The Piankeshaw , Piankashaw or Pianguichia were members of the Miami tribe who lived apart from the rest of the Miami nation, therefore they were known as Peeyankihšiaki ("splitting off" from the others, Sing.: Peeyankihšia - "Piankeshaw Person"). When European settlers arrived in the region in the 1600s, the Piankeshaw lived in an area along the south central Wabash River that now includes western Indiana and Illinois . Their territory was to the north of Kickapoo (around Vincennes ) and the south of the Wea (centered on Ouiatenon ). They were closely allied with the Wea, another group of Miamis. The Piankashaw were living along the Vermilion River in 1743.
37-668: The first Peeyankihšionki or Piankeshaw Village ("Place of the Piankashaw") was at the confluence of the Peeyankihšiaki Siipiiwi ("River of the Peeyankihšiaki/Piankashaw, i.e. Vermilion River") and the Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi ("white shining", "pure white" or "River over white stones, i.e. Wabash River") northeast of the town of Cayuga, Indiana . Sometime after the founding of the first Peeyankihšionki,
74-701: A Peoria warrior killed Pontiac , which brought the wrath of the Great Lakes tribes against the Kaskaskia and other Illinois tribes. (Some historians question this legendary retaliation; see the article on Pontiac .) The Ottawa, Sauk, Fox, Miami, Kickapoo and Potawatomi devastated the Illiniwek and occupied their old tribal range along the Illinois River. In 1766, the British arrived and established
111-490: A group split off and moved south following the Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi to just above its confluence with the Embarras River . In that spot they built a village called Aciipihkahkionki / Chippekawkay / Chippecoke ("Place of edible Roots"). This name referred to the abundance of tuberous plants that grew in the area. Today the city of Vincennes, Indiana lies in the vicinity of this historic Peeyankihšia village. Many of
148-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 30.7% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the town was 43.2 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
185-690: A nearby village in the 1786 Battle of the Embarras River . An exodus of Piankeshaw left the Vincennes area and moved to Terre Haute , where they joined the Wea, or moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois . They joined with other tribes in attacking American settlers later that year, but aborted the attack after French residents pleaded for peace. By 1818, the Piankeshaw Chief Chekommia signed a treaty selling rights to much of their land to
222-655: A proclamation forbidding harm to the Piankeshaw. During the late 18th century, the Piankeshaw population began to decline. Many of the Piankeshaw simply left and joined other Miami tribes. After the Americans and French suffered setbacks in the Revolution, notably the disastrous LaBalme expedition , some Piankeshaw joined tribes aligned with the British. At that time, in the West, the British looked as if they would be
259-557: A small detachment from Fort de Chartres at Kaskaskia. From 1766 through 1772, this rotating detachment was around 25 men under a junior officer, detached from Fort de Chartres. In May 1772, when the British abandoned Fort de Chartres, the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot , left a small detachment of four officers and 50 men at Kaskaskia as an effort to retain British control over the Illinois Country. Captain Hugh Lord, of
296-858: The Illinois River eastward to Lake Michigan rather than taking the more northern route along the Wisconsin River . Near modern Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois , across from Starved Rock, they met the Kaskaskia at the Grand Village of the Illinois (now a State Historic Site, also known as the Zimmerman site). The land controlled by the allied Illinois groups extended north from modern Arkansas, through Eastern Missouri and most of Illinois, and west into Iowa , where Des Moines
333-568: The Missouri side of the river. Kaskaskia became the capital of Upper Louisiana, and a larger Fort de Chartres was built in 1718, nearby North close to Prairie du Rocher . In the same year, the French imported African slaves from Saint-Domingue (Santo Domingo) to work in the lead mines. From its beginning, Kaskaskia was a French/Native American settlement, consisting of a few French men and numerous Kaskaskia and other Illinois Indians. In 1707,
370-935: The Missouri River country. The French wanted to trade with all the prairie tribes, and beyond with the Spanish colony in New Mexico ; the Spanish were alarmed at their commercial reach. French goals stimulated the expedition of Claude Charles Du Tisne to establish trade relations with the Plains Indians in 1719. The fate of the Kaskaskia, and the rest of the Illiniwek/Illinois, was irrevocably tied up with that of France. Until their dissolution in France, French Jesuits built missions and ministered to
407-860: The Wisconsin River . Descending the Mississippi, in June, they met the Peoria and Moingwena bands of Illinois at the Haas /Hagerman Site near the mouth of the Des Moines River in Clark County , northeastern Missouri . They met another Illinois band, the Michigamea , when they reached present-day Arkansas . They began their return trip from the Michigamea village about July 17, following
