95-575: Guinness ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ n ɪ s / ) is a stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate , Dublin , Ireland, in the 18th century. It is now owned by the British-based multinational alcoholic beverage maker Diageo . It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120. Sales in 2011 amounted to 850,000,000 litres (190,000,000 imp gal; 220,000,000 U.S. gal). In spite of declining consumption since 2001, it
190-552: A 1958 takeover. Denmark's Wiibroe Brewery launched its 8.2 per cent Imperial Stout in 1930. The first brewery to brew an Imperial Stout in the United States was Bert Grant's Yakima Brewing . Imperial stouts have a high alcohol content, usually over 9% abv , and are among the darkest available beer styles. Samuel Smith's brewed a version for export to the United States in the early 1980s, and today Imperial stout
285-420: A 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery. Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale: he shipped six-and-a-half barrels to Great Britain. Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778. The first Guinness beers to use the term "stout" were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s. Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of
380-434: A brief period in 1997. In 2017, Diageo made their beer suitable for consumption by vegetarians and vegans by introducing a new filtration process that avoided the use of isinglass from fish bladders to filter out yeast particles. Guinness stout is made from water, barley , roast malt extract, hops , and brewer's yeast . A portion of the barley is roasted to give Guinness its dark colour and characteristic taste. It
475-472: A chocolate colour. Sometimes, as with Muskoka Brewery's Double Chocolate Cranberry Stout, Young's Double Chocolate Stout, and Rogue Brewery 's Chocolate Stout, the beers are also brewed with a small amount of chocolate, chocolate flavouring, or cacao nibs. Imperial stout , also known as Russian imperial stout (sometimes abbreviated as RIS ), is a stronger stout. The style originated in 18th-century London, created by Thrale's Anchor Brewery for export to
570-416: A minute, and then topped up with beer from a cask that had been pouring longer and had calmed down a bit. With the move to nitrogen gas dispensing in the 1960s, it was felt important to keep the two-stage pour ritual in order to bring better consumer acceptance of the change. As Guinness has not been cask-conditioned for decades, the two-stage pour has been labelled a marketing ploy that does not actually affect
665-439: A more diluted lower gravity wort from the same ingredients in proportion. As a result each wort is boiled and fermented to produces a different strength beer from same ingredients) The name seems to have been a marketing device more than anything else. In the 1920s and 1930s Whitbread's London Stout and Oatmeal Stout were identical, just packaged differently. The amount of oats Whitbread used was minimal, again around 0.5%. With such
760-587: A move as a rumor, but as speculation mounted in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed it was undertaking a "significant review of its operations". This review was part of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St. James's Gate plant. On 23 November 2007, an article appeared in the Evening Herald , a Dublin newspaper, stating that
855-825: A new black lager , in Northern Ireland and Malaysia . As of September 2010, Guinness Black Lager is no longer readily available in Malaysia. In October 2010, Guinness began selling Foreign Extra Stout in 4 packs of bottles in the United States. In 2014, Guinness released Guinness Blonde , a lager brewed in Latrobe, Pennsylvania using a combination of Guinness yeast and American ingredients. When Guinness opened their new brewery in Baltimore, Maryland in August 2018 they recreated "Blonde" to "Baltimore Blonde" by adjusting
950-598: A new larger brewery is opened near Dublin. The result will be a loss of roughly 250 jobs across the entire Diageo and Guinness workforce in Ireland. Two days later, the Sunday Independent again reported that Diageo chiefs had met with Tánaiste Mary Coughlan , the deputy leader of the Government of Ireland, about moving operations to Ireland from the UK to benefit from its lower corporation tax rates. Several UK firms have made
1045-417: A number of other large breweries in the early 20th century. In the 1960s it merged with Charrington United Breweries to become the largest UK brewing company, Bass Charrington. The brewing operations of the company were bought by Interbrew (now Anheuser-Busch InBev ) in 2000, while the retail side (hotels and pubs) was renamed Six Continents plc . Because at the time Interbrew controlled a large portion of
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#17327577205611140-446: A public company and was averaging sales of 1.138 million barrels a year. This was despite the brewery's refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses , the company was valued at £6 million and shares were 20 times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired
