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65-524: The accounts of the Jesuit Relations frequently refer to the Mascouten as the "Fire Nation" or "Nation of Fire". One Jesuit wrote, "The Fire Nation is erroneously so called, its correct name being Maskoutench , which means 'a treeless country,' like that inhabited by these people; but as, by changing a few letters, this Word is made to signify 'fire,' therefore the people have come to be called

130-456: A B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, *H4, A3 is a geometric progression , in which the dimensions grow by a factor 2 16 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{16}]{2}}} from one size to the next. However, this SIS standard does not define any size between

195-619: A D format and the next larger A format (called *H in the previous example). Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations, but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice. They have not been adopted internationally and the Swedish standard has been withdrawn. The Swedish and German D series basically contain

260-868: A Jesuit mission in Sault Saint-Louis. A Relation detailing her story was published in 1744. These descriptions of martyrdom were likely used to continue to justify the Jesuits' attempts to convert Indigenous peoples, and could have been exaggerated for this reason. Even when very few people converted to Catholicism in a given year, the Jesuits would still use these examples as proof that some people were extremely dedicated to their missions, and that their efforts were worthy of continuation. The Jesuit Relations also provide evidence for early European settlers' attitudes toward nature and Eurocentric bias in terms of how they believed this land should be used. These missionaries by and large did not view nature as peaceful or

325-725: A band in historic records in 1779, when they were living on the Wabash River (in present-day Indiana ) with peoples of the Piankashaw and the Kickapoo. The surviving Mascouten are noted in United States records of 1813 and 1825 as being part of the Kickapoo Prairie Band . The city of Mascoutah , Illinois , was named in 1839 after the Mascouten tribe. The village of Moscow , Iowa County, Wisconsin ,

390-588: A duodecimo volume, neatly printed and bound in vellum, was issued annually until 1673 from the presses of Sebastien Cramoisy and his brother Gabriel Cramoisy in Paris, and of Jean Boullenger in Rouen. Several similar texts that were published prior to 1632 are sometimes considered part of the corpus, but they were not titled as the Relations . No single unified edition existed until Reuben Gold Thwaites , secretary of

455-654: A great deal of belongings in the cold, with little food. Le Jeune largely blamed the Indigenous people for not having fully developed the land for his hardships. While the soil in New France was good for farming, it was "interpreted as unused and barren," because it hadn't yet been developed. The Jesuits' conceptualization of nature is important in understanding the making of race and racialization in North America, and to overall understand how Europeans invented

520-427: A justification for mission work and a racial theory for Europeanization.” Jesuit Relations were publicized as field letters from the missionary priests, reports of eyewitness, and testimony. The process of passage up the hierarchy meant that accounts would be summarized and shaped according to each man's view. The editing journey "began with detailed letters from priests in the field, the most important usually being

585-524: A perspective of horror, despite the consistent warring in Europe at the time. The Jesuit missionaries believed that, through developing an in-depth understanding of Indigenous cultures, they could convert more people. One prominent example, Jean de Brébeuf , was known for his attempts to immerse himself in the language, culture, and religious customs of the Huron peoples. Specifically, in an entry titled "What

650-520: A place to cultivate spiritual practice. Rather, they believed that the woods needed to be turned into European-style settlements and agricultural fields. Throughout the Relations, there are many accounts of missionaries being afraid of or intimidated by the woods, for example, Le Jeune's description of a journey through the woods with a band of Montagnais people, Journal of a Winter Hunt, published in 1634. Le Jeune details physical hardships of carrying

715-435: A result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes of the series are a half, a quarter, or further fractions of a metre wide: in general, every B size has exactly one side of length 1 m 2 n {\displaystyle {\frac {1\operatorname {m} }{2^{n}}}} for n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } . That side is the short side for B0, B2, B4, etc., and

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780-407: A second-hand relation by his superior, "drawn from Jogues' letters." Pollack notes further that the Relations "were edited by Jesuit missions in Paris before publication." What are generally known as the Relations proper, addressed to the superior and published in Paris under direction of the provincial, commence with Le Jeune's Briève relation du voyage de la Nouvelle-France (1632). Thereafter

845-528: A sheet is folded, the length to width ratio does not change. Briefly after the introduction of the metric system , a handful of new paper formats equivalent to modern ones were developed in France, having been proposed by the mathematician Lazare Carnot , and published for judicial purposes in 1798 during the French Revolution . These were never widely adopted, however: Early in the 20th century,

