,600 nautical miles (40,000 km) in length which crosses the equator , crosses every meridian and finishes in the same port as it starts. The second map on the right shows the route of the Vendée Globe round-the-world race in red; overlaid in yellow are

539-692: A part of Antarctica. The Australian mainland is the largest landmass with its antipodes entirely in ocean, although some locations of mainland Australia and Tasmania are close to being antipodes of islands (Bermuda, Azores, Puerto Rico) in the North Atlantic Ocean. The largest landmass with antipodes entirely on land is the island of Borneo , whose antipodes are in the Amazon rainforest. Exact or almost exact antipodes: To within 100 km (62 mi), with at least one major city (population of at least 1 million): Taiwan (formerly called Formosa)

616-521: A solo circumnavigation in the university's forty-foot-long (12-metre) Polish-built yacht Admiral Nevelskoi , calling initially in Taiwan , Hong Kong , the Aleutian Islands and California . In 1994, 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometres) west of Australia, the yacht's rudder and mast broke and Lysenko was picked up by a Ukrainian ship, abandoning the still-floating yacht . In 1997 the hull of a yacht

693-492: A standard full commercial passenger load. The current world record-holder Airbus A350-900ULR is capable of flying 18,000 kilometres (9,700 nmi; 11,000 mi), or roughly 90% of an average antipodal distance. Singapore Airlines currently holds the world record for the longest scheduled passenger flight , and utilizes this model in their non-stop Singapore to New York-JFK route SQ23/24. In 2019, Qantas completed separate non-stop flights taking 19–20 hours to encompass

770-694: A student cafeteria with two thousand seats, a medical center, eight dormitories for students. MSU is one of the founders of the Pacific Ocean Law Institute . The university conducts research on transport problems. Since 1992, the university has its own shipping company FESMA, a training boat named Nadezhda , a cargo training ship named Vitya Chalenko , and a fishing boat named "Professor Phrolov". MSU has about twenty sport sections: swimming, volleyball, mini-football, shooting, various kinds of wrestling, tennis, ship design sports, among others. In July 1993, Professor Leonid Lysenko set out on

847-549: A translation of the 13th century De Proprietatibus Rerum by Bartholomeus Anglicus , translated by John of Trevisa : Yonde in Ethiopia ben the Antipodes, men that haue theyr fete ayenst our fete. ( In Modern English: Yonder in Ethiopia are the Antipodes, men that have their feet against our feet. ) The modern English singular antipode arose in the 16th or 17th century as a back-formation from antipodes ; antipous or

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924-502: Is a distance of 40,008 kilometres (24,860 mi). Any other closed great circle route starting on the equator and traveling at an angle between 0° (an equatorial route) and 90° (a polar route) would be between 40,075 and 40,008 kilometres (24,901 and 24,860 mi). In all of these cases, after half of the world has been traversed, every subsequent point will be antipodal to one already visited. There are currently no commercial aircraft capable of traveling non-stop between antipodes with

1001-485: Is antipodal to Bermuda , the antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean , while parts of Spain , Portugal , France and Morocco are antipodal to New Zealand. Approximately 15% of land territory is antipodal to other land, representing approximately 4.4% of Earth's surface. Another source estimates that about 3% of Earth's surface is antipodal land. The largest antipodal land masses are

1078-558: Is approximately the length of the Tropic of Cancer ). The course must include set control points at latitudes outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. In ballooning, which is at the mercy of the winds, the requirements are even more relaxed. The course must cross all meridians, and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles, chosen by the pilot, having radii of 3,335.85 kilometres (2,072.80 mi) and enclosing

1155-472: Is attested in Plato 's dialogue Timaeus , already referring to a spherical Earth, explaining the relativity of the terms "above" and "below": For if there were any solid body in equipoise at the centre of the universe, there would be nothing to draw it to this extreme rather than to that, for they are all perfectly similar; and if a person were to go round the world in a circle, he would often, when standing at

1232-408: Is currently held by a wind-powered vessel, the trimaran IDEC 3 . The record was established by six sailors: Francis Joyon , Alex Pella , Clément Surtel, Gwénolé Gahinet, Sébastien Audigane and Bernard Stamm. On 26 January, 2017, this crew finished circumnavigating the globe in 40 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds. The absolute speed sailing record around the world followed

