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45-660: The Masalit primarily live in Geneina , the capital of West Darfur , though a few thousand also live in Al Qadarif State in eastern Sudan, and in South Darfur . According to Ethnologue , there were 462,000 total Masalit speakers as of 2011, of whom 350,000 resided in Sudan. Masalit tradition traces their origins to Tunisia . After migrating through Chad, they eventually settled in present-day Sudan. Before 1874,

90-650: A 2010 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more northern origin, possibly Anatolia . The origin of the J-P58 subclade is likely in the more northerly populations and then spreads southward into the Arabian Peninsula . The high Y-STR variance of J-P58 in ethnic groups in Turkey , as well as northern regions in Syria and Iraq , supports the inference of an origin of J-P58 in nearby eastern Anatolia . Moreover,

135-908: A genetic study in China by Shou et al., J2-M172 is found with high frequency among Uygurs (17/50 = 34%) and Uzbeks (7/23 = 30.4%), moderate frequency among Pamiris (5/31 = 16.1%), and also found J-M172 in Han Chinese (10%) and low frequency among Yugurs (2/32 = 6.3%) and Monguors (1/50 = 2.0%). The authors also found J-M304(xJ2-M172) with low frequency among the Russians (1/19 = 5.3%), Uzbeks (1/23 = 4.3%), Sibe people (1/32 = 3.1%), Dongxiangs (1/35 = 2.9%), and Kazakhs (1/41 = 2.4%) in Northwest China . Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in

180-609: A head on 15 April, when RSF forces attacked Sudanese forces in Khartoum , Merowe , and several cities across Darfur, including Nyala , El Fasher , and Geneina. In Geneina, West Darfur governor Khamis Abakar declared a state of emergency on 10 April due to the killing of three people by the Sudanese Alliance , a militia led by the governor. Clashes between Arabs and non-Arabs also broke out in Foro-Baranga , on

225-775: A new campaign of ethnic cleansing in Darfur. In June 2023, Khamis Abakar , a Masalit and the governor of West Darfur , accused the RSF of genocide; he was later killed. The Masalit speak the Masalit language , which belongs to the Maban language group of the Nilo-Saharan language family . Masalit is divided into several dialects, with the variety spoken in South Darfur differing from that of West Darfur. The northern Masalit dialect

270-407: A short, warm and humid wet season from mid-June to late September, which causes lakes and ponds to form at some points of the year, and a long, hot, desiccating dry season covering the remaining nine months of the year. The city is characterized by the presence of many economic sources, and its economy depends on the sectors: agriculture, pastoralism, trade, and services. Agriculture constitutes

315-832: A significant presence in other parts of the Middle East as well as in North Africa , the Horn of Africa , and the Caucasus . It also has a moderate occurrence in Southern Europe , especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece and Albania. The J-M410 subclade is mostly distributed in Asia Minor , Greece and southern Italy. Additionally, J-M304 is observed in Central Asia and South Asia , particularly in

360-876: A summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J-M267 and J-M172, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Haplogroup J-M267 defined by the M267 SNP is in modern times most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (up to 76%), Saudi (up to 64%) ( Alshamali 2009 ), Qatar (58%), and Dagestan (up to 56%). J-M267 is generally frequent among Arab Bedouins (62%), Ashkenazi Jews (20%) ( Semino 2004 ), Algeria (up to 35%) ( Semino 2004 ), Iraq (28%) ( Semino 2004 ), Tunisia (up to 31%), Syria (up to 30%), Egypt (up to 20%) ( Luis 2004 ), and

405-732: Is 110 kilometers (68.3 miles) away, and El Fasher Airport and Adre Airport in Chad. Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) Haplogroup J-M304 , also known as J , is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia . The clade spread from there during the Neolithic , primarily into North Africa , the Horn of Africa , the Socotra Archipelago , the Caucasus , Europe , Anatolia , Central Asia , South Asia , and Southeast Asia . Haplogroup J-M304

