153-739: The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis, Maryland . It is the oldest U.S. state capitol in continuous legislative use, dating to 1772, and houses the Maryland General Assembly , plus the offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor . In 1783 and 1784 it served as the capitol building of the United States Congress of the Confederation , and is where Ratification Day , the formal end of
306-640: A bill of credit remained unclear. In Craig v. Missouri (1830), the Marshall Court had held, by a vote of 4 to 3, that state interest-bearing loan certificates were unconstitutional. However, in the Briscoe case, the Court upheld the issuance of circulating notes by a state-chartered bank even when the Bank's stock, funds, and profits belonged to the state, and where the officers and directors were appointed by
459-639: A bill to appropriate funds for a bust of Chief Justice Taney to be displayed in the Supreme Court alongside those of his four predecessors. In response, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts said: I speak what cannot be denied when I declare that the opinion of the Chief Justice in the case of Dred Scott was more thoroughly abominable than anything of the kind in the history of courts. Judicial baseness reached its lowest point on that occasion. You have not forgotten that terrible decision where
612-531: A broad new definition of federal admiralty jurisdiction. According to Taney, the 1845 act fell within Congress's power to control the jurisdiction of the federal courts. "If this law, therefore, is constitutional, it must be supported on the ground that the lakes and navigable waters connecting them are within the scope of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as known and understood in the United States when
765-593: A case that appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1827, Taney was appointed as the Attorney General of Maryland . Taney supported Andrew Jackson in the 1824 presidential election and the 1828 presidential election . He joined Jackson's Democratic Party and served as a leader of Jackson's 1828 campaign in Maryland. Taney considered slavery to be an evil practice. He freed
918-484: A century leading up to the ratification of the Constitution, blacks had been "regarded as beings of an inferior order, altogether unfit to associate with the white race ... and so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect". To bolster the argument that blacks were widely regarded as legally inferior when the Constitution was adopted, Taney pointed to various state laws, but ignored
1071-531: A challenge from national bank supporter Henry Clay . Taney's unyielding opposition to the bank, combined with Jackson's decisive victory in the election, made the attorney general one of the most prominent members of Jackson's cabinet. Jackson escalated the Bank War after winning re-election. When Secretary of the Treasury William J. Duane refused to authorize the removal of federal deposits from
1224-659: A company to build the Charles River Bridge on the Charles River . In 1828, the state legislature chartered a second company to build a second bridge, the Warren Bridge, just 100 yards away from the Charles River Bridge. The owners of the Charles River Bridge sued, arguing that their charter had given them a monopoly on the operation of bridges in that area of the Charles River. The attorney for
1377-450: A flourishing tobacco plantation powered by slave labor . As Taney's older brother, Michael Taney VI, was expected to inherit the family's plantation, their father encouraged Roger to study law. At the age of fifteen, Taney was sent to Dickinson College , where he studied ethics, logic, languages, mathematics, and other subjects. After graduating from Dickinson in 1796, he read law under Judge Jeremiah Townley Chase in Annapolis . Taney
1530-482: A former slave and her child and had taken them back to Maryland without seeking an order from the Pennsylvania courts permitting the abduction. In his opinion for the Court, Justice Joseph Story held not only that states were barred from interfering with enforcement of federal fugitive slave laws, but that they also were barred from assisting in enforcing those laws. In the 1847 License Cases , Taney developed
1683-399: A judicial career so long, so exalted, and so useful is only proof of the imperfection of our nature. The reputation of Chief Justice Taney can afford to have anything known that he ever did and still leave a great fund of honor and praise to illustrate his name. If he had never done anything else that was high, heroic, and important, his noble vindication of the writ of habeas corpus , and of
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#17327733105991836-458: A jurisprudential shift toward states' rights , but the Taney Court did not reject federal authority to the degree that many of Taney's critics had feared. By the early 1850s, he was widely respected, and some elected officials looked to the Supreme Court to settle the national debate over slavery. Despite emancipating his own slaves and giving pensions to those who were too old to work, Taney
1989-529: A minimum of two years". After the bill reached the Republican-led Senate (S.4382), it was referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration , but no further action on it was taken. On June 29, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution 285 to 120 with sixty-seven Republican Representatives to replace the bust with one of Thurgood Marshall and expel Confederate statues from
2142-471: A most unrighteous judgment was sustained by a falsification of history. Of course, the Constitution of the United States and every principle of Liberty was falsified, but historical truth was falsified also. The low point in Taney's reputation came with the 1865 publication of an anonymous sixty-eight-page pamphlet, The Unjust Judge: A Memorial of Roger Brooke Taney . One scholar speculated in 1964 that Sumner
2295-423: A much broader decision that would bar federal regulation of slavery in the territories. Like the other Southerners on the Court, Taney was outraged over what he saw as "Northern aggression" towards slavery, an institution that he believed was critical to "Southern life and values". Along with newly elected President James Buchanan , who was aware of the broad outlines of the upcoming decision, Taney and his allies on
2448-418: A petition of habeas corpus to the federal circuit court for Maryland. In his role as the head of that circuit court, Taney presided over the case of Ex parte Merryman . Taney held that only Congress had the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, and he ordered the release of Merryman. Lincoln invoked nonacquiescence in response to Taney's order as well as subsequent Taney orders. He later argued that
2601-459: A portrait of Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore by Johann Ludwig Tietz ( c. 1750 ). In the mid-1990s, the cypress dome underwent a structural renovation and repainting. However, the latex paint that was used failed to bond due to preceding layers, causing it to flake. In 2011, the old paint was removed and replaced with white oil-based paint . Adjacent to the State House
2754-455: A result of this study, restorers have determined that previous restoration attempts in 1905 and 1940 did not accurately recreate many elements of the room. A report of their findings was issued in January 2010. The restoration work was completed in 2015 and the chamber reopened to the public. The Senate chamber is located in a wing added to the original structure between 1902 and 1905. The room
2907-497: Is Lawyers Mall , an open space which was designated in 1973 after the demolition of the Court of Appeals building, which had sat at the location since 1906. Statues of Baltimore native Thurgood Marshall , the first black U.S. Supreme Court justice, as well as Donald Gaines Murray , the first African-American to enter the University of Maryland School of Law since 1890, and a bench with statues of two anonymous children symbolizing
3060-572: Is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America." Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Congress was in session in the state house from November 26, 1783, to August 19, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783, that General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of