1309-514: Is not generally considered a "circumnavigation". The path of a true (global) circumnavigation forms a continuous loop on the surface of Earth separating two regions of comparable area. A basic definition of a global circumnavigation would be a route which covers roughly a great circle , and in particular one which passes through at least one pair of points antipodal to each other. In practice, people use different definitions of world circumnavigation to accommodate practical constraints, depending on

1386-534: Is partly antipodal to the province of Formosa in Argentina . Capital cities within 200 km (120 mi) of each other's antipodes: Other major cities or capitals close to being antipodes: Gibraltar is approximately antipodal to Te Ārai about 85 km (53 mi) north of Auckland , New Zealand . This illustrates the old yet correct saying that the sun never sets on the British Empire ;

1463-425: Is possible by walking in a circle around one of the poles—but such trips are shorter than a minimum circumnavigation. On the other hand, the greatest straight line distance that could in theory be covered is a trip exactly on the Equator, a distance of 40,075 kilometres (24,901 mi). The Earth's equatorial bulge makes this slightly longer than a north–south trip around the world along a set of meridian lines, which

1540-628: Is replaced by its supplementary angle while E is exchanged for W. For example, the antipode of the point in China at 37° N 119° E (a few hundred kilometres from Beijing ) is the point in Argentina at 37° S 61° W (a few hundred kilometres from Buenos Aires ). The word antipodes comes from the Greek: ἀντίποδες (antípodes), plural of ἀντίπους (antipous), "with feet opposite (ours)", from ἀντί (antí, “opposite”) + πούς ( poús , “foot”). The Greek word

1617-560: Is the complete navigation around an entire island , continent , or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon ). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth . The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan Expedition , which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic , Pacific , and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in

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1694-775: Is too short to accommodate any current (as of 2015 ) commercial jet airliner, especially one with the required range. Traveling between them would currently need at least two plane changes. Other near-antipodal major city pairs include: The ambiguous airport designation HLA could refer to either Lanseria International Airport ( IATA : HLA , ICAO : FALA , 25°56′S 027°55′E) in South Africa or Huslia Airport ( IATA : HSL , ICAO : PAHL , FAA LID : HLA, 65°42′N 156°21′W) in Alaska. While these airports are not quite antipodal (only 15,581 km (9,682 mi; 8,413 nmi) apart), they are notable considering that they share

1771-717: The Airbus A350 , the ACJ350 , which entered into service in 2020, has a range of 20,550 km (12,770 miles), enabling it to operate between any two available antipodes. As of September 2021, there are three ACJ350s now in service globally. The owner of the first ACJ350, the German Government, has already taken it on a close to antipodal flight with a flight from Cologne, Germany to Canberra, Australia in November 2020. The upcoming Boeing business jet variant,

1848-458: The BBJ 777-8 , will also have an antipodal reach with its published range of 21,570 km (13,403 miles). Both aforementioned variants from Airbus and Boeing are the first aircraft designed to handle flights exceeding the Earth's average antipodal distance of 20,000 km (12,420 miles). Among flights with fuel stop and crew-change stop but still same flight number, Air New Zealand previously had

1925-502: The Bering Strait on the ice, and around 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of roadless swamped or freezing cold areas in Alaska and eastern Russia. No one has so far travelled all of this route by foot. David Kunst was the first person that Guinness verified to have walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 5 October 1974, by "[walking] 23,250 km (14,450 miles) through four continents". Antipodes In geography ,

2002-466: The COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2021, a Comlux 787-8 , registered P4-787, flew a non-scheduled (chartered), non-stop flight from Seoul Incheon to Buenos Aires , which are nearly antipodal points. This set a new record for the longest commercial non-stop flight with paying passengers, covering 19,483 kilometres (10,520 nmi; 12,106 mi) in 20 hours 19 minutes. The business jet variant of

2079-772: The Malay Archipelago , antipodal to the Amazon basin and adjoining Andean ranges; east China and Mongolia , and small sections of southeast Russia , antipodal to Argentina and Chile ; and Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , antipodal to East Antarctica . There is a general paucity of antipodal land because the Southern Hemisphere has comparatively less land than the Northern Hemisphere and, of that,