450-577: Is also highly frequent among Jews , especially the Kohanim line (46%) ( Hammer 2009 ). ISOGG states that J-M267 originated in the Middle East . It is found in parts of the Near East , Anatolia and North Africa , with a much sparser distribution in the southern Mediterranean flank of Europe , and in Ethiopia . But not all studies agree on the point of origin. The Levant has been proposed but

495-464: Is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 (Armenian highlands origin) and J-M172 (Zagros mountains origin), which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in

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540-550: Is divided into two main subclades (branches), J-M267 and J-M172 . Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from the haplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia, as both lineages are haplogroup IJ subclades . Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from haplogroup IJK , and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G-M201 and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F-M89 . J-M304 (Transcaucasian origin)

585-546: Is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas . The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree. This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-P209 ( Krahn & FTDNA 2013 ). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown. This is the official scientific tree produced by

630-640: Is spoken to the east and north of Geneina . The Masalit language is most closely related to the Marfa , Maba and Karanga languages. It shares 45% of its vocabulary with Marfa, 42% with Maba, and 36% with Karanga. Most Masalit are bilingual in Arabic , except in the central area, where the Nilo-Saharan vernacular is primarily spoken. Masalit is written using the Latin script . The Masalit are also known as

675-1085: The Caucasus and the Fertile Crescent / Iraq and is found throughout the Mediterranean (including the Italian , Balkan , Anatolian and Iberian peninsulas and North Africa ) ( Di Giacomo 2003 ). The highest ever reported concentration of J-M172 was 72% in Northeastern Georgia ( Nasidze 2004 ). Other high reports include Ingush 32% ( Nasidze 2004 ), Cypriots 30-37% (Capelli 2005), Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001), Assyrian , Mandean and Arab Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005) , Syrians and Syriacs 22.5%, Kurds 24%-28%, Pashtuns 20-30%, Iranians 23% ( Aburto 2006 ), Ashkenazi Jews 24%, Palestinian Arabs 16.8%-25%, Sephardic Jews 29% and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%. In South Asia, J2-M172

720-632: The Czech Republic ( Di Giacomo 2004 and Luca 2007 ), Uygurs and several Turkic peoples . ( Cinnioglu 2004 and Varzari 2006 ). YFull and FTDNA have however failed to find J* people anywhere in the world although there are 2 J2-Y130506 persons and 1 J1 person from Soqotra. But Cerny 2009 study found 9 J1 persons in Soqotra/Socotra and majority of J* and no J2, hypothesizing a J1 founder effect in Socotra. The following gives

765-938: The Mahamid , the Hausa, the Zaghawa, the Tama , the Fur, and the Misseriya al - Jabal , the Erenga , and the Baygo in addition to the tribes coming from central and northern Sudan, including the Ja'alin tribe . The Masalit ethnic group is considered the most important and prominent tribe inhabiting the El Geneina region, which it administers according to the native administration system in Sudan and

810-519: The Sinai Peninsula . To some extent, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M267 collapses at the borders of Arabic / Semitic-speaking territories with mainly non-Arabic/Semitic speaking territories, such as Turkey (9%), Iran (5%), Sunni Indian Muslims (2.3%) and Northern Indian Shia (11%) ( Eaaswarkhanth 2009 ). Some figures above tend to be the larger ones obtained in some studies, while the smaller figures obtained in other studies are omitted. It

855-585: The Sudanese Armed Forces , led by the 2021 coup leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces led by Hemedti , remnants of Omar al-Bashir's Janjaweed that committed ethnic cleansing against non-Arab tribes in Darfur . These tensions came to a head on 15 April 2023, when RSF forces attacked Sudanese forces in Khartoum , Merowe , and several cities across Darfur, including Nyala , El Fasher , and Geneina. Geneina

900-508: The Balkan track sometime before the LGM . They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Middle East and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting

