Misplaced Pages

#588411

68-807: During the 1970 October Crisis , the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped and killed Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act . Despite having provided good intelligence to law enforcement agencies on the FLQ threat, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and more specifically, the RCMP Security Service responsible for both national security intelligence and national security policing at

136-502: A Quebec Superior Court judge refused them bail. Regarding Trudeau's invocation of the War Measures Act , the Canadian historian Desmond Morton wrote: "It was unprecedented. On the basis of facts then and revealed later, it was unjustified. It was also a brilliant success. Shock was the best safeguard against bloodshed. Trudeau's target was not two frightened little bands of terrorists, one of which soon strangled its helpless victim: it

204-617: A barn in Quebec where the Black Panther Party and Front de libération du Québec were rumoured to be planning a rendezvous; forging documents; and conducting illegal electronic surveillance. The Commission produced three reports: A supplement to the third report was also published on 30 January 1984. The Commission's reports recommended that police be required to obey the law and that judicial authorization be required before police could open mail. Its principal recommendation

272-784: A by-election in the Liberal stronghold of Saint-Laurent after the sitting Liberal MNA Germain Leduc resigned in his favour. During his second term as premier, Bourassa in 1988 invoked the notwithstanding clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to override a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that declared parts of the Charter of the French Language unconstitutional, causing some of his anglophone ministers to resign. In 1993, however, he introduced modifications to

340-474: A degree in political economy at Harvard University in 1960. On his return to Quebec, he was employed at the federal Department of National Revenue as a fiscal adviser. He also worked as a professor of public finance at Université de Montréal and Université Laval . Bourassa was first elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA) for the riding of Mercier in 1966, then won

408-478: A junior producer. This act was imposed after the negotiations with the FLQ had broken down, and the premier of Quebec was facing the next stage in the FLQ's agenda. At the time, opinion polls in Quebec and the rest of Canada showed overwhelming support for the War Measures Act ; in a December 1970 Gallup Poll , it was noted that 89% of English-speaking Canadians and 86% of French-speaking Canadians supported

476-549: A letter which he released to the press on 17 November 1971, and stated he had "serious misgivings about the principle of the multicultural policy". The policy document tabled in the House "dissociates culture from language", which seemed to Bourassa "a questionable basis on which to found a policy". Bourassa declared that Quebec did not accept the federal government's approach to the principle of multiculturalism. During his time in power, Bourassa implemented policies aimed at protecting

544-498: A means to attain autonomy and independence grew stronger. At the time, support also grew for the sovereignist political party known as the Parti Québécois , which formed the provincial government in 1976. From 1963 to 1970, the Quebec nationalist group Front de libération du Québec detonated over 200 bombs. While mailboxes, particularly in the affluent and predominantly Anglophone city of Westmount , were common targets,

612-645: A new constitutional deal. He worked closely with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and received many concessions from the federal government, culminating in the Meech Lake Accord in 1987 and the Charlottetown Accord in 1992. The Meech Lake Accord failed in June 1990 when two provinces, Manitoba and Newfoundland, refused to ratify the agreement their premiers had signed. That failure revived the Quebec separatist movement. The Charlottetown Accord

680-489: A significant difference was that the military remained in a support role to the civil authorities (in this case, Quebec authorities) and never had a judicial role. It still allowed for the criticism of the government, and the Parti Québécois was able to go about its everyday business free of any restrictions, including the criticism of the government and the War Measures Act . Nevertheless, many Canadians found

748-414: A significant loss of support for the violent wing of the Quebec sovereigntist movement. This came after it had gained support over nearly ten years and increased support for political means of attaining independence, including support for the sovereigntist Parti Québécois, which went on to take power at the provincial level in 1976. In 1987, after the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord , which sought to amend

SECTION 10

#1732772884589

816-642: Is the only time that the War Measures Act had been put in place during peacetime in Canada. A few critics (most notably Tommy Douglas and some members of the New Democratic Party ) believed that Trudeau was excessive in advising the use of the War Measures Act to suspend civil liberties and that the precedent set by this incident was dangerous. Federal Progressive Conservative leader Robert Stanfield initially supported Trudeau's actions but later regretted doing so. In 1972, Michael Forrestall ,