2156-756: The Northern Hemisphere , "the Antipodes" may refer to Australia and New Zealand , and Antipodeans to their inhabitants. Geographically, the antipodes of the British Isles are in the Pacific Ocean , south of New Zealand. This gave rise to the name of the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand, which are close to the antipode of London . With the exception of a part of the Perth metropolitan area near Baldivis and Rockingham that

2233-789: The Philippines . The voyage was initially led by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan but he was killed on Mactan in the Philippines in 1521. The remaining sailors decided to circumnavigate the world instead of making the return voyage—no passage east across the Pacific would be successful for four decades —and continued the voyage across the Indian Ocean, round the southern cape of Africa , north along Africa's Atlantic coasts, and back to Spain in 1522. Of

2310-485: The Vostok 2 was the first human to fully circumnavigate Earth in spaceflight and made 17.5 orbits on August 6, 1961. According to adjudicating bodies Guinness World Records and Explorersweb, Jason Lewis completed the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe on 6 October 2007. This was part of a thirteen-year journey entitled Expedition 360 . In 2012, Turkish-born American adventurer Erden Eruç completed

2387-475: The antipode ( / ˈ æ n t ɪ ˌ p oʊ d , æ n ˈ t ɪ p ə d i / ) of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it. A pair of points antipodal ( / æ n ˈ t ɪ p ə d əl / ) to each other are situated such that a straight line connecting the two would pass through Earth's center. Antipodal points are as far away from each other as possible. The North and South Poles are antipodes of each other. In

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2464-466: The jet streams , which circulate in the northern and southern hemispheres without crossing the equator. There is therefore no requirement to cross the equator, or to pass through two antipodal points, in the course of setting a round-the-world aviation record. For powered aviation, the course of a round-the-world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians; the course must be at least 36,770 kilometres (19,850 nmi) long (which

2541-553: The 15th century and "St. Augustine doubts" was a response to Columbus's proposal to sail westwards to the Indies. The author of the Norwegian book Konungs Skuggsjá , from around 1250, discusses the existence of antipodes. He notes that (if they exist) they will see the sun in the north in the middle of the day and that they will have seasons opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere. Herodotus recorded that Pharaoh Necho II of

2618-507: The 16,013 km (9950 miles) from New York and 17,016 km (10,573 miles) from London, both to Sydney, Australia with a limit of 49 passengers on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and who underwent medical tests on the flight. The London-Sydney direct routes are said to be the world's most profitable ultra-long haul flights annually. Their plans for the same pair of experiments were quickly put on hold due to global travel restrictions throughout

2695-530: The 26th Dynasty (610–595 BC) commissioned an expedition of Phoenicians which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile, and that " as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right "— to northward of them, proving that they had been in the Southern Hemisphere. The earliest surviving account by a European who had visited

2772-670: The 270 crew members who set out from Seville, only 18 were still with the expedition at the end including its surviving captain, the Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano . The next to circumnavigate the globe were the survivors of the Castilian/Spanish expedition of García Jofre de Loaísa between 1525 and 1536. None of the seven original ships of the Loaísa expedition nor its first four leaders—Loaísa, Elcano , Salazar , and Íñiguez —survived to complete

2849-560: The Antipodes by the diplomatist Peter Martyr who, in a letter he wrote from Barcelona dated 14 May 1493, said: "A few days since, a certain Christopher Columbus, a Ligurian, returned from the Western Antipodes". Perhaps influenced by this, Fernão Vaz Dourado in his Atlas of 1571 inscribed over the map of Mexico and adjacent parts of America, Tera Antipodum regis Castelle inventa a Xforo Columbo Januensi (Land of

2926-607: The Antipodes, discovered for the King of Castile by Christopher Columbus of Genoa). In spite of having been discovered relatively late by European explorers, Australia was inhabited very early in human history; the ancestors of the Indigenous Australians reached it at least 50,000 years ago. To make the longest distance trip around the planet, a traveler would have to pass through a set of antipodal points. All meridians can be crossed in one hemisphere—indeed, this

3003-456: The Earth is approximated as a perfect sphere or as a reference ellipsoid . In terms of the usual way these geographic coordinates are given, this transformation can be expressed symbolically as that is, for the latitude (the north–south coordinate) the magnitude of the angle remains the same but N is changed to S and vice versa, and for the longitude (the East/West coordinate) the angle