1235-559: A relatively minor competitor) for AB-InBev since 2005, while bottled products are brewed at AB-InBev's own brewery in Samlesbury , Lancashire, for export. Bass is also brewed locally in the United States and Belgium. Bass Ale is a top ten premium canned ale in the UK, with 16,080 hectolitres sold in 2010. Before establishing a brewery, William Bass transported ale for brewer Benjamin Printon. Bass sold this carrier business to
1330-529: A single beer type: porter or single stout, double or extra and foreign stout for export. "Stout" originally referred to a beer's strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body and colour. Porter was also referred to as "plain", as mentioned in the famous refrain of Flann O'Brien 's poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man." Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinness's sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876. In October 1886, Guinness became
1425-658: A small quantity of oats used, it could only have had little impact on the flavour or texture of these beers. Many breweries were still brewing oatmeal stouts in the 1950s, for example Brickwoods in Portsmouth, Matthew Brown in Blackburn and Ushers in Trowbridge. When Michael Jackson mentioned the defunct Eldrige Pope "Oat Malt Stout" in his 1977 book The World Guide to Beer , oatmeal stout was no longer being made anywhere, but Charles Finkel , founder of Merchant du Vin,
1520-417: A sugar derived from milk. Because lactose cannot be fermented by beer yeast , it adds sweetness and perceived body to the finished beer. The milk stout has historically been claimed to be nutritious, advertised to nursing mothers as helping to increase their milk production. An archetypical surviving example of milk stout is Mackeson's , for which the original brewers advertised that "each pint contains
1615-417: A system of delivery using a nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas mixture, all beer leaving the brewery was cask-conditioned . Casks newly delivered to many small pubs were often nearly unmanageably frothy, but cellar space and rapid turnover demanded that they be put into use before they could sit for long enough to settle down. As a result, a glass would be part filled with the fresh, frothy beer, allowed to stand
1710-740: A variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called "Stout Porters". There is still division and debate on whether stouts should be a separate style from porter. Usually the only deciding factor is strength. "Nourishing" and sweet "milk" stouts became popular in Great Britain in the years following the First World War , though their popularity declined towards the end of the 20th century, apart from pockets of local interest such as in Glasgow with Sweetheart Stout. Beer writer Michael Jackson wrote about stouts and porters in
1805-520: A white can was also available. Introduced in 1972, it was made by Britvic . It was discontinued in 2018. Bass Pale Ale has been brewed under licence in Belgium since the Interbrew takeover. It is typically sold in 25cl bottles at 5.2% ABV. Draught Bass has been exported to America since at least 1966. In 2001, 66,500,000 litres of Bass were sold in the United States . However Bass suffered under
1900-420: Is pasteurised and filtered . Until the late 1950s, Guinness was still racked into wooden casks. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Guinness ceased brewing cask-conditioned beers and developed a keg brewing system with aluminium kegs replacing the wooden casks; these were nicknamed "iron lungs". Until 2016 the production of Guinness, as with many beers, involved the use of isinglass made from fish. Isinglass
1995-413: Is a relatively modern addition that became part of the grist in the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic acid flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic "tang", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer 's thick, creamy head comes from mixing
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#17327577205612090-611: Is a type of dark beer , that is generally warm fermented , such as dry stout , oatmeal stout , milk stout and imperial stout . The first known use of the word "stout" for beer is in a document dated 1677 in the Egerton Manuscripts , referring to its strength . Porters were brewed to a variety of strengths, with the stronger beers called "stout porters". The history and development of stout and porter are thus intertwined. Porter originated in London, England in
2185-475: Is among the most popular beer styles with U.S. craft brewers . American interpretations of the style often include ingredients such as vanilla beans, chili powder, maple syrup, coffee, and marshmallows. Many are aged in bourbon barrels to add additional layers of flavour. The word "Imperial" is now commonly added to other beer styles to denote a stronger version, hence Imperial IPAs , Imperial pilsners etc. A similar beer style, Baltic porter , originated in
2280-580: Is available in a number of variants and strengths, which include: In October 2005, Guinness announced the Brewhouse Series, a limited-edition collection of draught stouts available for roughly six months each. There were three beers in the series. Despite an announcement in June 2007 that the fourth Brewhouse stout would be launched in October that year, no new beer appeared and, at the end of 2007,