884-645: The 1970 election , defeating the conservative Union Nationale government and becoming the youngest premier in Quebec history. One of Bourassa's first crises as premier was the October Crisis of 1970, in which his deputy, Pierre Laporte , was kidnapped and later murdered by members of the Front de libération du Quebec . Bourassa requested that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoke the War Measures Act , which allowed for search and arrest of anyone associated with, or thought to be associated with

952-656: The Constitution of Canada to resolve the passage by a previous government of the Constitution Act 1982 without Quebec's ratification, a pro-independence political party, the Bloc Québécois , was also created at the federal level. The deployment of the military as an aid to civil power was very unpopular with the senior leadership of the Canadian Forces. In the 1950s the primary purpose of

1020-568: The Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec union working on the LG-2 construction site of the James Bay project rioted using their bulldozers to destroy the site they were working on while other workers set buildings afire. The riot caused $ 35 million in damage, and was part of an extortion attempt on the part of the union boss André "Dédé" Desjardins , who was known in Quebec as

1088-586: The Montreal Gazette wrote about the Cliche commission report: "A devastating document. For some four years, the Bourassa government worked hand in glove with gangster union leadership in the province's construction industry." The Cliche commission had little impact on the problem of corruption in the Quebec construction industry, but turned public opinion against Bourassa, whose special adviser had asked

1156-508: The Quebec Liberal Party leadership election on January 17, 1970. He positioned himself as a young, competent administrator. He chose "100,000 jobs" as his slogan, which emphasized that job creation would be his priority. Bourassa felt the extensive hydro-electric resources of Quebec were the most effective means of completing the modernization of Quebec and sustaining job creation. He successfully led his party into government in

1224-487: The Victoria Charter , which quickly unravelled when Bourassa backed away from the proposed deal after it was strongly criticized by Quebec opinion leaders for not giving Quebec more powers. On 8 October 1971, Trudeau announced in the House of Commons that, after much deliberation, the policy of multiculturalism would be implemented in Canada. Bourassa documented his strong opposition to Trudeau's policy in

1292-453: The War Measures Act being put in place, police had mobilized to arrest suspects of the unlawful organization. The police conducted 3000 searches, and 497 people were detained. The War Measures Act also violated and limited many human rights of people being incarcerated: "Everyone arrested under the War Measures Act was denied due process. Habeas corpus (an individual's right to have a judge confirm that they have been lawfully detained)

1360-460: The War Measures Act, the police had full power to arrest, interrogate, and hold anyone whom they believed was associated with the FLQ: "A person who was a member to this group, acted or supported it in some fashion became liable to a jail term not to exceed five years. A person arrested for such a purpose could be held without bail for up to ninety days." It is estimated that within the first 24 hours of

1428-683: The largest single bombing occurred at the Montreal Stock Exchange on February 13, 1969, which caused extensive damage and injured 27 people. Other targets included Montreal City Hall , Royal Canadian Mounted Police , the T. Eaton Company department store, armed forces recruiting offices, railway tracks, statues, and army installations. In a strategic move, FLQ members stole several tons of dynamite from military and industrial sites. Financed by bank robberies , they also threatened, via their official communication organ La Cognée , that more attacks were to come. On July 24, 1967,

SECTION 20

#1732772884589

1496-471: The "King of Construction". In response to the violence at the LG-2 site, which confirmed long-standing rumors about thuggish practices on the part of construction unions, Bourassa appointed a commission consisting of a well respected judge Robert Cliche , a prominent Montreal labour lawyer Brian Mulroney and Guy Chevrette , the vice-president of the Centrale de l'enseignement du Québec , whose legal counsel

1564-449: The "no" side (which was eventually successful) of the 1980 Quebec referendum on a sovereignty-association agreement with the federal government. In 1983, Bourassa was elected Liberal leader again, replacing Claude Ryan . Bourassa led the PLQ to victory in the 1985 election . However, he lost his own seat to Parti Québécois candidate Jean-Guy Parent . On January 20, 1986, he was elected in