3080-529: The Earth's land surfaces have ocean at their antipodes; this is a natural consequence of most of the Earth's surface being covered in water. The antipode of any place on Earth is distant from it by 180° of longitude and as many degrees to the north of the Equator as the original is to the south (or vice versa); in other words, the latitudes are numerically equal, but one is north and the other south. The maps shown here are based on this relationship; they show

3157-547: The Latinate antipus would have been closer to the original singular. Most dictionaries suggest a pronunciation of / ˈ æ n t ɪ ˌ p oʊ d / for this form. Pomponius Mela , the first Roman geographer, asserted that the earth had two habitable zones, a North and South one, but that it would be impossible to get into contact with each other because of the unbearable heat at the Equator ( De orbis situ 1.4). Third-century AD Christian philospher Augustine of Hippo

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3234-473: The North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. The map on the right shows, in red, a typical, non-competitive, route for a sailing circumnavigation of the world by the trade winds and the Suez and Panama canals; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that

3311-620: The Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboard Pelican , which he renamed Golden Hind mid-voyage. In September 1578, the ship passed south of Tierra del Fuego, the southern tip of South America, through the area now known as the Drake Passage . In June 1579, Drake landed somewhere north of Spain's northernmost claim in Alta California , presumably Drakes Bay . Drake completed

3388-569: The Southern Hemisphere is that of Marco Polo (who, on his way home in 1292, sailed south of the Malay Peninsula ). He noted that it was impossible to see the star Polaris from there. The idea of dry land in the southern climes, the Terra Australis , was introduced by Ptolemy and appears on European maps as an imaginary continent from the 15th century. Antipodes was what Giovanni Contarini , on his world map of 1506 called

3465-670: The advent of world cruises in 1922, by Cunard's Laconia , thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin in New York City or Southampton , and proceed westward. Routes vary, either travelling through the Caribbean and then into the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal , or around Cape Horn . From there ships usually make their way to Hawaii,

3542-543: The antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean , while the antipodes of southern Africa are in the North Pacific Ocean . Since the antipode of any place on the Earth is the place that is diametrically opposite of it, a line drawn from one to the other will pass through the centre of Earth and form a true diameter . For example, the antipodes of New Zealand's lower North Island lie in Spain. Most of

3619-516: The antipodes of his former position, speak of the same point as above and below; for, as I was saying just now, to speak of the whole which is in the form of a globe as having one part above and another below is not like a sensible man. The term is taken up by Aristotle ( De caelo 308a.20), Strabo ( Geographica 1.1.13), Plutarch ( On the Malice of Herodotus 37) and Diogenes Laërtius ( Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers book 3), and

3696-446: The calculated track. The equator must be crossed. The solo wind powered circumnavigation record of 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds was established by François Gabart on the maxi-multihull sailing yacht MACIF and completed on 7 December 2017. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. Since

3773-682: The earth's land has an antipode on land. Rough calculation shows that, of the 29% of the earth that is covered by land, if 15% of that has antipodes on land, then about 4% (0.15 × 29% = 4.35%) of the earth's surface has antipodes that are both land surfaces. Spilhaus estimates this at about 3%. The two largest human-inhabited antipodal areas are located in East Asia (mainly eastern China) and South America (mainly Argentina and Chile). The two largest monolithic antipodal land areas are most of Chile and Argentina along with eastern and central China and Mongolia, and most of Greenland along with

3850-486: The equator or hit the minimum of two antipodal points as stipulated by the rules of Guinness World Records and AdventureStats by Explorersweb. People have both bicycled and run around the world, but the oceans have had to be covered by air or sea travel, making the distance shorter than the Guinness guidelines. To go from North America to Asia on foot is theoretically possible but very difficult. It involves crossing

3927-517: The first entirely solo human-powered circumnavigation, travelling by rowboat, sea kayak , foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012, crossing the equator twice, passing over 12 antipodal points, and logging 66,299 kilometres (41,196 mi) in 1,026 days of travel time, excluding breaks. National Geographic lists Colin Angus as being the first to complete a human-powered global circumnavigation in 2006. However, his journey did not cross

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4004-527: The first woman to have completed a voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, which she did via maritime transport . A key part of her journey was as a member of Louis Antoine de Bougainville 's expedition on the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile in 1766–1769. Captain James Cook became the first navigator to record three circumnavigations through the Pacific aboard the Endeavour from 1769 to 1779. He