3213-654: Is adjacent to the city limits. A settlement in the Province of Maryland named "Providence" was founded on the north shore of the Severn River on the middle Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in 1649 by Puritan exiles from the Province/Dominion of Virginia led by the third Proprietary Governor of Maryland , William Stone (1603–1660). The settlers later moved to a better-protected harbor on
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#17327733105993366-664: Is clad in black and gold Italian marble. The annex includes the Grand Staircase from the first to the second floors; above the staircase is the painting Washington Resigning His Commission by Edwin White , executed in 1858. In 2017, two additional paintings, both from the collection of the Enoch Pratt Free Library , were hung above the staircase. These additions were a portrait of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore by Allan Ramsay ( c. 1740 ) and
3519-513: Is illuminated by a Tiffany-style skylight above. Red carpet emblazoned with the state seal covers the entire floor. Large Ionic columns line the walls and support the viewing gallery. The marble along the walls and the columns are flecked with rust and black, Maryland's official colors. Two famous Marylanders are featured in statues flanking the podium: John Hanson , the first president by the Articles of Confederation, and Charles Carroll , one of
3672-706: Is land and 0.92 square miles (2.38 km ) is water. Annapolis lies within the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ), with hot, humid summers, cool winters, and generous precipitation year-round. Low elevation and proximity to the Chesapeake Bay give the area more moderate spring and summertime temperatures and slightly less extreme winter lows than locations further inland, such as Washington, D.C. See or edit raw graph data . In November 2020, NASA reported that Annapolis had 18 days of high-tide (non-storm-related) flooding from May 2019 to April 2020, an increase over 2018's 12 days, and higher than
3825-494: Is topped by another pediment and the sloping roof gives way for a central octagonal drum atop which rests a dome. The large dome is topped by a balustraded balcony, another octagonal drum and a lantern capped by a lightning rod . The rod was constructed and grounded according to the direct specifications of its inventor, Benjamin Franklin . The building was surrounded by a low brick wall in 1818 to prevent cattle incursions. This
3978-547: The American Revolutionary War , occurred. The capitol has the distinction of being topped by the largest wooden dome in the United States constructed without nails. The current building, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, is the third statehouse on its site. The building is administered by the State House Trust, established in 1969. Construction began in 1772, but
4131-630: The American Revolutionary War , with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States. The city and state capitol was also the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention , which issued a call to the states to send delegates for the Constitutional Convention to be held the following year in Philadelphia . The Annapolis Peace Conference took place in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. John's College , founded 1696. The United States Naval Academy , established 1845,
4284-836: The Confederate States of America ; the American Civil War began in April 1861 with the Battle of Fort Sumter . Unlike Associate Justice John Archibald Campbell , Taney (whose home state of Maryland remained in the Union) did not resign from the Court to join the Confederacy, but he believed that the Southern states had the constitutional right to secede, and he blamed Lincoln for starting the war. From his position on
4437-604: The Declaration of Independence showed that the Founding Fathers favored the protection of individual rights for all free men, regardless of race. Many Republicans accused Taney of being part of a conspiracy to legalize slavery throughout the United States. Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election , defeating Taney's preferred candidate, John C. Breckinridge . Several Southern states seceded in response to Lincoln's election and formed
4590-605: The Democratic-Republican Party , Taney was elected to the Maryland Senate in 1816. He emerged as one of the most prominent attorneys in the state and was appointed as the Attorney General of Maryland in 1827. Taney supported Andrew Jackson 's presidential campaigns in 1824 and 1828, and he became a member of Jackson's Democratic Party . After a cabinet shake-up in 1831 , President Jackson appointed Taney as his attorney general. Taney became one of
4743-676: The Genesee Chief's propeller struck and sank the schooner Cuba . Suing under the 1845 act that extended admiralty jurisdiction to the Great Lakes, the owners of the Cuba alleged that the negligence of the Genesee Chief's crew caused the accident. Counsel for the Genesee Chief blamed the Cuba and contended that the incident occurred within New York's waters, outside the reach of federal jurisdiction. The key constitutional question
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4896-633: The Guarantee Clause of the Constitution, Article IV, Section 4. Taney held that under this article Congress is able to decide what government is established in each state. This decision was important as an example of judicial self-restraint. Many Democrats had hoped that the justices would legitimize the actions of the Rhode Island reformers. Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh (1852) dealt with the issue of admiralty jurisdiction. This case concerned an 1847 maritime collision on Lake Ontario in which
5049-699: The Potomac River in Virginia. Per orders from Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier royalist force, loyal to the uncrowned King of England . On March 25, 1655, in what became known as the Battle of the Severn (the first colonial naval battle in North America ), Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, and replaced by Lt. Gen. Josias Fendall (1628–1687) as fifth Proprietary Governor . Fendall governed Maryland during
5202-631: The Roger Brooke Taney House (although he never lived there), is in Frederick, Maryland . The House and its associated outbuildings were sold to a private party in 2021. In the past the property was open for tours by appointment and interpreted "the life of Taney and his wife Anne Key (sister of Francis Scott Key ), as well as various aspects of life in early nineteenth century Frederick County ". Several places and things have been named for Taney, including Taney County, Missouri ,
5355-608: The Second Bank of the United States and opened the door to greater state control of banking and currency in the antebellum period. In the 1839 case of Bank of Augusta v. Earle , Taney joined with seven other justices in voting to reverse a lower court decision that had barred out-of-state corporations from conducting business operations in the state of Alabama. Taney's majority opinion held that out-of-state corporations could do business in Alabama (or any other state) so long as
5508-557: The Severn River . Students that attend the Naval Academy are enrolled for four years with a following five year commitment to serving on active duty in the Marine Corps or Navy. Students hold the naval rank of Midshipman , and on average about 4,500 are enrolled. St. John's College is a non-sectarian private college that was once supported by the state. It was opened in 1789 as the successor of King William's School, which
5661-554: The Treaty of Paris was ratified there on January 14, 1784, so Annapolis became the first peacetime capital of the U.S. It was in the Maryland State House that George Washington famously resigned his commission before the Continental Congress on December 23, 1783. The United States Naval Academy was founded in 1845 on the site of Fort Severn , and now occupies an area of land reclaimed from
5814-652: The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which upheld the denial of citizenship to African Americans . As a result, a movement in support of removing the statue emerged. At first, the State House Trust—made up of the governor, the speaker of the state house, the president of the state senate, and the chair of the Maryland Historical Trust Board of Trustees—responded by adding interpretive plaques "explaining