2375-565: Is brewed by Marston's in Burton in Yorkshire Squares using English hops and dry hopping and is described as "a classic ale with a malty, fruity, nutty aroma and a complex, satisfying flavour". Bottled Bass is not bottle conditioned, and is brewed at Samlesbury , Lancashire, by AB InBev. An ale brewed for export, usually to around 5% ABV. A 1.2% (later 0.5% ABV) shandy made with Bass beer and lemonade. A Pilsner variant in
2470-467: Is now prohibited in Ireland. A 2003 study found that stouts such as Guinness could have a benefit of helping to reduce the deposit of harmful cholesterol on artery walls. This was attributed to the higher levels of antioxidants in stouts than in lagers, though the health benefits of antioxidants have been called into question, and Diageo, the company that now manufactures Guinness, said: "We never make any medical claims for our drinks." Guinness stout
2565-452: Is the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of beer annually. The Guinness Storehouse is a tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over 20 million visitors. Guinness's flavour derives from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley ; the unmalted barley
2660-512: The Baltic region in the 19th century. Imperial stouts imported from Britain were recreated locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions. A pastry stout refers to a sweet stout style which is brewed to emulate the taste of various desserts . Many breweries who produce pastry stouts will experiment with flavours such as chocolate, marshmallow, maple syrup, vanilla or fruit. Bass Brewery Bass Brewery ( / ˈ b æ s / )
2755-627: The Pickford family, using the funds to establish Bass & Co Brewery in 1777 as one of the first breweries in Burton-upon-Trent . Early in the company's history, Bass was exporting bottled beer around the world, serving the Baltic region through the port of Hull . Growing demand led his son Michael Thomas Bass (1760–1827) , to build a second brewery in Burton in 1799 in partnership with John Ratcliff. The water from local boreholes became popular with brewers, with 30 operating there by
2850-567: The Porterhouse Brewery in Dublin, that their award-winning Oyster Stout was not suitable for vegetarians. Others, such as Marston's Oyster Stout, use the name with the implication that the beer would be suitable for drinking with oysters. Chocolate stout is a name brewers sometimes give to certain stouts having a noticeable dark chocolate flavour through the use of darker, more aromatic malt ; particularly chocolate malt—a malt that has been roasted or kilned until it acquires
2945-424: The carbon dioxide most beers use, to create a creamy texture with a long-lasting head. Some canned and bottled stouts include a special device called a " widget " to nitrogenate the beer in the container to replicate the experience of the keg varieties. There were no differences between stout and porter historically, though there had been a tendency for breweries to differentiate the strengths of their beers with
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3040-476: The medieval period in Europe, oats were a common ingredient in ale, and proportions up to 35% were standard. Despite some areas of Europe, such as Norway, still clinging to the use of oats in brewing until the early part of the 20th century, the practice had largely died out by the 16th century, so much so that in 1513 Tudor sailors refused to drink oat beer offered to them because of the bitter flavour. There
3135-405: The 1970s, but in the mid 1980s a survey by What's Brewing found just 29 brewers in the UK and Channel Islands still making stout, most of them milk stouts. In the 21st century, stout is making a comeback with a new generation of drinkers, thanks to new products from burgeoning craft and regional brewers . Milk stout (also called sweet stout or cream stout ) is a stout containing lactose ,
3230-478: The 19th century, the beer gained its customary black colour through the use of black patent malt , and became stronger in flavour. Originally the adjective stout meant "proud" or "brave", but after the 14th century it took on the connotation of "strong". The first known use of the word stout for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript, the sense being that a stout beer
3325-582: The 20th century, a declining market closed many Burton breweries, 20 in 1900 falling to eight in 1928. Bass took over Walkers in 1923, and Worthington in 1927. Also in 1927, they acquired, for over £1,000,000, Thomas Salt , which was founded in 1774 as the Clay Brewery by Joseph Clay, who sold it to Salt, his maltster, just before the introduction by Napoleon of the Continental System that stopped all trade between Britain and Europe. Bass
3420-432: The 20th century, many oatmeal stouts contained only a minimal amount of oats. For example, in 1936 Barclay Perkins Oatmeal Stout used only 0.5% oats. As the oatmeal stout was brewed in a parti-gyle process with their porter and standard stout, these two also contained the same proportion of oats. (Parti-gyle brewing involves extracting multiple worts from a single mash through separate sparges. Each subsequent sparge extracts