945-447: The El Geneina area, including cows, goats, and camels. Trade, including local retail trade and export trade, constitutes a source of wealth and production in the city, in addition to the various services sector. Like many regions of Sudan, a number of different tribes live in the city of El Geneina, which, by virtue of their coexistence and intermarriage, share many common customs, traditions, and popular heritage. Among these tribes are:

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990-581: The Hawakir system prevailing in the region. In addition to primary and secondary schools at their various levels and courses, there is a university in the city, the University of El Geneina, which has a number of colleges, including the College of Medicine of Geneina. Most of the population is not fully educated and nearly 45% is unemployed as of October 2023. Most of the city's roads are unpaved, but

1035-611: The Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012). On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through

1080-500: The Kana Masaraka/Masaraka, Mesalit, and Massalit. They are primarily subsistence agriculturalists, cultivating peanuts and millet. Further south in their territory, they grow various other crops, including sorghum. The typical Masalit dwelling is conical in shape, and constructed of wood and thatch. The Masalit are Muslim and their religious practices incorporate traditional beliefs and customs. Islam first appeared in

1125-660: The Masalit were divided between multiple polities in the region such as the Wadai Sultanate and the Sultanate of Darfur . However, after the conquest of the Sultanate of Darfur by the Ottomans and Egyptians in 1874, the Masalit were unified into a Sultanate by Hajjam Hasab Allah. However, Hajjam's rule was seen by the Masalit population as oppressive. Thus, he was ousted in 1883 by Ismail Abdel Nebi, who took control of

1170-566: The Masalit, and captured and executed their sultan. Subsequently the Sultan's brother, Taj al-Din Isma'il, rallied the Masalit forces and drove out the Darfuri army. The peace treaty of 1908 left 'Ali Dinar in de jure control of the Masalit, but in reality it placed Taj al-Din at the head of a small but proud Masalit state under the vassalage of the Sultanate of Darfur . Masalit tribes were among

1215-701: The Sultanate. In 1895 the Masalit Sultanate was invaded by the Mahdist State ; the Sultan escaped capture by putting himself under the protection of the sultan of Wadai. The fall of the Mahdist state in 1898 did not bring peace to western Darfur. 'Ali Dinar's accession to the throne of a restored Darfur Sultanate , and his claims of sovereignty over all small frontier states, ushered in a new period of conflict. In 1903 'Ali Dinar attacked and defeated

1260-693: The V32 subclade. Approximately 6.3% also belong to the haplogroup J1 . This points to significant patrilineal gene flow from neighbouring Afro-Asiatic -speaking populations. The remaining Masalit are primarily carriers of the A3b2 lineage (18.8%), which is instead common among Nilotes . This altogether suggests that the genetic introgression into the Masalit's ancestral population was asymmetrical, occurring primarily through Afro-Asiatic-speaking males rather than females. Geneina Geneina (sometimes Al-Junaynah or El   Geneina ; Arabic : الجنينة , lit.

1305-525: The area around the 17th century with the arrival of wandering Muslim mystics. Maternally, the Masalit entirely belong to African-based derivatives of the macrohaplogroup L according to Hassan (2010). Of these mtDNA clades, the L0a1 (14.6%) and L1c (12.2%) lineages are most frequent. According to Hassan et al. (2008), around 71.9% of Masalit are carriers of the E1b1b paternal haplogroup. Of these, 73.9% bear

1350-541: The border with Chad, on 13 April, leaving 24 people dead. The city came under siege by RSF and aligned militias by early June, and ended with the RSF gaining control El Geneina by the 22 of June. Up to 15,000 people were killed in Geneina in the Masalit massacres . The word “Geneina” in Arabic means garden, and it is a diminutive of the word paradise, with the resulting meaning of garden or orchard. The city of El Geneina

1395-499: The city by 22 June. The city has the biggest group of Masalit people in Sudan and Darfur . This group was heavily targeted during the War in Darfur but had remained in a state of peace for several years. During the War in Darfur, genocide against the Masalit people caught the attention of the UN, sparking controversy between the organization and Sudan. In early 2023, tensions rose between