5967-649: The U.S. attorney general and U.S. secretary of the treasury under President Andrew Jackson . He was the first Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court. Taney was born into a wealthy, slave-owning family in Calvert County, Maryland . He won election to the Maryland House of Delegates as a member of the Federalist Party but later broke with the party over the War of 1812 . After switching to
6120-523: The U.S. state of Maryland . It is the county seat of Anne Arundel County and its only incorporated city. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River , 25 miles (40 km) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles (50 km) east of Washington, D.C. , Annapolis forms part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area . The 2020 census recorded its population as 40,812, an increase of 6.3% since 2010. This city served as
6273-715: The USCGC ; Taney (WPG-37) (although the ship was later renamed during Taney's de-memorialization), and the Liberty ship SS Roger B. Taney . In 1993, the Roger B. Taney Middle School in Temple Hills, Maryland was renamed for Justice Thurgood Marshall , the Supreme Court's first African American justice. A statue of Taney formerly stood on the grounds of the Maryland State House , but
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6426-457: The " Bank War ," Jackson's clash with the Second Bank of the United States (or "national bank"). Unlike other members of the cabinet, Taney argued that the national bank was unconstitutional, and that Jackson should seek to abolish it. With Taney's backing, Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the national bank's charter, which was scheduled to expire in 1836. The Bank War became the key issue of the 1832 presidential election , which saw Jackson defeat
6579-669: The "Bill Room" by the 1940s. From the early 1980s until 2008, the room was used as the Maryland State House Visitor Center. In 2011, the bill became the State House Caucus Room, and is now used for meetings. The Caucus Room houses most of the 48-piece silver service from the armored cruiser USS Maryland , which was decommissioned in 1947. The pieces in the set show 167 scenes from Maryland history , with each piece focusing on one of Maryland's 23 counties and Baltimore . The silver
6732-622: The 1830s, when he had resided with a previous master in both the free state of Illinois and a portion of the Louisiana Territory that banned slavery under the Missouri Compromise . Scott prevailed in a state trial court, but that ruling was reversed by the Missouri Supreme Court. After a series of legal maneuvers, the case finally made its way to the Supreme Court in 1856. Although the case concerned
6885-426: The 1995-2005 average of 2 days annually. The increase is attributed to sea level rise caused by climate change . Resultant flood damages caused local businesses to lose as much as $ 172,000 a year. On Naval Academy grounds, seawater came out of storm drains, with McNair Road and Ramsay Road flooding 20 times in 2020 and more than 40 times each in 2018 and 2019. Adaptation approaches such as sea walls and building up
7038-579: The Charles River Bridge, Daniel Webster, argued that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had violated the Commerce Clause by disregarding the monopoly that the commonwealth had granted to his client. The attorney for Massachusetts, Simon Greenleaf , challenged Webster's interpretation of the charter, noting that the charter did not explicitly grant a monopoly to the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge. In his majority opinion, Taney ruled that
7191-474: The City of New York v. Miln (1837), the plaintiffs challenged a New York statute that required masters of incoming ships to report information on all passengers they brought into the country-- e.g. , age, health, last legal residence. The question before the Taney court was whether or not the state statute undercut Congress's authority to regulate commerce; or was it a police measure, as New York claimed, fully within
7344-572: The Colonial Players theater in 1981. Based on the play by Charles Dickens , the 90-minute production by the Colonial Players is an original musical adaptation, with play and lyrics by Richard Wade and music by Dick Gessner. Colonial Players, Inc. is a nonprofit organization founded in 1949. Its first production, The Male Animal , was performed in 1949 at the Annapolis Recreation Center on Compromise Street. In 1955,
7497-472: The Constitution did in fact give the president the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus saying “Now it is insisted that Congress, and not the Executive, is vested with this power; but the Constitution itself is silent as to which or who is to exercise the power; and as the provision was plainly made for a dangerous emergency, it can not be believed the framers of the instrument intended that in every case
7650-475: The Constitution was adopted." The United States increasingly polarized along sectional lines during the 1850s, with slavery acting as the central source of sectional tension. Taney wrote the majority opinion in the 1851 case of Strader v. Graham , in which the Court held that slaves from Kentucky who had conducted a musical performance in the free state of Ohio remained slaves because they had voluntarily returned to Kentucky. Taney's narrowly constructed opinion
7803-438: The Continental Army. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw , a local cabinetmaker, to create an American flag . Shaw's flag is slightly different from other designs of the time: the blue field extends over the entire height of the hoist. Shaw developed two versions of the flag: one which started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of
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#17327733105997956-404: The Court hoped that the Dred Scott case would permanently remove slavery as a subject of national debate. Reflecting these hopes, Buchanan's March 4, 1857, inaugural address indicated that the issue of slavery would soon be "finally settled" by the Court. To avoid the appearance of sectional favoritism, Taney and his Southern colleagues sought to win the support of at least one Northern justice to
8109-432: The Court when Taney took office, but Jackson appointees made up a majority of the Court. Though Taney would preside over a jurisprudential shift toward states' rights, the Taney Court did not reject broad federal authority to the degree that many Whigs initially feared. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge presented one of the first major cases of the Taney Court. In 1785, the legislature of Massachusetts had chartered
8262-418: The Court's decision. At the request of Associate Justice John Catron , Buchanan convinced Northern Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier to join the majority opinion in Dred Scott . The Court's majority opinion, written by Taney, was given on March 6, 1857. He first held that no African American, free or enslaved, had ever enjoyed the rights of a citizen under the Constitution. He argued that, for more than
8415-447: The Court, Taney challenged Lincoln's more expansive view of presidential and federal power during the Civil War. He did not get the opportunity to rule against the constitutionality of the Emancipation Proclamation , the Legal Tender Act , or the Enrollment Act , but he did preside over two important Civil War cases. After secessionists destroyed important bridges and telegraph lines in the border state of Maryland, Lincoln suspended
8568-415: The Court. Taney was second only to Marshall in laying the foundation of our constitutional law." Taney's mixed legacy was noted by Justice Antonin Scalia in his dissenting opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey : There comes vividly to mind a portrait by Emanuel Leutze that hangs in the Harvard Law School: Roger Brooke Taney, painted in 1859, the 82nd year of his life, the 24th of his Chief Justiceship,
8721-403: The District of Maryland met there for the first decade of its existence. In 1800, judge Samuel Chase tried a local postmaster for embezzlement and sentenced him to thirty-nine lashes. To execute the sentence, the defendant was tied to one of the statehouse columns. Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis ( / ə ˈ n æ p əl ɪ s / ə- NAP -əl-iss ) is the capital of