4081-528: The globe in 60 days, 21 hours for Operation Sandblast . The current circumnavigation record in a powered boat of 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes was established by a voyage of the wave-piercing trimaran Earthrace which was completed on 27 June 2008. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Panama Canal, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea route in a westerly direction. In 1922 Norman Macmillan (RAF officer) , Major W T Blake and Geoffrey Malins made an unsuccessful attempt to fly

4158-418: The globe, such as Pan American Flight One (and later United Airlines Flight One). Today planning such a trip through commercial flight connections is simple. The first lighter-than-air aircraft of any type to circumnavigate under its own power was the rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , which did so in 1929. Aviation records take account of the wind circulation patterns of the world; in particular

4235-665: The islands of the South Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, then northward to Hong Kong, South East Asia, and India. At that point, again, routes may vary: one way is through the Suez Canal and into the Mediterranean; the other is around Cape of Good Hope and then up the west coast of Africa. These cruises end in the port where they began. In 1960, the American nuclear-powered submarine USS Triton circumnavigated

4312-572: The land later named America by Martin Waldseemüller . When the land discovered by Pedro Alvarez Cabral in April 1500, Brazil , was formally named Santa Cruz by the assembled Portuguese court on 20 May 1503, it was also referred to in the official record of the proceedings as the “Land of the Antipodes”: terra Antipodum . The land reached by Columbus in 1492 was identified as that of

4389-574: The late 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods . The word circumnavigation is a noun formed from the verb circumnavigate , from the past participle of the Latin verb circumnavigare , from circum "around" + navigare "to sail". A person walking completely around either pole will cross all meridians , but this

4466-462: The method of travel. Since the planet is quasispheroidal , a trip from one Pole to the other, and back again on the other side, would technically be a circumnavigation. There are practical difficulties (namely, the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice sheet ) in such a voyage, although it was successfully undertaken in the early 1980s by Ranulph Fiennes . The first circumnavigation was that of

4543-516: The opposite side of the Earth), as well as to a geographical place: Apart from these three parts of the world, there exists a fourth part beyond the interior Ocean; it is in the south and is unknown to us because of the burning heat of the Sun; within its borders the fabled Antipodeans are reputed to dwell. In using the form antipodas rather than the more usual Latin antipodes Isidore simply transcribed

4620-506: The original Greek αντίποδας, the singular case of the name: the plural case is αντίποδες (antipodes), used in converting the name into Latin. These people came to play a role in medieval discussions about the shape of the Earth . In 748, in reply to a letter from Boniface , Pope Zachary declared the belief "that beneath the earth there was another world and other men, another sun and moon" to be heretical. In his letter, Boniface had apparently maintained that Vergilius of Salzburg held such

4697-399: The points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route does not pass through any pairs of antipodal points. Since the winds in the higher southern latitudes predominantly blow west-to-east it can be seen that there are an easier route (west-to-east) and a harder route (east-to-west) when circumnavigating by sail; this difficulty is magnified for square-rig vessels due to

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4774-509: The poles (though not necessarily centred on them). For example, Steve Fossett 's global circumnavigation by balloon was entirely contained within the southern hemisphere. The first person to fly in space, Yuri Gagarin , also became the first person to complete an orbital spaceflight in the Vostok 1 spaceship within 2 hours on April 12 1961. The flight started at 63° E, 45 N and ended at 45° E 51° N; thus Gagarin did not circumnavigate Earth completely. Gherman Titov in

4851-432: The route roughly approximates a great circle , and passes through two pairs of antipodal points. This is a route followed by many cruising sailors, going in the western direction; the use of the trade winds makes it a relatively easy sail, although it passes through a number of zones of calms or light winds. In yacht racing , a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in

4928-401: The same designation. Automated systems that select the wrong airport from a database could lead to navigation errors or large outliers in data analysis. Around 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans , and seven-eighths of the Earth's land (when excluding Antarctica) is confined to the land hemisphere , so the majority of locations on land do not have land-based antipodes. About 15% of

5005-403: The second complete circumnavigation of the world in a single vessel on September 1580, becoming the first commander to survive the entire circumnavigation. Thomas Cavendish completed his circumnavigation between 1586 and 1588 in record time—in two years and 49 days, nine months faster than Drake. It was also the first deliberately planned voyage of the globe. Jeanne Baret is recognized as