3515-400: The 21st century, it was popular to serve Guinness at cellar temperature (about 13 °C) and some drinkers preferred it at room temperature (about 20 °C). According to Esquire magazine, a pint of Guinness should be served in a slightly tulip-shaped pint glass , rather than the taller European tulip or 'Nonic' glass, which contains a ridge approx 3/4 of the way up the glass. To begin
3610-533: The Allied Powers. Before 1939, if a Guinness brewer wished to marry a Catholic , his resignation was requested. According to Thomas Molloy, writing in the Irish Independent , "It had no qualms about selling drink to Catholics but it did everything it could to avoid employing them until the 1960s." Guinness thought they brewed their last porter in 1973. In the 1970s, following declining sales,
3705-847: The Brewhouse series appeared to have been quietly cancelled. From early 2006, Guinness marketed a "surger" unit in Britain. This surger device, marketed for use with cans consumed at home, was "said to activate the gases in the canned beer" by sending an "ultra-sonic pulse through the pint glass" sitting upon the device. Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Milk Stout, Guinness Irish Wheat, Guinness Gold, Guinness Pilsner, Guinness Breó (a slightly citrusy wheat beer ), Guinness Shandy, and Guinness Special Light. Breó (meaning 'glow' in Irish)
3800-511: The British forces. Over 800 employees served in the war. This was made possible due to a number of measures put in place by Guinness: soldiers' families were paid half wages, and jobs were guaranteed upon their return. Of the 800 employees who fought, 103 did not return. During World War II , the demand for Guinness among the British was one of the main reasons why the UK lifted commerce restrictions imposed in 1941 to force Ireland into supporting
3895-670: The Competition Commission) released a report entitled "The Supply of Beer: A Report on the Supply of Beer for Retail Sale in the United Kingdom", investigating the nature of the beer industry. The report made recommendations to break up a "complex monopoly " among beer brewing and sales between the UK's "Big Six" ( Allied , Bass, Courage , Grand Metropolitan , Scottish & Newcastle , and Whitbread ), which at that time accounted for "75% of beer production, 74% of
Guinness - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-576: The Dublin City Council, in the best interests of the city of Dublin, had put forward a motion to prevent planning permission ever being granted for the development of the site, thus making it very difficult for Diageo to sell off the site for residential development. On 9 May 2008, Diageo announced that the St. James's Gate brewery will remain open and undergo renovations, but that breweries in Kilkenny and Dundalk will be closed by 2013 when
4085-527: The Guinness Brewery) in Dublin . Guinness makes a number of different varieties of its Irish stouts. Other examples of Irish dry stout include Murphy's and Beamish , now both owned by Heineken . Native Irish stouts are brewed by independent Irish craft breweries , most of whom include a stout in their core ranges. Draught Irish stout is normally served with a nitrogen propellant in addition to
4180-632: The Import Stout to the Extra Stout was due to a change in distribution through North American market. Consumer complaints influenced subsequent distribution and bottle changes. Guinness ran an advertising campaign in the 1920s which stemmed from market research – when people told the company that they felt good after their pint, the slogan, created by Dorothy L. Sayers –"Guinness is Good for You". Advertising for alcoholic drinks that implies improved physical performance or enhanced personal qualities
4275-699: The Red Triangle logo have occasionally appeared in art and literature, including Édouard Manet 's 1882 painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and in over 40 paintings by Picasso , mostly at the height of his Cubist period around 1914. In the "Oxen of the Sun" episode of James Joyce 's Ulysses , Bloom observes the Bass logo. Draught Bass is a 4.4% ABV cask conditioned beer. Most prevalent near its Burton upon Trent and Derbyshire heartlands, it
4370-462: The Turf. But Fred, as he was known, was also a heavy drinker and took a mistress, the teenage Fanny Lucy Radmall. In later life she would become a household name as Lucy, Lady Houston . When Fred died of drink in 1883 he left her £6,000 a year, much to the disgust of his family. Following the death of the second Michael Thomas Bass in 1884, his son Michael Arthur Bass, later the 1st Baron Burton , took
4465-418: The UK and Ireland was moved to St. James's Gate Brewery , Dublin. Guinness had a fleet of ships, barges and yachts. The Irish Sunday Independent newspaper reported on 17 June 2007 that Diageo intended to close the historic St. James's Gate plant in Dublin and move to a greenfield site on the outskirts of the city. This news caused some controversy when it was announced. Initially, Diageo dismissed talk of
4560-531: The UK beer market, the Competition Commission instructed Interbrew to sell the Bass brewery along with certain brands to Coors (now Molson Coors ), while retaining the rights to the Bass brand. In 2010, it was widely reported that AB-InBev was attempting to sell the rights to the Bass brand in the UK for around £10 million to £15 million. In the UK, draught Bass (4.4% ABV ) has been brewed under contract in Burton by Marston's (formerly