8874-426: The Evangelist Cemetery. After Lincoln was re-elected, he appointed Salmon P. Chase , a strongly anti-slavery Republican from Ohio, to succeed Taney. After his death, Taney remained a controversial figure. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles spoke for many Northerners when he stated that the Dred Scott decision "forfeited respect for [Taney] as a man or a judge". In early 1865, the House of Representatives passed
9027-451: The Korean and Vietnam wars. It was at Annapolis in July 1940 that Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg arrived in exile during World War II. In the summer of 1984, the Navy Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis hosted soccer games as part of the XXIII Olympiad . During September 18–19, 2003, Hurricane Isabel created the largest storm surge known in Annapolis's history, cresting at 7.58 feet (2.31 m). Much of downtown Annapolis
9180-439: The Lincoln Administration again invoked nonacquiescence in response. In 1863, Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation notwithstanding Taney's rulings on slavery. Taney finally relented, saying: "I have exercised all the power which the Constitution and laws confer on me, but that power has been resisted by a force too strong for me to overcome." Taney died in 1864, and Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase as his successor. At
9333-424: The Old House of Delegates Chamber was expanded in 1858, the room was divided between the private office of the speaker of the House of Delegates (rear half) and a cloakroom (front half). In 1905–06, the room was likely renovated, and became known as the Flag Room, which housed various Civil War battle flags and ceremonial weapons. The room was later used by the Department of Legislative Reference and became known as
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#17327733105999486-440: The Severn's southern shore. The settlement on the south shore, known from 1683 as "Town at Proctor's", then "Town at the Severn", became in 1694 "Anne Arundel's Towne" (after Lady Ann Arundell (1616–1649), the late wife of the late Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore , 1605–1675). In 1654, after the Third English Civil War , Parliamentary forces assumed control of the Maryland colony and Stone went into exile south across
9639-427: The Supreme Court heard the Prize Cases , which arose after Union ships blockading the Confederacy seized ships that conducted trade with Confederate ports. An adverse Supreme Court decision would strike a major blow against Lincoln's prosecution of the war, since the blockade cut off the crucial Confederate cotton trade with European countries. The Court's majority opinion, written by Associate Justice Grier, upheld
9792-435: The Taney statue, as did Governor Larry Hogan a day later. It was removed just after midnight on August 18, 2017. The rotunda is the primary home of the Maryland Federalist , a 1987 replica of the original Federalist , a tiny ship built by Baltimore merchants in 1788 to celebrate Maryland's ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Large Corinthian columns support the arches bracing the large dome above. A balustrade lines
9945-418: The U.S. Capitol and replace it with a bust of Justice Thurgood Marshall, who was a champion of civil rights. The bill called for removal of Taney's bust within 30 days after the law's passage. The bust had been mounted in the old robing room adjacent to the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol Building . The bill (H.R. 7573 ) also created a "process to obtain a bust of Marshall ... and place it there within
10098-441: The Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the better regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware—actually attended the September 1786 gathering, known afterward as the Annapolis Convention . Without proceeding to the business for which they had met, the delegates passed a resolution calling for another convention to meet at Philadelphia in
10251-491: The Younger ), Elihu Emory Jackson (by Ida Foster), Robert M. McLane (by George Peter Alexander Healy ), Thomas Swann (by Florence Mackubin ), Francis Thomas (by Franklin Barber Clark), William Pinkney Whyte (by David Bendann), and Levin Winder (by Florence Mackubin). The room also contains reproductions of portraits of Clarence W. Blount (by Simmie Knox ) and Mary Eliza Watters Risteau (by Talmadge of New York). From November 26, 1783, to August 13, 1784, Annapolis
10404-443: The academy's English curriculum. The King William Players, a student theater group at St. John's College , holds two performances each semester in the college's Francis Scott Key Auditorium. Admission is usually free and open to the public. The Banneker-Douglass Museum , located in the historic Mount Moriah Church at 87 Franklin Street, documents the history of African Americans in Maryland. Since its opening on February 24, 1984,
10557-407: The authority of the state. Taney and his colleagues sought to devise a more nuanced means of accommodating competing federal and state claims of regulatory power. The Court ruled in favor of New York, holding that the statute did not assume to regulate commerce between the port of New York and foreign ports and because the statute was passed in the exercise of a police power which rightfully belonged to
10710-482: The capital of the royal colony, the Province of Maryland , to Anne Arundel's Towne and renamed the town "Annapolis" after Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway , soon to become Queen Anne of Great Britain (1665–1714, reigned 1702–1714). Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Colonel John Seymour, the Governor of Maryland from 1704 to 1709, wrote Queen Anne on March 16, 1709, with qualifications for municipal officials and provisions for fairs and market days for
10863-516: The careful, pragmatic approach to constitutional problems that had been the hallmark of [Taney's] early judicial tenure". Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that "Taney's blend of state sovereignty, white racism, sympathy with commerce, and concern for social order was typical of Jacksonian jurisprudence." Law professor Bernard Schwartz lists Taney as one of the ten greatest Supreme Court justices, writing that "Taney's monumental mistake in Dred Scott should not overshadow his numerous accomplishments on
11016-522: The census of 2010, there were 38,394 people, 16,136 households, and 8,776 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,347.4 inhabitants per square mile (2,064.6/km ). There were 17,845 housing units at an average density of 2,485.4 units per square mile (959.6 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 60.1% White , 26.0% African American , 0.3% Native American , 2.1% Asian , 9.0% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 16.8% of
11169-575: The chamber and forms the Ionic columns along the walls. A spectators' gallery is above the rostrum. The speaker sits in front of a broken marble pediment supporting a clock. Portraits of former Speakers of the House hang on the walls. The Governor's Reception Room is on the second floor. The room is mainly ceremonial and used for bill signings . Portraits of former governors hang on the walls. Portraits of Henrietta Maria and Queen Anne hang nearby. The room
11322-592: The charter did not grant a monopoly to the Charles River Bridge. He held that, while the Contract Clause prevents state legislatures from violating the express provisions of a contract, the Court would interpret a contract provision narrowly when it conflicted with the general welfare of the state. Taney reasoned that any other interpretation would prevent advancements in infrastructure, since the owners of other state charters would demand compensation in return for relinquishing implied monopoly rights. In Mayor of
11475-568: The city celebrated the 300th anniversary of its 1708 Royal Charter, which established democratic self-governance. The many cultural events of this celebration were organized by Annapolis Charter 300. Annapolis was home of the Anne Arundel County Battle of the Bands, which was held at Maryland Hall from 1999 to 2015. The event was a competition between musical groups from each high school in the county; it raised over $ 100,000 for