1632-678: The Canadian Army was to fight against the Red Army in Central Europe if World War Three broke out. During the Pearson years and even more so under Trudeau there was a tendency on the part of the government to cut military spending and to shift the role of the Canadian Forces to acting more as an internal security force. In 1968–69, Trudeau had seriously considered pulling out of NATO and stayed only to avoid damaging relations with

1700-568: The Canadian Forces had been transformed by Trudeau into an internal security force that was not capable of fighting a major conventional war. By 1982 all the convicted participants had been paroled and all of those sent to Cuba had returned to Canada, some completing short sentences in Canada. In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act and the Emergency Preparedness Act (which in turn

1768-493: The City of Montreal without any consultation with the people of the city caused an immediate controversy, though many of those opposed to the change considered it a fait accompli . The proposal spawned substantial grass-roots opposition, both because of the lack of prior citizen input and because Park is itself a meaningful street name, associated with the city's Mount Royal park. In addition to protests and active opposition by

1836-422: The FLQ stated: "In the coming year (Quebec Premier Robert) Bourassa will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized." Given this declaration, seven years of bombings, and communiques throughout that time that strove to present an image of a powerful organization spread secretly throughout all sectors of society, the authorities took significant action. The events of October 1970 marked

1904-723: The FLQ. Bourassa also requisitioned military assistance using provisions of the National Defence Act , which resulted in the deployment of troops to guard vital points in Montreal and assist police. The Canadian Armed Forces were withdrawn on 4 January 1971, and Paul Rose and some of his accomplices were found guilty of murder later that year. Bourassa and Trudeau often clashed over issues of federal-provincial relations and Quebec nationalism , with Trudeau opposing what he saw as concessions to sovereignism . In June 1971 he participated in an attempt at constitutional reform,

1972-608: The Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 140 kilograms (300 lb) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a ransom note to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul. When Trudeau was asked by CBC reporter Tim Ralfe how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, he replied: " Just watch me ." Three days later, on October 16, the Cabinet , under Trudeau's chairmanship, advised

2040-551: The McDonald Commission report being completed and released publicly in 1981, it was never tabled in Parliament or fully debated. Some of the recommendations of the McDonald Commission were included in the Emergencies Act which replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. October Crisis Canadian government victory [REDACTED]   Canada The October Crisis ( French : Crise d'Octobre )

2108-588: The RCMP Security Service, including having broken into the press office used by left-wing Quebec groups to steal membership lists. In response to these allegations, the McDonald Commission was created to investigate and report on the extent of RCMP wrongdoing. The McDonald Commission examined a number of allegations made against the RCMP, including its theft of the membership list of the Parti Québécois , several break-ins; illegal opening of mail; burning

Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-559: The United States and Western Europe. On April 3, 1969, Trudeau announced that Canada would stay in NATO after all, but he drastically cut military spending and pulled out half of the 10,000 Canadian soldiers and airmen stationed in West Germany. In the same speech Trudeau stated that safeguarding Canada against external and internal threats would be the number-one mission of the Canadian Forces, guarding North America in co-operation with

2244-458: The United States would be the number-two mission, and NATO commitments would be the number-three mission. In early 1970 the government introduced a white paper Defence in the Seventies , which stated the "Priority One" of the Canadian Forces would be upholding internal security rather than preparing for World War III, which of course meant a sharp cut in military spending since the future enemy

2312-669: The age of 63, and was interred at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. In March 2015, a section of University Street (from Notre-Dame Street to Sherbrooke Street) in the downtown core of Montreal was renamed Robert-Bourassa Boulevard. On October 18, 2006, Montreal Mayor Gérald Tremblay announced that Montreal's Park Avenue would be named after Bourassa. On November 28 the Montreal city council voted in favour (40–22) of renaming Park Avenue after Bourassa. If, as had been expected, Quebec's Toponymy Commission had approved

2380-454: The commission, but Mulroney prevented this, saying that having the Premier of Quebec testify before the commission would be a violation of "executive privilege". Nonetheless, the Cliche commission established the Quebec construction industry was dominated by a casual brutality with thuggish union bosses teaching union organizers how best to break legs. Workers who complained about corruption on