4655-621: The US with a higher alcohol content are now produced there domestically by Anheuser-Busch at a Baldwinsville , New York, facility. From 2000 to 2005, Bass was produced under licence by Molson Coors in Burton, in the original Bass brewery. When Coors' licence to brew draught Bass came to an end in 2005, a new licence was awarded to Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries plc (later Marston's plc ), which transferred production of Bass to its own brewery, also in Burton. The former Bass brewery in Burton, under Molson Coors ownership, underwent renovations in
4750-573: The artificial inflation of the Guinness share price during the takeover bid engineered by the chairman, Ernest Saunders. A subsequent £5.2 million success fee paid to an American lawyer and Guinness director, Tom Ward, was the subject of the case Guinness plc v Saunders , in which the House of Lords declared that the payment had been invalid. In the 1980s, as the IRA 's bombing campaign spread to London and
4845-521: The beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide . The company moved its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish trade war in 1932. In 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic-drinks producer Diageo plc , based in London. Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. James's Gate Brewery , Dublin. On 31 December 1759, he signed
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#17327577205614940-403: The beer's taste. The manufacturer recommends a "double pour" serve, which according to Diageo should take two minutes. Guinness has promoted this wait with advertising campaigns such as " good things come to those who wait ". The brewer recommends that draught Guinness should be served at 6-7 °C (42.8 °F), while Extra Cold Guinness should be served at 3.5 °C (38.6 °F). Before
5035-504: The brewer-owned retail estate, and 86% of loan ties ." Recommendations to limit the number of pubs a brewing company could own were enacted in legislation in 1989, commonly called " the Beer Orders ", with three years for brewers to dispose of excess pubs. Bass went from owning approximately 7,190 pubs in 1989 to about 2,077 in 2014 (by its successor company Mitchells & Butlers ). Following decades of closures, consolidation, and
5130-490: The court of Catherine II of Russia . In 1781 the brewery changed hands and the beer became known as "Barclay Perkins Imperial Brown Stout". It was shipped to Russia by Albert von Le Coq who was awarded a Russian royal warrant which entitled him to use the name "Imperial". Historical analyses from the time period of 1849 to 1986 show that the beer had an original gravity between 1.100 and 1.107 and an alcohol content of around 10% ABV. This remained virtually unchanged over
5225-645: The deal and instructed Interbrew to dispose of the Bass brewery facility in Burton along with the Carling and Worthington brands, which were all sold to Coors (later Molson Coors ). However, Interbrew was to retain the rights to the Bass Pale Ale brand. With only hotel and pub holdings left in the Bass company's portfolio, the company renamed itself Six Continents plc , which itself split into Mitchells & Butlers and InterContinental Hotels Group in 2003. Bottled and keg Bass formerly exported to
5320-472: The decision was taken to make Guinness Extra Stout more "drinkable". The gravity was subsequently reduced, and the brand was relaunched in 1981. Pale malt was used for the first time, and isomerised hop extract began to be used. In 2014, two new porters were introduced: West Indies Porter and Dublin Porter. Guinness acquired The Distillers Company in 1986. This led to a scandal and criminal trial concerning
5415-414: The dissolved gas is required to enable very small bubbles to be formed by forcing the draught beer through fine holes in a plate in the tap, which causes the characteristic "surge" (the widget in cans and bottles achieves the same effect). This "widget" is a small plastic ball containing the nitrogen. The perceived smoothness of draught Guinness is due to its low level of carbon dioxide and the creaminess of
5510-593: The dominant stout in the UK in the early 20th century, it was mainly in Ireland that the non-sweet or standard stout was being made. As standard stout has a drier taste than the English and American sweet stouts, they came to be called dry stout or Irish stout to differentiate them from stouts with added lactose or oatmeal. This is the style that represents a typical stout to most people. The best selling stouts worldwide are Irish stouts made by Guinness (now owned by Diageo ) at St. James's Gate Brewery (also known as
5605-473: The early 1720s. The beer became popular in the city, especially with porters (hence its name): it had a strong flavour, took longer to spoil than other beers, was significantly cheaper than other beers, and was not easily affected by heat. Within a few decades, porter breweries in London had grown "beyond any previously known scale". Large volumes were exported to Ireland and by 1776 it was being brewed by Arthur Guinness at his St. James's Gate Brewery . In