11628-563: The city is still referred to as Parole . The soldiers who did not survive were buried in the Annapolis National Cemetery . In 1900, Annapolis had a population of 8,585. On December 21, 1906, Henry Davis was lynched in the city. He was suspected of assaulting a local woman. Nobody was ever tried for the crime. During World War II , shipyards in Annapolis built a number of PT Boats, and military vessels such as minesweepers and patrol boats were built in Annapolis during
11781-430: The city was $ 49,243, and the median income for a family was $ 56,984 (these figures had risen to $ 70,140 and $ 84,573 respectively, according to a 2007 estimate ). Males had a median income of $ 39,548 versus $ 30,741 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 27,180. About 9.5% of families and 12.7% of the population were living in poverty, of which 20.8% were under age 18 and 10.4% were age 65 or over. According to
11934-416: The city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city, excluding state and local government, are: Annapolis has a thriving community theater scene which includes two venues in the historic district. On East Street, Colonial Players produces approximately six shows a year in its 180-seat theater. A Christmas Carol has been a seasonal tradition in Annapolis since it opened at
12087-417: The city. The population density was 5,326.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,056.4/km ). There were 16,165 housing units at an average density of 2,402.3 units per square mile (927.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 62.66% White , 31.44% Black or African American , 0.17% Native American , 1.81% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 2.22% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. 8.42% of
12240-474: The claim that the Dorr government was the legitimate government of Rhode Island, and that Borden's violation of his home constituted a private act lacking legal authority. The circuit court, rejecting this contention, held that no trespass had been committed, and the Supreme Court, in 1849, affirmed. The decision provides the distinction between political questions and justiciable ones. The majority opinion interpreted
12393-488: The clerk of the Supreme Court announced that "the great and good Chief Justice is no more." He served as chief justice for 28 years, 198 days, the second longest tenure of any chief justice, and was the oldest ever serving Chief Justice in United States history. Taney had administered the presidential oath of office to seven incoming presidents . Taney's estate consisted of a $ 10,000 life insurance policy (equivalent to $ 190,000 in 2023 ) and worthless bonds from
12546-558: The commerce was considerable, but it declined rapidly after Baltimore, with its deeper harbor, was made a port of entry in 1780. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the city's chief industries. Annapolis is home to a large number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton (1712–1756), a Scottish-born doctor and writer, lived and worked in Annapolis. Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diary Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton
12699-470: The commonwealth of Virginia. President Lincoln made no public statement in response to Taney's death. Lincoln and three members of his cabinet (Secretary of State William H. Seward , Attorney General Edward Bates , and Postmaster General William Dennison ) attended Taney's memorial service in Washington. Only Bates joined the cortège to Frederick, Maryland, for Taney's funeral and burial at St. John
12852-458: The concept of police power . He wrote that "whether a state passes a quarantine law, or a law to punish offenses, or to establish courts of justice ... in every case it exercises the same power; that is to say, the power of sovereignty, the power to govern men and things within the limits of its dominion." This broad conception of state power helped to provide a constitutional justification for state governments to take on new responsibilities, such as
13005-579: The construction of internal improvements and the establishment of public schools. Taney's majority opinion in Luther v. Borden (1849) provided an important rationale for limiting federal judicial power. The Court considered its own authority to issue rulings on matters deemed to be political in nature. Martin Luther, a Dorrite shoemaker, brought suit against Luther Borden, a state militiaman because Luther's house had been ransacked. Luther based his case on
13158-466: The controversy over his divisive opinion and its place in the evolution of the nation's stance toward slavery." The Trust also added a statue of Marshall on Lawyers Mall, and agreed in 2016 to place statues of abolitionists Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass in the State House. In the wake of the Charlottesville car attack in 2017, House Speaker Michael E. Busch called for the removal of
13311-439: The controversy. The Compromise of 1850 contained provisions to expedite appeals regarding slavery in the territories to the Supreme Court, but no suitable case arose until Dred Scott v. Sandford reached the Supreme Court in 1856. In 1846, Dred Scott , an enslaved African American man living in the slave state of Missouri, had filed suit against his master for his own freedom. Scott argued that he had legally gained freedom in
13464-467: The county's high school music programs during its 17-year run. On June 28, 2018, at the Capital Gazette , a gunman opened fire, killing five journalists and injuring two more. An EF-2 tornado struck the western edge of the city on September 1, 2021, during the remnants of Hurricane Ida . Homes, businesses, and restaurants had significant damage near Maryland Route 450 , where EF-2 damage
13617-489: The danger should run its course until Congress could be called together, the very assembling of which might be prevented, as was intended in this case, by the rebellion.” Nonetheless, when Lincoln suspended habeas corpus at a far larger scale, he did so only after requesting that Congress authorize him to suspend the writ, which they did by passing the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act of 1863. In 1863,
13770-529: The defense, the jury acquitted Gruber. As a result of the Petticoat Affair , in 1831 President Jackson asked for the resignations of most of the members of his cabinet, including Attorney General John M. Berrien . Jackson turned to Taney to fill the vacancy caused by Berrien's resignation, Taney having been suggested to Jackson by a Washington physician. Taney thus became the president's top legal adviser. In one advisory opinion that he wrote for
13923-544: The dignity and authority of his office, against a rash minister of state, who, in the pride of a fancied executive power, came near to the commission of a great crime, will command the admiration and gratitude of every lover of constitutional liberty, so long as our institutions shall endure. Biographer James F. Simon writes that "Taney's place in history [is] inextricably bound to his disastrous Dred Scott opinion." Simon argues that Taney's opinion in Dred Scott "abandoned
14076-549: The explosive issue of slavery, it initially received relatively little attention from the press and from the justices themselves. In February 1857, a majority of the judges on the Court voted to deny Scott freedom simply because he had returned to Missouri, thereby reaffirming the precedent set in Strader . However, after two of the Northern justices objected to the decision, Taney and his four Southern colleagues decided to write
14229-478: The fact that five states had allowed blacks to vote in 1788. He next declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and that the Constitution did not grant Congress the power to bar slavery in the territories. Taney argued that the federal government served as a "trustee" to the people of the territory and could not deprive the right of slaveowners to take slaves into the territories. Only
14382-454: The federal courts as a co-equal branch of government. To the dismay of states' rights advocates, the Marshall Court 's rulings in cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland had upheld the power of federal law and institutions over state governments. Many Whigs believed that Taney was a "political hack" and worried about the direction in which he would take the Supreme Court. One of Marshall's key allies, Associate Justice Joseph Story , remained on