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1440-620: The city has a highway which leads to Nyala. The locality is served by the Geneina Airport ( IATA : EGN , ICAO : HSGN ) and the El Shaheed Sibeira Airport ( ICAO : HSSG ), which hosts the Sudanese Armed Forces , and is used for flights across the country of Sudan . Since the start of the conflict, the airport has been closed and most likely destroyed due to large amounts of shelling and continued fighting. The closest airports to it are Zalingei Airport, which

1485-614: The form of its subclade J-M172. J-12f2 and J-P19 are also found among the Herero (8%). Paragroup J-M304* includes all of J-M304 except for J-M267, J-M172 and their subclades. J-M304* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, belonging to Yemen, where it is extremely frequent at 71.4% and j1-267 for the rest with no j2 Haplogroup J-M304* also has been found with lower frequency in Oman ( Di Giacomo 2004 ), Ashkenazi Jews , Saudi Arabia ( Abu-Amero 2009 ), Greece ( Di Giacomo 2004 ),

1530-456: The inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to the Middle East than Central or East Asia. Haplogroup J has also been found among two ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era . Haplogroup J-M267 is found in its greatest concentration in the Arabian Peninsula . Outside of this region, haplogroup J-M304 has

1575-409: The little garden ) is a city in West Darfur , part of the dar Masalit region, in Sudan . It joined British Sudan at the end of 1919 through the Gilani Agreement, signed between the Masalit Sultanate and the United Kingdom , according to which it became a territory. Geneina is now the capital of the Sudanese state of West Darfur . As of 2022, it had a population of 538,390 pre-war being one of

1620-405: The major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at

1665-411: The most populated cities within the country. According to the UNICEF nearly the entire population are IDPs and a large part are still young children. During the 2023 Sudan conflict , the Battle of Geneina was fought. This event included the deadly Geneina massacre, in which, as of 19 August 2023, thousands of civilians were killed, mainly Masalits and other non-Arab tribes. The RSF took control of

1710-403: The network analysis of J-P58 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel , Qatar , Sudan and the United Arab Emirates , are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes. This suggests that founder effects with star burst expansion into the Arabian Desert ( Chiaroni 2010 ). Haplogroup J-M172 is found in the highest concentrations in

1755-506: The point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M304. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science

1800-405: The rebel groups that fought against the Sudanese central government and the pro-government Janjaweed militia during the War in Darfur that started in 2003. Reprisals and ethnic cleansing led to an estimated 170,000 deaths over two years, and intermittent violence persisted afterwards. As part of the 2023 civil war in Sudan , the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (a successor to the Janjaweed) launched

1845-437: The sample had 30.4% J2-M172 and Tajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it. In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs). Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002,

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1890-475: The sector on which the economy relies the most for soil fertility and the abundance of rain and groundwater. The spread of hashab tree forests around the city has made it an important source for the production of gum arabic. In addition to this, crops such as cotton, tobacco, sorghum, sesame, millet, watermelon, hibiscus, okra and some fruits are grown, such as mango, guava, papaya and orange. Grazing and livestock raising come in second place as economic resources in

1935-529: Was considered strategic due to its important location in Darfur, it remained a large location for West Darfur and Chadian civilians who had almost no access to food or education due to the deserted regions. In early 2023, tensions rose between the Sudanese Armed Forces , led by the 2021 coup leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces led by Hemedti , remnants of Omar al-Bashir's Janjaweed that committed ethnic cleansing against non-Arab tribes in Darfur . These tensions came to

1980-423: Was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. ( Sengupta 2006 ) Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.( Sengupta 2006 ) According to

2025-444: Was given this name on account of its green nature, as the city is full of gardens, orchards, and green fields. The name also goes back to Sultan Bahr al-Din, Sultan of Masalit, who was the first to rule the city. It is called “Al-Geneina Enduka”, which is the nickname of Sultan Muhammad Bahr al-Din Enduka. The Masalit word Enduka implies extreme generosity. Geneina has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) with two distinct seasons:

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