5700-587: The early 21st century, and as of 2021 brews Carling and other beers for the UK and European market. In 2020, the historic Bass brewery site, adjacent to the contemporary brewery, was put on the market for redevelopment. Sited next to the brewery, the Bass Museum of Brewing (later renamed the Coors Visitor Centre & The Museum of Brewing), was Burton-upon-Trent's largest tourist attraction until closed by Coors in June 2008. A steering group
5795-486: The effects of the Beer Orders, Bass was left by the end of the 20th century as one of only two large remaining breweries in Burton. The Bass company decided to focus on hospitality rather than brewing and Bass' brewing business was sold to the Belgian brewer Interbrew (later Anheuser-Busch InBev ) in June 2000. The UK government's Competition Commission again raised concerns about the monopoly implications arising from
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#17327577205615890-824: The energising carbohydrates of 10 ounces [1/2 pint, 284 ml] of pure dairy milk." The style was rare until being revived by a number of craft breweries in the twenty-first century. Well known examples include the Bristol Beer Factory Milk Stout, the Left Hand Milk Stout and the Lancaster Milk Stout. There were prosecutions in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1944 under the Food and Drugs Act 1938 regarding misleading labelling of milk stout. With sweet stouts becoming
5985-652: The first in line to register a trade mark the next morning. As a result, Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton Limited received the first six registrations, the Bass Red Triangle for their pale ale and the Bass Red Diamond next for their strong ale (Numbers 3 to 6 have been abandoned). The trade marks are now owned by Brandbrew SA, an InBev subsidiary based in Luxembourg . In June 2013 InBev renamed Bass Pale Ale as Bass Trademark No.1. Bottles of Bass with
6080-467: The fundamental texture and flavour of the Guinness of the past as nitrogen bubbles are much smaller than CO 2 , giving a "creamier" and "smoother" consistency over a sharper and traditional CO 2 taste. This step was taken after Michael Ash —a mathematician turned brewer—discovered the mechanism to make this possible. Nitrogen is less soluble than carbon dioxide, which allows the beer to be put under high pressure without making it fizzy. High pressure of
6175-531: The grain mixture and adding Citra for a citrus flavour and removed the Mosaic hops. Guinness released a lager in 2015 called Hop House 13 . It was withdrawn from sale in the UK in May 2021, following poor sales, but remains on sale in Ireland. In 2020, Guinness announced the introduction of a zero alcohol canned stout, Guinness 0.0 . It was withdrawn from sale almost immediately after launch, due to contamination. It
6270-461: The head caused by the very fine bubbles that arise from the use of nitrogen and the dispensing method described above. Foreign Extra Stout contains more carbon dioxide, causing a more acidic taste. Although Guinness is black, and is referred to as "the black stuff" in Diageo marketing, it is also "officially" referred to as a very dark shade of ruby . The most recent change in alcohol content from
6365-412: The initial pour to settle, the server pushes the tap handle back and fills the remainder of the glass until the head forms a slight dome over the top of the glass (or "just proud of the rim"). In 2010, Guinness redesigned their pint glass for the first time in a decade. The new glass was taller and narrower than the previous one and featured a bevel design. The new glasses were planned to gradually replace
6460-581: The mid-19th century. His son, Michael Thomas Bass (1799–1884) , succeeded on his father's death in 1827, renewed the Ratcliff partnership, brought in John Gretton, and created 'Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton'. The opening of a railway through Burton in 1839 redoubled Burton's pre-eminence as a brewing town. In the mid-1870s, Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton accounted for one-third of Burton's output. A strong export business allowed Bass to boast that their product
6555-497: The move in order to pay Ireland's 12.5 per cent rate rather than the UK's 28 per cent rate. Diageo released a statement to the London Stock Exchange (LSE) denying the report. Despite the merger that created Diageo plc in 1997, Guinness has retained its right to the Guinness brand and associated trademarks and thus continues to trade under the traditional Guinness name despite trading under the corporate name Diageo for
6650-501: The old ones. Guinness recommends that, to avoid the bitter taste of the nitrogen foam head, gulps should be taken from the glass rather than sipping the drink. A practice known as "splitting the G" has been an entry on the Urban Dictionary website since 2018. This drinking game sees the drinker attempt to bring the liquid level of the Guinness to sit at a certain level in relation to the glass' Guinness branding. Variants of
6745-542: The other major brewers which now dominated the industry, Bass were moving away from the production of traditional ales in favour of keg beer and particularly Carling lager at Warrington, ignoring opposition from CAMRA . In 1988, Bass acquired the rights to franchise the Holiday Inn name outside of North and South America and in 1989 went on purchase the Holiday Inn hotel chain from Holiday Corporation . During