910-444: A sliding window of size 2) will automatically correspond to the dimensions of a standard paper format in the series. The tolerances specified in the standard are The German standard DIN 476 was published on 18 August 1922 and is the original specification of the A , B and C sizes . In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 for the A and B formats and 476-2 for the C series. The former has been withdrawn in 2002 in favor of adopting

975-462: A standard, DIN 198, that was just a table of recommended A series formats for a number of business applications. The 1976 edition of this standard introduced a size 2 ⁄ 3 A4 198 mm × 210 mm and suggested it for some forms and slips. The Swedish standard SIS 01 47 11 generalized the ISO system of A , B , and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between

1040-483: Is believed that Louis de Buade de Frontenac , who disliked the Jesuit order, strongly influenced ending this publication. In France, the political and religious debates over the accommodation approach practised by the Jesuits in their overseas missions probably also resulted in the cessation of its publication. As the Jesuit order used The Jesuit Relations to help raise money for the missions, scholars have scrutinized

1105-480: Is considered to give the most detailed and exhaustive general overviews available. Some Indigenous peoples outwardly converted to Catholicism while still adhering to their traditional religion. When Jesuits attempted to force some Indigenous people into permanent settlements, believing that this would make large-scale conversion easiest, many people simply refused, or left these settlements. Furthermore, many Indigenous leaders deduced very quickly that Christianization

1170-566: Is controversial because some Indigenous people in North America believe that the Catholic Church needs to do more to account for the harms committed in its colonial past, and believe that this canonization could gloss over this history. Others believe that Tekakwitha's canonization was a long-overdue honor. These Relations were written during the Counter-Reformation in Europe, during which Catholicism gained popularity and

1235-546: Is defined as having an area of 1 m ; given an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} , the dimensions of A0 are: or, rounded to the nearest millimetre, 1,189 mm × 841 mm (46.8 in × 33.1 in). A series sizes are related in that the smaller dimension of a given size is the larger dimension of the next smaller size, and folding an A series sheet in half in its larger dimension—that is, folding it in half parallel to its short edge—results in two halves that are each

1300-495: Is only very roughly 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} . The short side of the size is always 4 mm longer than the long side of the next smaller size. The long side of the size is always exactly – i.e. without further rounding – twice as long as the short side of the next smaller size. The Bureau of Indian Standards recommends the "ISO-A series" size of drawing sheet for engineering drawing works. The Bureau of Indian Standards specifies all

1365-493: Is proven as follows: where a is the long side and b is the short side. The aspect ratio for the new dimensions of the folded paper is: The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} were noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg . He also observed that some raw sizes already adhered to that ratio so that when

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1430-639: Is said to have been named after the Mascouten tribe. Jesuit Relations The Jesuit Relations , also known as Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France (Relation de ce qui s'est passé [...]) , are chronicles of the Jesuit missions in New France . The works were written annually and printed beginning in 1632 and ending in 1673. Originally written in French , Latin , and Italian , The Jesuit Relations were reports from Jesuit missionaries in

1495-453: Is that of martyrdom. The relations included descriptions of Jesuit missionaries being killed or maimed, for example, the death of Isaac Jogues , who died after being captured by the Mohawk in 1646. There is also a graphic description of Brébeuf's death in 1649. The text describes the self-mortification of Kateri Tekakwitha , an Algonquin-Mohawk woman who converted to Catholicism and lived in

1560-688: Is the C series of ISO 269 . The international paper size standard is ISO 216 . It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of the square root of 2 , or approximately 1:1.41421. There are different series, as well as several extensions. The following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A3 , A4 , A5 , B4 , B5 . There are 11 sizes in

1625-576: Is the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes. The Chinese standard GB/T 148–1997, which replaced GB 148–1989, documents the standard ISO series, A and B, but adds a custom D series. This Chinese format originates from the Republic of China (1912–1949) . The D series is not identical to the German or Swedish D series. It does not strictly follow the same principles as ISO paper sizes: The aspect ratio

1690-460: Is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition ; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is defined in ISO 269 , which was withdrawn in 2009 without a replacement, but is still specified in several national standards. It is primarily used for envelopes. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of

1755-568: The ISO B-series ), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for the A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper are widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4, and B5 paper. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) only supports