14535-476: The federal government, but he and his wife maintained a permanent home in Baltimore. After Anne died in 1855, Taney and two of his unmarried daughters moved permanently to Washington, D.C. After gaining admission to the state bar, Taney established a successful legal practice in Frederick, Maryland . At his father's urging, he ran for the Maryland House of Delegates as a member of the Federalist Party . With
14688-669: The following year to amend the Articles of Confederation . The resulting Philadelphia Convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States , which remains in force. On April 24, 1861, the midshipmen of the Naval Academy relocated their base in Annapolis and were temporarily housed in Newport, Rhode Island , until October 1865. In 1861, the first of three camps that were built for holding paroled soldiers
14841-707: The former location of the Shaw Blacksmith Shop, in 1967, and became owner of the property in 1990. The Naval Academy Masqueraders, a theater group at the United States Naval Academy, produces one "main-stage show" each fall and student-directed one-act plays in the spring. Founded in 1847, the Masqueraders is the oldest extracurricular activity at the Naval Academy. Its shows, performed in Mahan Hall, are selected to support
14994-656: The happiest of thoughts. But those of us who know how the lustre of his great Chief Justiceship came to be eclipsed by Dred Scott cannot help believing that he had that case—its already apparent consequences for the Court and its soon-to-be-played-out consequences for the Nation—burning on his mind. Taney's home, Taney Place , in Calvert County, Maryland, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Another property owned by Taney, called
15147-411: The height of roadways and athletic fields are predicted to last only a few decades. As of the census of 2020, there were 40,812 people. The racial makeup of the city was 49.4% Non-Hispanic White , 21.7% African American , 0.7% Native American , 2.5% Asian , 14.5% from other races , and 8.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 22.9% of the population. As of
15300-674: The help of his father, Taney won election to the House of Delegates, but he lost his campaign for a second term. Taney remained a prominent member of the Federalist Party for several years until he broke with the party due to his support of the War of 1812 . In 1816, He won election to a five-year term in the Maryland State Senate . In 1823, Taney moved his legal practice to Baltimore , where he gained widespread notoriety as an effective litigator. In 1826, Taney and Daniel Webster represented merchant Solomon Etting in
15453-651: The latter half of the English Commonwealth period. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert (1626–1682) as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland , after the restoration of Charles II (1630–1685) as King in England . In 1694, soon after the overthrow of the Catholic government of second Royal Governor Thomas Lawrence (1645–1714, in office for a few months in 1693), the third Royal Governor Francis Nicholson (1655-1727/28, in office: 1694–1698), moved
15606-614: The most important members of Jackson's cabinet and played a major role in the Bank War . Beginning in 1833, Taney served as secretary of the treasury under a recess appointment , but his nomination to that position was rejected by the United States Senate . In 1835, after Democrats took control of the Senate, Jackson appointed Taney to succeed the late John Marshall on the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. Taney presided over
15759-467: The museum has provided educational programs, rotating exhibits, and a research facility. Admission is free. Preble Hall , named for Edward Preble , houses the U.S. Naval Academy Museum, founded in 1845. Its Beverley R. Robinson Collection contains 6,000 prints depicting European and American naval history from 1514 through World War II. It is also home to one of the world's best ship model collections, donated by Henry Huttleston Rogers . Rogers's donation
15912-435: The nation's history to be rejected by the Senate. Despite Taney's earlier rejection by the Senate, in January 1835 Jackson nominated Taney to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Associate Justice Gabriel Duvall . Opponents of Taney ensured that his nomination was not voted on before the end of the Senate session, thereby defeating the nomination. The Democrats picked up seats in the 1834 and 1835 Senate elections , giving
16065-411: The national bank, Jackson fired Duane and gave Taney a recess appointment as secretary of the treasury. Taney redistributed federal deposits from the national bank to favored state-chartered banks, which became known as " pet banks ". In June 1834, the Senate rejected Taney's nomination as secretary of the treasury, leaving Taney without a position in the cabinet. Taney was the first cabinet nominee in
16218-575: The national capital. In land area Annapolis (proper) is also the smallest of the United States capital cities . The city is a part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and is relatively flat, with the highest point being only 50 feet (15 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.10 square miles (20.98 km ), of which 7.18 square miles (18.60 km )
16371-543: The organization moved to its venue in a former automotive repair shop on East Street. During the warmer months, Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre presents three shows on its outdoor stage, which is visible from the City Dock. A nonprofit organization, Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre has been providing "theatre under the stars" since 1966, when it performed You Can't Take It with You and Brigadoon at Carvel Hall Hotel. It began leasing its site at 143 Compromise Street,
16524-645: The party a stronger presence in the chamber. In July 1835, Jackson nominated Taney to succeed Chief Justice John Marshall , who had died earlier in 1835. Though Jackson's opponents in the Whig Party once again attempted to defeat Taney's nomination, Taney won confirmation in March 1836. He was the first Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court. Marshall had dominated the Court during his 35 years of service, and his opinion in Marbury v. Madison had helped establish
16677-435: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 15,303 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.9% were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
16830-442: The population. There were 16,136 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.6% were non-families. Of all households, 35.0% were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
16983-508: The president, Taney argued that the protections of the United States Constitution did not apply to free blacks ; he would revisit this issue later in his career. Like his predecessors, Taney continued the private practice of law while he served as attorney general, and he served as a counsel for the city of Baltimore in the landmark Supreme Court case of Barron v. Baltimore . Taney became an important lieutenant in
17136-554: The region. The conference was held at the United States Naval Academy on November 26, 2007. The Maryland State House is the oldest in continuous legislative use in the United States. Construction started in 1772, and the Maryland legislature first met there in 1779. It is topped by the largest wooden dome built without nails in the country. The Maryland State House housed the workings of the United States government from November 26, 1783, to August 13, 1784, and
17289-545: The requisite unanimous consent of all thirteen states for the formation of a Perpetual Union . On September 11, 1786, the Annapolis Convention , an interstate convention to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and the establishment standard rules and regulations, convened here. The convention laid the groundwork for the 1787 Constitutional Convention . The chamber had extensive investigation beginning in 2007 to solve water leakage problems. As
17442-561: The room in the exact number (16) as originally furbished. The desk for the president is an original piece made by John Shaw in 1797. Above the fireplace is the painting Washington, Lafayette & Tilghman at Yorktown by Charles Willson Peale ; the work was commissioned by the Maryland Legislature in 1783 and added to the State House collection the following year. The painting depicts General George Washington , Lafayette and Washington's aide-de-camp Tench Tilghman . It