6840-402: The pour, the server holds the glass at a 45° angle below the tap and fills the glass 3/4 full. On the way out of the tap, the beer is forced at high speed through a five-hole disc restrictor plate at the end of the tap, creating friction and forcing the creation of small nitrogen bubbles which form a creamy head . The server brings the glass from 45° angle to a vertical position. After allowing
6935-409: The practice see the required liquid level as either: between the letter 'G', on the horizontal line of the 'G', or between the 'G' and the harp logo. When Guinness is poured, the gas bubbles appear to travel downwards in the glass. The effect is attributed to drag; bubbles that touch the walls of a glass are slowed in their travel upwards. Bubbles in the centre of the glass are, however, free to rise to
7030-552: The prime ministership of Margaret Thatcher , beer production, distribution and retailing were vertically integrated, with the "Big Six" brewers (Bass among them) accounting for a large portion of UK beer production and sales. Most pubs were " tied houses ", owned by one of the brewers, and mostly selling its products. On the advice of the Director-General of Fair Trading , the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (later
7125-418: The red triangle from that date. The blue triangle was briefly revived after World War II for Pale Ale that was not bottle conditioned. The Bass Red Triangle was the first trade mark to be registered under the UK's Trade Marks Registration Act 1875 . The Act came into effect on 1 January 1876 and legend has it that a Bass employee queued overnight outside the registrar's office on New Year's Eve in order to be
7220-457: The reins. Both Michael Thomas Bass and his son Lord Burton were philanthropically inclined, making extensive charitable donations to the towns of Burton and Derby . The annual Bass excursions , laid on by the firm for its employees, were the largest operation of its type in the world by a private company. The brewer became a public limited company in 1888. Bass' No. 1 Ale was the first beer to be marketed as barley wine , around 1870. Early in
7315-490: The rest of Britain, Guinness considered scrapping the harp as its logo. The company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo . Due to controversy over the merger, the company was maintained as a separate entity within Diageo and has retained the rights to the product and all associated trademarks of Guinness. The Guinness brewery in Park Royal , London, closed in 2005. The production of all Guinness sold in
7410-597: The same product until Bass became preferred as the name of the cask beer and Worthington for keg, although some pubs resisted this distinction. Bass had been reliant on railways to distribute its beer from Burton, and owned the country's largest private rail network within the town linking its various premises. From the 1970s it followed the trend to abandon the use of rail freight, which had become notoriously unreliable. The switch to road haulage required local transport depots, and in many places small independent breweries were bought and repurposed as such. At that time, along with
7505-507: The sense of smoothness. Oysters have had a long association with stout. When stouts were emerging in the 18th century, oysters were a commonplace food often served in public houses and taverns. By the 20th century, oyster beds were in decline, and stout had given way to pale ale . Ernest Barnes came up with the idea of combining oysters with stout using an oyster concentrate made by Thyrodone Development Ltd. in Bluff, New Zealand , where he
7600-405: The statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym "Student" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's t -distribution and the even more commonly known Student's t -test . By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees. By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, which
7695-483: The surface, and thus form a rising column of bubbles. The rising bubbles create a current by the entrainment of the surrounding fluid. As beer rises in the centre, the beer near the outside of the glass falls. This downward flow pushes the bubbles near the glass towards the bottom. Although the effect occurs in any liquid, it is particularly noticeable in any dark nitrogen stout, as the drink combines dark-coloured liquid and light-coloured bubbles. Stout Stout
7790-512: The whole time period. A recipe from 1856 also indicates that it was hopped at a rate of 10 pounds of hops to the barrel (28 g/L). When Barclay's brewery was taken over by Courage in 1955, the beer was renamed "Courage Imperial Russian Stout" and it was brewed sporadically until 1993. The bottle cap still said "Barclay's". In Canada, Imperial Stout was produced in Prince Albert first by Fritz Sick, and then by Molson following
7885-417: The words "extra", "double" and "stout". The term stout was initially used to indicate a stronger porter than other porters from a brewery. Oatmeal stout is a stout with a proportion of oats , normally a maximum of 30%, added during the brewing process. The BJCP categorizes it as style "16B. Oatmeal Stout." Even though a larger proportion of oats in beer can lead to a bitter or astringent taste, during