1820-544: The Society of Jesus , spanning a period from the founding of the order, or the colonization of Acadia in the 1610s to the mission in the Illinois Country in 1791. The indices are comprehensive in scope and include titles such as: Marriage and Marriage Customs, Courtship, Divorce, Social Status of Women, Songs and Singing, Dances, and Games and Recreation. Much can be learned through the examination and study of

1885-487: The Wisconsin Historical Society , led the project to translate into English, unify, and cross-reference the numerous original Relations . Between 1896 and 1901 Thwaites and his associates compiled 73 volumes, including two volumes of indices. The Relations effectively comprise a large body of ethnographic material. He included many other papers, rare manuscripts, and letters from the archives of

1950-623: The 1976 revision for compatibility with photography sizes: C8 closely matches 6×9 photos , and C9 and C10 closely match 7×7 and 5×5 slides , respectively. DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively. However, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series." DIN 476 also used to specify slightly tighter tolerances than ISO 216: There used to be

2015-594: The A series, designated A0–A10, all of which have an aspect ratio of a b = 2 ≈ 1.41421 … {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}={\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.41421\ldots } , where a is the long side and b is the short side. Since A series sizes share the same aspect ratio ( 2 ) , {\displaystyle ({\sqrt {2}}),} they can be scaled to other A series sizes without being distorted, and two sheets can be reduced to fit on exactly one sheet without any cutoff or margins. The A0 base size

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2080-674: The Church reformed itself. The Jesuits grew in power during this period, even achieving influence within Louis XIV 's court. This garnered suspicion and rivalry from other religious sects. This rivalry could potentially be a factor that propelled the Jesuits to carefully select the information they included in the Relations . Le Jeune wrote in the Relations his ideas of how the land in New France should be used; natural resources New France could offer France, and possibility of increased employment of Frenchmen in New France. Le Jeune also wrote in

2145-591: The Fire Nation." Their name apparently comes either from a Fox word meaning "Little Prairie People" or from the Sauk term Mashkotêwi (" Prairie ") or Mashkotêwineniwa (" Plains Indians ") and shkotêwi ("fire") which would fit the Jesuits statement. Historians do not know what they called themselves ( autonym ). The Huron knew them also as Atsistaeronnon ("people of the fire"). They are first mentioned in historic records by French missionaries , who described

2210-729: The Hurons Think about Their Origin," Brébeuf explained to the audience a Huron creation story, seeking allusions to the Biblical creation story in this description. Paul Le Jeune also described some customs of the Huron, such as hunting and fishing practices. Le Jeune attempted to explain the spiritual context for certain hunting practices, such as explanations for how and why the Iroquois had specific rituals for hunting beaver. In his text, Le Jeune expresses skepticism for these traditions' validity. Another important theme in these texts

2275-458: The ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 (also known as C65) is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm. This format allows an envelope holding an A-sized paper folded in three, e.g. for the C65, an A4. The α {\displaystyle \alpha } variables are the distinct first terms in the three geometric progressions of the same common ratio equal to

2340-837: The Jesuit governing body in France. The Jesuits began to shape the Relations for the general public, in order to attract new settlers to the colony and to raise enough capital and political support to continue the missions in New France. Overall, these texts serve as microcosms of Indigenous-European relations in North America. The Relations are integral to the historiography of the Jesuits of New France. Recent scholarship illuminates how these documents may have been re-circulated back to Jesuit colleges in New France, which changes how one can understand their ethnographic and knowledge-producing value. Jesuit missionaries had to write annual reports to their superior in Québec or Montréal as an account of their activities. Annually, between 1632 and 1673,

2405-486: The Relations about the poverty of Indigenous people, comparing them to France's poor. This was largely to further convince French government of the urgency of colonizing and to justify colonization as bringing wealth to Indigenous people, rather than an inherently violent process. In fact, it is made clear that a main goal of these Relations was to further not only Jesuit religious interests, but French economic interests. Paper size Paper size standards govern

2470-434: The account in a series of duodecimo volumes, known collectively as The Jesuit Relations . In France, the published texts were also shaped by the editors, who often remained anonymous. Missionary Charles Lallemont wrote a letter to his brother, dated 1 August 1626, which marks the beginning of the fathers' accounts and the series Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France about the missionary work in New France . It