2448-499: The corrupt construction unions to help the Liberals win a by-election in exchange for giving firms that employed workers in the corrupt unions exclusive contracts to work on the James Bay project. Bourassa lost the 1976 provincial election to René Lévesque , leader of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois , in a massive landslide brought on by the language controversy and the corruption scandals, among other things. Bourassa himself

2516-574: The courteous nature of the interrogations and searches. In addition, the Quebec Ombudsman , Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees, and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested. On February 3, 1971, John Turner , Minister of Justice of Canada , reported that 497 persons had been arrested under the War Measures Act , 435 of whom had already been released. The other 62 were charged, of whom 32 were accused of crimes of such seriousness that

2584-479: The crisis. The two named Canadian Forces operations were Operation Ginger (to mount guards on the Government of Canada buildings and significant residences outside of Quebec) and Operation Essay (to provide aid to Quebec's civil power). The Royal 22 Régiment , more commonly known as the "Van Doos", the most famous French-Canadian regiment in the Canadian Army, was deployed to Montreal to guard buildings. It

2652-488: The defence critic in the Conservative shadow cabinet, warned when Trudeau stated he would use the War Measures Act again, "the deliberate use of the military to enforce the will of one group of Canadians over the will of another group of Canadians is detrimental to the credibility of the armed forces." The size of the FLQ organization and the number of sympathizers in the public was not known. However, in its Manifesto

2720-716: The governor general to invoke the War Measures Act at the request of the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa; and the Mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau . The War Measures Act gave sweeping powers of arrest and internment to the police. The provisions took effect at 4 a.m. and, shortly after that, hundreds of suspected FLQ members and sympathizers were rounded-up. In total, 497 people were arrested, including union activist Michel Chartrand , singer Pauline Julien and her partner, future Quebec Minister Gérald Godin , poet Gaston Miron , Dr. Henri Bellemare, simple living advocate Serge Mongeau , and CBC journalist Nick Auf der Maur and

2788-427: The introduction of the War Measures Act . They respectively showed 6% and 9% disapproval while the remaining 5% of each population was undecided. Since then, the government's use of the War Measures Act in peacetime has been a subject of debate in Canada as it gave police sweeping powers of arrest and detention. Simultaneously, under provisions quite separate from the War Measures Act and much more commonly used,

Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-707: The language charter. These compromises reduced the controversy over language that had been a dominant feature of Quebec politics over the previous decades. During the Oka Crisis in 1990, Bourassa invoked the National Defence Act for the second time, requisitioning the Canadian Armed Forces to help police. Bourassa also pushed for Quebec to be acknowledged in the Canadian constitution as a "distinct society", promising Quebec residents that their grievances could be resolved within Canada with

2924-513: The liberation of France and other European countries." By 1970, 23 members of the FLQ were in prison, including four convicted of murder . On February 26, 1970, two men in a panel truck , including Jacques Lanctôt , were arrested in Montreal when they were found with a sawed-off shotgun and a communiqué announcing the kidnapping of the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of Prévost , located north of Montreal in

2992-419: The mayor of Montreal , Jean Drapeau , supported Trudeau's invocation of the War Measures Act , which limited civil liberties and granted the police far-reaching powers, allowing them to arrest and detain 497 people. The Government of Quebec also requested military aid to support the civil authorities , with Canadian Forces being deployed throughout Quebec. Although negotiations led to Cross's release, Laporte

3060-400: The name change, all of Park Avenue and its continuation, Bleury, would have been renamed Robert Bourassa Avenue. This would have caused the newly named street to intersect René Lévesque Boulevard , named after a long time political rival to Bourassa. That boulevard, in turn, had been renamed from Dorchester Boulevard in 1987, in a decision that was also not without controversy. This decision by

3128-534: The nationalist cause received support from French President Charles de Gaulle who, standing on a balcony in Montreal , shouted " Vive le Québec libre ". De Gaulle was promptly rebuked by Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson . In a statement delivered to the French embassy Pearson declared, "The people of Canada are free. Every province in Canada is free. Canadians do not need to be liberated. Indeed, many thousands of Canadians gave their lives in two world wars in