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#1732771879036444-537: The 18th Foot, was the last British commander in Illinois. The detachment of the 18th Foot was ordered to Detroit in May 1776 and never returned to Illinois. Lord's detachment was garrisoned in the former Jesuit compound at Kaskaskia. The post was called Fort Gage only after Fort de Chartres was abandoned in 1772. On July 4, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War , George Rogers Clark captured
481-597: The Ash People") and developed into today's Piqua in western Ohio. The Piankeshaw are usually regarded as being "friendly" towards European settlers. They intermarried with French traders and were treated as equals by residents of New France in the Illinois Country . A principal Piankeshaw village was established on the Wabash River near what became Vincennes . In fact, some have suggested that
518-719: The Kaskaskia. By 1763 and the end of the Seven Years' War in North America (called the French and Indian War in the United States), the Kaskaskia and other Illinois tribes were greatly in decline. Early French explorers had estimated their original population from 6,000 to more than 20,000. By the end of the war, their numbers were a fraction of that. Contemporary historians believe the greatest fatalities during this period were due to new infectious diseases , to which
555-765: The Native Americans had no immunity . The causes of decline are many and varied. The Illinois made war with their French allies against the most formidable native nations: to the east, the Iroquois ; to the northwest, the Sioux and the Fox ; to the south, the Quapaw , Chickasaw and Cherokee ; to the west, the Osage Nation . Added to combat losses were the great losses due to epidemics of European diseases. In 1769,
592-745: The Northeastern Woodlands . They were one of about a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation , also called the Illinois Confederation . Their longstanding homeland was in the Great Lakes region. Their first contact with Europeans reportedly occurred near present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin , in 1667 at a Jesuit mission station . In 1673, Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette and French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet became
629-553: The Piankeshaw conveyed much of the same land to William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, which made conflicting title claims. In reviewing whether the courts of the United States should recognize land titles obtained from Native Americans prior to American independence, the court decided that they should not. Chief Justice John Marshall had large real-estate holdings that would have been affected if
666-466: The United States in 1803. The name 'Kaskaskia' derives from the old Miami-Illinois word for a katydid , phonetically kaaskaaskia . This name later appeared in the modern Peoria and Miami dialects as kaahkaahkia . This is already seen in Gravier's early-18th century Illinois dictionary, where for the word "caskaskia", he gives "cigale. item nation Ilinoise, les Kaskaskias". The descendants of
703-410: The United States. Johnson v. McIntosh The plaintiff Johnson had inherited land, which was originally purchased from the Piankeshaw tribes. The defendant McIntosh claimed the very same land, he had purchased it under a grant from the United States government. In 1775 members of the Piankeshaw tribe sold certain land in the Indiana Territory to Lord Dunmore. He was a royal governor of Virginia. In 1805
740-500: The area that later became Vermillion County. The name is based on the Iroquois term Gwa-u-geh , meaning "the place of taking out" (in terms of a portage ). Local legend attributes the name to the sound made by the horn of a Ford Model T . The town was incorporated around 1891. The Cayuga post office has been in operation since 1886. Cayuga is located at the intersection of Indiana State Road 63 and Indiana State Road 234 , in
777-403: The average family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males. The median income for a household in the town
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#1732771879036814-527: The case were decided in favor of Johnson. Rather than abstaining from the case due to conflicting interest, the Chief Justice wrote the decision for a unanimous Supreme Court. Marshall found that ownership of the land is given to the ones that discovered it, which is a rule that had been repeated by all European countries with settlements in the New World. Marshall ruled that legally, the United States
851-737: The descendants of the Peeyankihšia who built this village and the village to its north are citizens of the Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma. A smaller settlement was located at the confluence of the two main arms of the Vermillion River (near Danville, Illinois ). In the 18th century a third important settlement outside the historic Wabash River Valley was established along the Ahsenisiipi ("Rocky, Stony River; i.e. Great Miami River") and called Pinkwaawilenionki / Pickawillany ("Place of
888-678: The first Europeans known to have descended the Mississippi River . The record of their trip is the earliest, best record of contact between Europeans and the Illinois Indians. Marquette and Jolliet, with five other men, left the mission of St. Ignace at Michilimackinac in two bark canoes on May 17. To reach the Mississippi River, they travelled across Lake Michigan into Green Bay, up the Fox River and down