17595-623: The seat of the Confederation Congress , formerly the Second Continental Congress , and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783–1784. At that time, General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House and resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army . A month later, the Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , ending
17748-456: The second after his opinion in Dred Scott . He is all in black, sitting in a shadowed red armchair, left hand resting upon a pad of paper in his lap, right hand hanging limply, almost lifelessly, beside the inner arm of the chair. He sits facing the viewer, and staring straight out. There seems to be on his face, and in his deep-set eyes, an expression of profound sadness and disillusionment. Perhaps he always looked that way, even when dwelling upon
17901-477: The second floor balcony. In the summer of 2012, the original handwritten text of George Washington's resignation letter was on display in the rotunda. It was again put on display in March 2020 alongside the original Star-Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key on loan from the Maryland Center for History and Culture . To the right of the entrance is the old Senate Chamber. Chairs and desks were added to
18054-480: The seizures and ruled that the president had the authority to impose a blockade without a congressional declaration of war. Taney joined a dissenting opinion written by Associate Justice Samuel Nelson , who argued that Lincoln had overstepped his authority by ordering a blockade without the express consent of Congress. Taney died on October 12, 1864, at the age of 87, the same day his home state of Maryland passed an amendment abolishing slavery. The following morning,
18207-518: The signers of the Declaration of Independence . Four portraits of Declaration of Independence signatories for Maryland hang on the walls: William Paca , Thomas Stone , Samuel Chase , and Charles Carroll. There are also portraits of Edwin Warfield and John Walter Smith . The House of Delegates chamber is also in the new wing to the building. The carpet is navy blue and designed with a diamond and olive sheaths . The same rust and black marble lines
18360-514: The slaves that he inherited from his father early in his life, and as long as they lived, he provided monthly pensions to the older ones who were unable to work. He believed, however, that slavery was a problem to be resolved gradually and chiefly by the states in which it existed, and, as a nationalist, blamed abolitionists for "ripping the country apart". In 1819, nevertheless, Taney defended an abolitionist Methodist minister, Jacob Gruber, who had been arrested for his criticism of slavery. Gruber
18513-550: The state legislature did not pass a law explicitly prohibiting such operations. In Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), the Taney Court agreed to hear a case regarding slavery, slaves, slave owners, and states' rights. It held that the Constitutional prohibition against state laws that would emancipate any "person held to service or labor in [another] state" barred Pennsylvania from punishing a Maryland man who had seized
18666-477: The state legislature. The Court narrowly defined a bill of credit as a note issued by the state, on the faith of the state, and designed to circulate as money. Since the notes in question were redeemable by the bank and not by the state itself, they were not bills of credit for constitutional purposes. By validating the constitutionality of state bank notes, the Supreme Court completed the financial revolution triggered by President Andrew Jackson 's refusal to recharter
18819-538: The state of Maryland removed the statue in 2017, two days after Baltimore mayor Catherine Pugh ordered the removal of its replica in Baltimore City. In 2020, in the midst of the protests following the murder of George Floyd , the U.S. House of Representatives eventually voted 305–113 to remove a bust of Taney (as well as statues honoring figures who were part of the Confederacy during the Civil War) from
18972-411: The state treasury and the value of unsold public lands, and by every usual measure, its notes were bills of credit of the sort prohibited by the federal Constitution. Briscoe manifested this change in the field of banking and currency in the first full term of the court's new chief justice. Article I, section 10 of the Constitution prohibited states from using bills of credit, but the precise meaning of
19125-540: The states, Taney asserted, could bar slavery. Finally, he held that Scott remained a slave. The Dred Scott opinion received strong criticism in the North, and Associate Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis resigned in protest. Rather than removing slavery as an issue, it bolstered the popularity of the anti-slavery Republican Party . Republicans like Abraham Lincoln rejected Taney's legal reasoning and argued that
19278-404: The states. In Briscoe v. Commonwealth Bank of Kentucky (1837), the third critical ruling of Taney's debut term, the Chief Justice confronted the banking system, in particular state banking. Disgruntled creditors had demanded invalidation of the notes issued by Kentucky's Commonwealth Bank, created during the panic of 1819 to aid economic recovery. The institution had been backed by the credit of
19431-577: The time of Taney's death in 1864, he was widely reviled in the North, and Lincoln declined to make a public statement in response to his death. He continues to have a controversial historical reputation, and his Dred Scott ruling is widely considered to be the worst Supreme Court decision ever made. Taney was born in Calvert County, Maryland , on March 17, 1777, to Michael Taney V and Monica Brooke Taney. Taney's ancestor, Michael Taney I, had settled in Maryland from England in 1660. He and his family established themselves as prominent Catholic landowners of
19584-485: The town. 17th-century Annapolis was little more than a village, but it grew rapidly for most of the 18th century until the American Revolutionary War as a political and administrative capital, a port of entry , and a major center of the Atlantic slave trade . The Maryland Gazette , which became an important weekly journal, was founded there by Jonas Green in 1745; in 1769 a theatre opened; during this period also
19737-461: The vast expanse of the Great Lakes and stretches of the continental rivers, extending for hundreds of miles, were not tidal; yet upon these waters large vessels could move, with burdens of passengers and cargo. Taney ruled that the admiralty jurisdiction of the US Courts extends to waters which are actually navigable, without regard to the flow of the ocean tides. Taney's majority opinion established
19890-500: The victory of Marshall's litigation in Brown v. Board of Education , all sit on Lawyers Mall. The space is the focal point of First Amendment activities on capitol grounds. Until 2017, there was a statue of Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice of the United States , on the lawn of the State House. The statue was erected in 1872. The statue of Taney, a Marylander, was controversial because of Taney's support for slavery and his authorship of
20043-442: The war, but he did not resign from the Supreme Court. He strongly disagreed with President Lincoln's broader interpretation of executive power in the American Civil War . In Ex parte Merryman , Taney held that the president could not suspend the writ of habeas corpus . Lincoln retaliated to the ruling by invoking nonacquiescence . Taney later tried to hold George Cadwalader , one of Lincoln's generals, in contempt of court and
20196-481: The writ of habeas corpus in much of the state. That suspension allowed military officials to arrest and imprison suspected secessionists for an indefinite period and without a judicial hearing. After the Baltimore riot of 1861 , Union officials arrested state legislator John Merryman , whom they suspected of having destroyed Union infrastructure. Union officials allowed Merryman access to his lawyers, who delivered
20349-403: Was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93. In the city, 21.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 86.8 males age 18 and over. The median income for a household in