2535-425: The difficulty of their chore produced a more balanced record of their successes and failures than might be expected.” Because these texts were used to raise revenue for the Jesuit cause, they may demonstrate exaggerations of the progress in converting Indigenous peoples as well as dramatized accounts of encounters. Additionally, the Jesuits often wrote about the fighting that took place between Indigenous tribes from

2600-444: The ethnographic and linguistic material compiled by the Jesuit missionaries in New France. The depth of the cross-referencing allows for several hundred years of Native American/European interaction to be easily accessed. While Thwaites is the first and arguably the best known of modern editions, others followed. Lucien Campeau SJ (1967–2003) discussed the texts which he included as well as the historical events they refer to; his work

2665-399: The false concept of biological race. Initially, the Jesuits did not attribute differences between themselves and the Indigenous peoples they met to biology. Instead, they believed that the environments different groups of people lived in explained why different peoples had different customs, culture, social norms, etc. Overall, Jesuits' conceptualizations of nature, “Provided Jesuits with both

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2730-479: The field to their superiors to update them as to the missionaries' progress in the conversion of various Indigenous North American tribes, including the Huron , Montagnais , Miꞌkmaq , Mohawk , and Algonquins . Constructed as narratives, the original reports of the Jesuit missionaries were subsequently transcribed and altered several times before their publication, first by the Jesuit overseer in New France and then by

2795-611: The final document. The issue concerns less the basic accuracy of the Jesuit Relations than the "manipulative literary devices" employed by the editors. Prominent Jesuit Relations scholar Allan Greer notes that European writings were popularly documented in one of two forms, as travel narratives or as encyclopedic catalogs. He notes that the Jesuits obscured the boundaries between these two genres in an attempt to raise funds to continue Jesuit missions in New France: "One of

2860-409: The international standard as DIN EN ISO 216, but part 2 has been retained and was last updated in 2008. The first and the second editions of DIN 476 from 1922 and 1925 also included a D series. The smallest formats in the original specifications for each series were A13, B13, C8, and D8. Sizes A11 through A13 were no longer listed in the 1930 edition, nor were B11 through B13. C9 and C10 were added in

2925-414: The long side for B1, B3, B5, etc. While less common in office use, the B series is used for a variety of applications in which one A-series size would be too small but the next A-series size is too large, or because they are convenient for a particular purpose. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses . B3 paper

2990-513: The most popular of the Japanese sizes, JIS-B4 and JIS-B5 . A popular size for books, dubbed AB, combines the shorter edges of A4 and B4. Another two with an aspect ratio approximating 16:9 are 20% narrower variants of A6 and B6, respectively, the latter resulting from cutting JIS B1 into 4 × 10 sheets (thus "B40"). There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series

3055-542: The one brought down by the summer canoe brigade from the Huron Country. The superior at Quebec would compile and edit these letters, paraphrasing some parts, copying others verbatim, and forwarding the whole package to France." The Jesuit Society in France approved any documents that they published and they likely altered some material before printing. Likewise, John Pollack notes the account of Father Isaac Jogues in 1641 "is not an eyewitness testimony" but, rather,

3120-513: The peculiarities of the Jesuit Relations is that they combine both types of writing: Jacques Marquette 's personal narrative of his trip down the Mississippi, for example, shares space with Jean de Brébeuf 's systematic description of Huron society." Given the Jesuits' objectives, "A few graphic accounts of persecution could be more effective fund-raisers than uninterrupted tales of triumph. Ironically, therefore, Jesuit preconceptions about

3185-750: The people as inhabiting the southern area of present-day Michigan . The missionaries reported the Mascouten as being more populous than all the Neutral , the Huron , and the Iroquois Nations put together. In 1712, the Mascouten united with the Kickapoo and the Fox , after almost being exterminated by the French and the Potawatomi . The survivors migrated westward. The Mascouten are last referred to as

3250-527: The ratio was used to specify the world format starting with 1 cm as the short edge of the smallest size. Walter Porstmann started with the largest sizes instead, assigning one an area of 1 m (A0) and the other a short edge of 1 m (B0). He thereby turned the forgotten French sizes (relatively few in number) into a logically-simple and comprehensive plan for a full range of paper sizes, while introducing systematic alphanumeric monikers for them. Generalized to nothing less than four series, this system