925-857: The land around the Grand Rapids Hotel that existed in the 1920s was part of a Piankeshaw Summer campground. Like their French neighbors, the Piankeshaw generally sided with the Americans during the American Revolution . Although part of the Wabash Confederacy , the Piankeshaw nation took no part in the Northwest Indian War that followed the American Revolution. However, Piankeshaw suffered retaliation from colonizers for attacks made by other native tribes. President George Washington issued
962-553: The northern half of the county, near the confluence of the Vermillion and Wabash rivers. According to the 2010 census, Cayuga has a total area of 1.01 square miles (2.62 km ), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,162 people, 475 households, and 329 families living in the town. The population density was 1,150.5 inhabitants per square mile (444.2/km ). There were 523 housing units at an average density of 517.8 per square mile (199.9/km ). The racial makeup of
999-793: The population of the community was estimated at 2,200, the majority of them Illinois Indians who lived somewhat apart. A visitor, writing of Kaskaskia about 1715, said that the village consisted of 400 Illinois men, "very good people," two Jesuit missionaries, and "about twenty French voyageurs who have settled there and married Indian women." Of 21 children whose birth and baptism was recorded in Kaskaskia before 1714, 18 mothers were Indian and 20 fathers were French. The offspring of these mixed marriages could become either French or Indian. Because Indian communities were larger and more complete, they tended to be reared with their mothers and their people and culture. One devout Roman Catholic full-blooded Indian woman disowned her half-breed son for living "among
1036-406: The population. There were 466 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and
1073-437: The savage nations." The settlement of Kaskaskia thus had a large population of mixed French and Indigenous ancestry, many of whom worked for fur companies based out of St. Louis, Missouri (a city created later, in 1764, by French traders and settlers who came from New Orleans ). Male descendants of the French, Indians, and mixed bloods at Kaskaskia became the voyageurs and coureurs des bois who would explore and exploit
1110-458: The town and Fort Gage. End April 1824, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette , French hero of the American Revolutionary War , visited Kaskaskia during his grand tour of the United States, just after having visited Saint Louis (Missouri) ( Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States ), as a salute to two towns which were part of the former French Louisiana which was acquired by
1147-499: The town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,109 people, 466 households, and 313 families living in the town. The population density was 1,106.8 inhabitants per square mile (427.3/km ). There were 517 housing units at an average density of 516.0 per square mile (199.2/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 98.38% White , 0.09% African American , 0.99% Native American , and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of
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1184-418: The town was 97.8% White , 0.2% African American , 0.5% Native American , 0.1% Asian , 0.3% from other races , and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population. There were 475 households, of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had
1221-515: The victors. Others left during the economic depression caused by a depreciated United States currency and stagnated fur trade (due to unrest in the Northwest Indian Wars). The Piankeshaw suffered especially when 1781 brought a severe Winter followed by a Summer drought . Despite overall good relations with the new United States, some Piankeshaw resented the new settlers encroaching on their territory. Vincennes residents attacked
1258-404: Was $ 31,053, and the median income for a family was $ 40,536. Males had a median income of $ 30,179 versus $ 19,583 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 16,042. About 8.5% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over Kaskaskia The Kaskaskia were one of the indigenous peoples of
1295-429: Was 1,162 at the 2010 census. When the town was laid out on September 20, 1827, it was called Eugene Station, though it was also called Osonimon after an Indian chief of that name. It was later renamed after the village of Cayuga and Cayuga Lake in the state of New York ; an early settler named John Groenendyke had originally come from Cayuga County, New York , and moved to Vigo County in 1818, then in 1819 moved to
1332-536: Was named after the Moingwena. In 1703, the French established a permanent mission, settlement and fort ( Fort Kaskaskia State Historic Site ) at Kaskaskia, Illinois , a part of their New France colonization of North America., which was part of the French Illinois Country , later made part of French Louisiana (New France) . French settlers moved in to farm and to exploit the lead mines on
1369-676: Was the true owner of the land because it inherited it from Britain, whom he considered the original discoverers. The descendants of the Piankeshaw, along with the Kaskaskia and Wea , are enrolled in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma , a federally recognized tribe in Oklahoma . Cayuga, Indiana Cayuga is a town in Eugene Township , Vermillion County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population
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