20502-434: Was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 36 years. 20.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 35,838 people, 15,303 households, and 8,676 families residing in
20655-493: Was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1799. In 1844, Taney was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society . Taney married Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, the sister of Francis Scott Key . They had six daughters together. Though Taney himself remained a Catholic, all of his daughters were raised as members of Anne's Episcopal Church . Taney rented an apartment during his years of service with
20808-434: Was an American lawyer and politician who served as the fifth chief justice of the United States , holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. Taney delivered the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), ruling that African Americans could not be considered U.S. citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the U.S. territories . Prior to joining the U.S. Supreme Court , Taney served as
20961-435: Was charged with attempting to stir up "acts of mutiny and rebellion". Taney claimed that the prosecution lacked a case against Gruber and argued that, lacking evidence of criminal intent, Gruber's freedom of conscience and freedom of speech needed to be protected. Taney delivered "an impassioned defense of Gruber" and, in his opening argument, Taney condemned slavery as "a blot on our national character". After listening to
21114-480: Was created on the campus of St. John's College . The second location of Camp Parole would house over 20,000 and would be located where Forest Drive is currently. The third and final location was finished in late 1863 and would be placed near the Elkridge Railroad, as to make transportation of soldiers and resources easier before and allowing the camp to grow to its highest numbers. This area just west of
21267-437: Was flooded and many businesses and homes in outlying areas were damaged. The previous record was 6.35 feet (1.94 m) during a hurricane in 1933, and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) during Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Downtown Annapolis has high-tide "sunny day" flooding. A Stanford University study found that this resulted in 3,000 less visits and $ 172,000 in lost revenue for local business in 2017. From mid-2007 through December 2008,
21420-475: Was founded by an act of the Maryland legislature in 1696 and was opened in 1701. Its principal building, McDowell Hall, was originally to be the governor's mansion; although £4,000 was appropriated to build it in 1742, it was not completed until after the War of Independence. Located 25 miles (40 km) south of Baltimore and 30 miles (48 km) east of Washington, D.C. , Annapolis is the closest state capital to
21573-594: Was in the Old Senate Chamber that Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army on December 23, 1783. A bronze statue of Washington stands in the room. On February 2, 1781, Governor Thomas Sim Lee signed and sealed the "act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the Articles of Confederation ." The decision established
21726-441: Was its author. George Ticknor Curtis , one of the lawyers who argued before Taney on behalf of Dred Scott, held Taney in high esteem despite his decision in Dred Scott . In a volume of memoirs written for his brother Benjamin Robbins Curtis, George Ticknor Curtis gave the following description of Taney: He was indeed a great magistrate, and a man of singular purity of life and character. That there should have been one mistake in
21879-558: Was joined by both pro-slavery and anti-slavery justices on the Court. While the Court avoided splitting over the issue of slavery, debates over the status of slavery in the territories , as well as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , continued to roil the nation. As Congress was unable to settle the debate over slavery, some leaders from both the North and the South came to believe that only the Supreme Court could bring an end to
22032-411: Was not completed until 1797 due to the ongoing American Revolutionary War . The two-story brick Georgian style structure, located inside State Circle, was designed by architect Joseph Horatio Anderson . A small portico juts out from the center of the building, topped by a pediment , with two high arched windows framing the entrance. On both floors, large rectangular windows line the facade. A cornice
22185-511: Was observed with estimated winds of 125 mph. The tornado dissipated immediately past U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 301. As announced by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice , Annapolis was the venue for a Middle East summit dealing with the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , with the participation of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert , Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas (" Abu Mazen ") and various other leaders from
22338-653: Was originally used as the Council Chamber for Maryland's executive council, which was abolished in state constitutional reforms in 1838; it became known as the Governor's Reception Room in the 1860s. What is now known as the State House Caucus Room was originally divided into two rooms housing the records of the Land Office and the General Court (which later became Court of Appeals of Maryland ). After
22491-409: Was outraged by Northern attacks on the institution, and sought to use his Dred Scott decision to permanently end the slavery debate. His broad ruling deeply angered many Northerners and strengthened the anti-slavery Republican Party ; its nominee Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election . After Lincoln's election, Taney sympathized with the seceding Southern states and blamed Lincoln for
22644-496: Was purchased from St. John's College by the Hammond-Harwood House Association, it has served as a museum exhibiting a collection of John Shaw furniture and Charles Willson Peale paintings. Its exterior and interior preserve the original architecture of a mansion from the late Colonial period. Roger B. Taney Roger Brooke Taney ( / ˈ t ɔː n i / ; March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864)
22797-411: Was replaced by an iron fence with a granite base in 1836. The dome of the statehouse is depicted on the Maryland state quarter . An annex to the State House was constructed between 1902 and 1906 under the supervision of Baltimore architects Baldwin & Pennington ; the new annex replaced earlier 19th-century annexes. The current state House of Delegates and Senate chambers are part of the annex, which
22950-424: Was the capital of the United States . The Congress of the Confederation met in the Maryland State House. Subsequently, Annapolis was a candidate to become the new permanent national capital before Washington, D.C. , was built. It was in the Old Senate Chamber that Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, formally ending the American Revolutionary War . The United States District Court for
23103-406: Was the impetus for the construction of Preble Hall. The museum has approximately 100,000 visitors each year. The Hammond-Harwood House , located at 19 Maryland Avenue, was built in 1774 for Matthias Hammond, a wealthy Maryland farmer. Its design was adapted by William Buckland from Andrea Palladio 's Villa Pisani to accommodate American Colonial regional preferences. Since 1940, when the house
23256-660: Was transferred from the Maryland Historical Society to the State House in 1962. In 1992, four pieces from the service were given to the submarine USS Maryland . In addition to the silver, the Caucus Room contains a 19th-century bust of Reverdy Johnson . Paintings in the Caucus Room include both portraits and landscapes. Portraits in the room are originals depicting Oden Bowie (by Katherine Walton), Frank Brown (by Louis P. Dieterich), Leonard Calvert (attributed to Jacob van Oost or Jacob van Oost
23409-538: Was whether the case properly belonged in the federal courts—specifically, whether admiralty jurisdiction extended to the great freshwater lakes. In England, only tidal rivers had been navigable; hence, in English Law, the Admiralty Courts, which had been given jurisdiction over navigable waters, found their jurisdiction limited to places which felt the effect of the tides of the sea. In the United States,
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