3315-624: The recommendations for engineering drawing sheets in its bulletin IS 10711: 2001. The Bureau extended the ISO-A series with a Special Elongated Sizes (Second Choice). These sizes are achieved by increasing the shorter dimensions of a sheet of the ISO A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter dimensions of the chosen basic sheet; in effect, all of the Indian elongated sizes emulate having several regular-size sheets joined on their long edge. There

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3380-502: The relevance of information contained in these field letters? Although the Jesuits tried to avoid disclosing any compromise in their principles, "it is possible to detect evidence of soul-searching and shifting points of view" relative to their success at converting Indigenous peoples. After extensive cultural immersion, some missionaries may have adopted certain Indigenous ways of life or cultural practices. Jesuit officials in France would be liable to omit any threat to their philosophies in

3445-499: The reports for the possibility of textual incongruity or fictionalized accounts. Certainly, the Jesuits may have worked to convey optimism about their progress in converting the Indigenous peoples, as it was very slow. There are also numerous examples of Jesuits' bias against Indigenous peoples within these texts, as well as deliberate attempts to interpret Indigenous customs through a European lens. When examined critically, The Jesuit Relations can function as an important resource in

3510-500: The same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and both A4 paper and C4 envelope fits inside a B4 envelope. Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of

3575-507: The same sizes but are offset by one, i.e. DIN D4 equals SIS D5 and so on. The Japanese standard JIS P 0138 defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series except that it has slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor 2 = 1.414... {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}=1.414...} for

3640-532: The size of an A0 sheet, so if it is made from 80-g/m paper, it weighs 1 ⁄ 16 of 80 g, which is 5 g. The B series paper sizes are less common than the A series. They have the same aspect ratio as the A series: However, they have a different area. The area of B series sheets is in fact the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}} m , or about 0.707 m . As

3705-429: The size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents. The ISO 216 standard, which includes the commonly used A4 size, is the international standard for paper size. It is used across the world except in North America and parts of Central and South America, where North American paper sizes such as " Letter " and " Legal " are used. The international standard for envelopes

3770-452: The size of the next smaller A series size. As such, a folded brochure of a given A-series size can be made by folding sheets of the next larger size in half, e.g. A4 sheets can be folded to make an A5 brochure. The fact that halving a sheet with an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} results in two sheets that themselves both have an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}

3835-412: The square root of two. Each of the three geometric progressions (corresponding to the three series A , B , and C ) is formed by all possible paper dimensions (length and width) of the series arranged in decreasing order. This interesting arrangement of dimensions is also very useful—not only does it form a geometric progression with easy-to-remember formulae, but also each consecutive pair of values (like

3900-436: The standard spread to South America and was adopted by Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943) and Brazil (1943), and afterwards spread to other countries: By 1975, so many countries were using the German system that it was established as an ISO standard, as well as the official United Nations document format. By 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in

3965-399: The study of cultural exchange that occurred between the settlers of New France and Native Americans, because many of these missionaries attempted to immerse themselves within Indigenous societies and understand their cultures and practices to a greater extent than other European settlers. Because of the wide distribution of the letters after publication, scholars ask the question: who decided

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4030-516: The superior compiled a narrative or "Relation" of the most important events which had occurred in the several missionary districts under his charge, sometimes using the exact words of the missionaries and sometimes summarizing the individual journals in a general account, based in part also upon the oral reports of visiting fathers. This annual "Relation" was forwarded to the provincial of the Order in France. After he reviewed and edited it, he published

4095-551: The world except the United States and Canada. In Mexico, Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Chile, and the Philippines , the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard. The weight of an A-series sheet of a given paper weight can be calculated by knowing the ratio of its size to the A0 sheet. For example, an A4 sheet is 1 ⁄ 16

4160-554: Was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called "DIN A4" ( IPA: [diːn.ʔaː.fiːɐ̯] ) in everyday use in Germany and Austria. The DIN 476 standard spread quickly to other countries. Before the outbreak of World War II , it had been adopted by the following countries in Europe: During World War II,

4225-616: Was not the Jesuits' only intended outcome, and that this Christianization came alongside land theft and other attempts at Europeanization. A Huron religious leader in the 1640s made a speech condemning Jesuit missionaries' plans to develop the land and noting how the Jesuit missionaries' presence resulted in higher mortality rates for the Huron. “Such powerful attacks on Christianity and its effects on traditional ways of life were repeated constantly by native priests throughout New France. Their potent arguments frequently thwarted Jesuit efforts.” Tekakwitha's canonization, which took place in 2012,

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