7980-400: Was a revival of interest in using oats during the end of the 19th century, when (supposedly) restorative, nourishing and invalid beers, such as the later milk stout, were popular, because of the association of porridge with health. Maclay of Alloa produced an Original Oatmalt Stout in 1895 that used 70% "oatmalt", and a 63/- Oatmeal Stout in 1909, which used 30% "flaked (porridge) oats". In
8075-449: Was a strong beer. The expression stout porter was applied during the 18th century to strong versions of porter. Stout still meant only "strong" and it could be related to any kind of beer, as long as it was strong: in the UK it was possible to find "stout pale ale", for example. Later, stout was eventually to be associated only with porter, becoming a synonym of dark beer. Because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in
8170-402: Was a wheat beer; it cost around IR£5 million to develop. A brewing byproduct of Guinness, Guinness Yeast Extract (GYE), was produced until the 1950s. In the UK, a HP Guinness Sauce was manufactured by Heinz and available as of 2013. Kraft also licenses the name for its barbecue sauce product, Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce . In March 2010, Guinness began test marketing Guinness Black Lager ,
8265-409: Was available "in every country in the globe". By 1877, Bass was the largest brewery in the world, with an annual output of one million barrels. In the 1880s the brewery received unwanted publicity through the lifestyle of Frederick Gretton, son of John Gretton. Having worked for the company when a young man, he drifted away and developed a stable of racehorses. His 'Sterling' and 'Isonomy' were stars of
8360-413: Was curious enough to commission Samuel Smith to produce a version. Samuel Smith's Oatmeal Stout then became the template for other breweries' versions. Oatmeal stouts do not usually taste specifically of oats. The smoothness of oatmeal stouts comes from the high content of proteins, lipids (includes fats and waxes), and gums imparted by the use of oats. The gums increase the viscosity and body adding to
8455-485: Was established to investigate re-opening, and the museum was relaunched in May 2010 as the National Brewery Centre. It closed in 2022. Bass was a pioneer in international brand marketing . "Many years before 1855" Bass applied a red triangle to casks of its Pale Ale. After 1855 the triangles were red, white or blue depending on which of three breweries it came from, but all bottles of Pale Ale had
8550-612: Was factory manager. It was first sold by the Dunedin Brewery Company in New Zealand in 1938, with the Hammerton Brewery in London, UK, beginning production using the same formula the following year. Hammerton Brewery was re-established in 2014 and is once again brewing an oyster stout. Modern oyster stouts may be made with a handful of oysters in the barrel, hence the warning by one establishment,
8645-612: Was founded in 1777 by William Bass in Burton-upon-Trent , Staffordshire , England. The main brand was Bass Pale Ale , once the highest-selling beer in the UK . By 1877, Bass had become the largest brewery in the world, with an annual output of one million barrels. Its pale ale was exported throughout the British Empire , and the company's red triangle became the UK's first registered trade mark . Bass took control of
8740-516: Was one of the original London Stock Exchange FT 30 companies when the listing was established in 1935. Over the next half-century, Bass maintained its UK dominance by acquiring such brewers as Mitchells & Butlers (1961), Charringtons (1967), Bents-Gartsides (1967), John Joule & Sons (1968), William Stones Ltd (1968), and Grimsby 's Hewitt Brothers Ltd (1969), being variously known as Bass, Mitchells and Butlers or Bass Charrington . Draught Bass ale and Worthingon "E" were merged to become
8835-417: Was one-fifth of the total wages bill. The improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden . By 1914, Guinness was producing 2.652 million barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass , and was supplying more than 10 per cent of the total UK beer market. When World War I broke out in 1914, employees at Guinness St. James Brewery were encouraged to join
8930-473: Was relaunched in 2021 starting with pubs in mid July with cans following in late August. In September 2021, Guinness Nitrosurge was released in pint sized cans which contain no widget. Similar to the Surger, nitrogen is activated using ultrasonic frequencies. Nitrosurge uses a special device attached to the top of the can which activates the nitrogen as it is being poured. Before the 1960s, when Guinness adopted
9025-571: Was used as a fining agent for settling out suspended matter in the vat. The isinglass was retained in the floor of the vat but it was possible that minute quantities might be carried over into the beer. Diageo announced in February 2018 that the use of isinglass in draught Guinness was to be discontinued and an alternative clarification agent would be used instead, making the drink acceptable to vegans and vegetarians. Arguably its biggest change to date, in 1959 Guinness began using nitrogen, which changed
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