5082-527: The second group of circumnavigators when they were transported under guard to Lisbon in 1536. A third group came from the 117 survivors of the similarly failed Villalobos Expedition in the next decade; similarly ruined and starved, they were imprisoned by the Portuguese and transported back to Lisbon in 1546. In 1577, Elizabeth I sent Francis Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along

5159-676: The ship Victoria between 1519 and 1522, now known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition . It was a Castilian ( Spanish ) voyage of discovery. The voyage started in Seville , crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and—after several stops—rounded the southern tip of South America , where the expedition named the Strait of Magellan . It then continued across the Pacific, discovering a number of islands on its way (including Guam ), before arriving in

5236-408: The shortest day at the other, and midwinter at one point coincides with midsummer at the other. Sunrise and sunset do not quite oppose each other at antipodes due to refraction of sunlight. If the geographic coordinates ( latitude and longitude ) of a point on the Earth's surface are ( φ , θ ), then the coordinates of the antipodal point are (− φ , θ ± 180°). This relation holds true whether

5313-404: The square rig's dramatic lack of upwind ability when compared to a more modern Bermuda rig . For around the world sailing records , there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nautical miles calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63°S. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen

5390-415: The sun still does not set on the Commonwealth of Nations . The northern part of New Caledonia , an overseas territory of France, is antipodal to some thinly populated desert in Mauritania , a part of the former French West Africa . Portions of Suriname , a former Dutch colony, are antipodal to Sulawesi , an Indonesian island spelled Celebes when it was part of the Netherlands East Indies . Luzon ,

5467-439: The torrid clime was considered impassable, it would have been impossible to evangelize them. This posed the problem that Christ told the apostles to evangelize all mankind; with regard to the unreachable antipodes, this would have been impossible. Christ would either have appeared a second time, in the antipodes, or left the damned irredeemable. Such an argument was forwarded by the Spanish theologian Alonso Tostado as late as

5544-525: The voyage. The last of the original ships, the Santa María de la Victoria , was sunk in 1526 in the East Indies (now Indonesia ) by the Portuguese. Unable to press forward or retreat, Hernando de la Torre erected a fort on Tidore , received reinforcements under Alvaro de Saavedra that were similarly defeated, and finally surrendered to the Portuguese. In this way, a handful of survivors became

5621-528: The world's longest active plane route—the Auckland – Los Angeles – London marathon, at 19,240 km (11,960 mi) over Los Angeles (directly 18,360 km or 11,410 mi)—until the airline cancelled this route late in 2019. The current record holder for such a flight is co-owned by Qantas and British Airways in their operating of the Kangaroo Route 's Sydney—Singapore—London flights covering

5698-437: Was adopted into Latin as antipodes . The Latin word changed its sense from the original "under the feet, opposite side" to "those with the feet opposite", i.e. a bahuvrihi referring to hypothetical people living on the opposite side of the Earth. Medieval illustrations imagine them in some way "inverted", with their feet growing out of their heads, pointing upward. In this sense, Antipodes first entered English in 1398 in

5775-561: Was among the first to complete west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes. For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done by Ulysses S. Grant , became possible in the 19th century, and the two World Wars moved vast numbers of troops around the planet. However, it was the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century that made circumnavigation, when compared to the Magellan–Elcano expedition, quicker and safer. The nautical global and fastest circumnavigation record

5852-708: Was found drifting off Rodrigues Island , near Mauritius and brought ashore. After 2010, when the wreck was identified as the missing yacht, a proposal was developed for its restoration and the establishment of a private "Admiral Nevelskoi Maritime Museum" on Rodrigues. Mutual cooperation of Pacific-Asian region countries have a good influence on the development of international relationships. Partners of MSU include some universities in China, Australian Maritime College , California State University Maritime Academy , Mokpo National Maritime University , Korea Maritime and Ocean University , and University of Trade Fleet , Tokyo. Circumnavigation Circumnavigation

5929-511: Was skeptical of the notion. Augustine asserted that "it is too absurd to say that some men might have set sail from this side and, traversing the immense expanse of ocean, have propagated there a race of human beings descended from that one first man." In the Early Middle Ages , Isidore of Seville 's widely read encyclopedia presented the term "antipodes" or, as he said "antipodas" as referring to antichthones (people who lived on

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