3196-512: The part of their bosses had their dogs murdered and their teenage children beaten up. When the Cliche commission presented its report in May 1975, the document was described as an exposé of "an organized system of corruption without parallel in North America" as the commission noted that it was political corruption that had enabled the corruption in the construction industry. In an editorial,

3264-563: The role of Parliament be increased during emergencies, including the requirement that Parliament confirm the state of emergency, renew the state of emergency, and if not sitting, Parliament be summoned within seven days for such a declaration. The Commission further called for the information used by the government to declare an emergency be presented to Parliament publicly, with sensitive or classified materials being provided to an appropriate committee or during an in-camera session of Parliament. The McDonald Commission also called for: Despite

3332-416: The sight of tanks outside the federal parliament disconcerting. Moreover, police officials sometimes abused their powers without just cause, and some prominent artists and intellectuals associated with the sovereignty movement were detained. The October Crisis was the only occasion in which the War Measures Act was invoked in peacetime. The FLQ was declared an unlawful association, which meant that, under

3400-635: The solicitor-general of Quebec requisitioned the military's deployment from the chief of the Defence Staff in accordance with the National Defence Act . Troops from Quebec bases and elsewhere in the country were dispatched, under the direction of the Sûreté du Québec (Quebec's provincial police force), to guard vulnerable points and prominent individuals at risk. This freed up police resources to pursue more proactive tasks in dealing with

3468-553: The son of Adrienne (née Courville; 1897–1982) and Aubert Bourassa, a port authority worker. Robert Bourassa graduated from the Université de Montréal law school in 1956 and was admitted to the Barreau du Québec the following year. On August 23, 1958, he married Andrée Simard (1931–2022), heiress to the powerful shipbuilding Simard family of Sorel, Quebec. Later, he studied at Keble College , University of Oxford and also obtained

SECTION 50

#1732772884589

3536-575: The status of the French language in Quebec. In 1974, he introduced Bill 22 , which declared French to be the sole official language of the province. As a result, Quebec was no longer institutionally bilingual (French and English), though the rights of anglophones were still protected under the British North America Acts . Many businesses and professionals were unable to operate under such requirements. Bill 22 angered Anglophones while not going far enough for many Francophones; Bourassa

3604-467: The time, was blamed for failing to prevent the crisis. Hurt by the criticism, the RCMP Security Service began a pattern of illegal activities in an attempt to prevent any similar incidents from occurring in the lead up to and during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal . The cause of the McDonald Commission was accidental; a former RCMP member on trial for bombing a private residence offered in his defence that he had done much worse things while serving on

3672-543: Was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd premier of Quebec from 1970 to 1976 and from 1985 to 1994. A member of the Liberal Party of Quebec , he served a total of just under 15 years as premier. Bourassa's tenure was marked by major events affecting Quebec, including the October Crisis and the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Bourassa was born to a working class family in Montreal ,

3740-581: Was a chain of political events in Canada that started in October 1970 when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross from his Montreal residence. These events saw the Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act for the first time in Canadian history during peacetime. The premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa , and

3808-535: Was another prominent lawyer Lucien Bouchard to investigate corruption in the construction industry in Quebec. The Cliche commission as it became known held 68 days of hearings on live TV, interviewing 279 people from the construction industry, who testified to widespread corruption and violence in the construction industry, and to the close ties between the Bourassa cabinet, the Mafia and corrupt construction union bosses. Bouchard had wanted to have Bourassa testify before

3876-495: Was defeated in a nationwide plebiscite in 1992; it was heavily defeated even in Quebec, partly due to the perception that Bourassa had given away too much at the negotiations. Bourassa retired from politics in 1994. He was replaced as Liberal leader and premier by Daniel Johnson Jr. , who lost an election to the sovereigntist Parti Québécois after only nine months. In 1996, Bourassa, who had spent much of his vacation time in hot climates, died in Montreal of malignant melanoma at

3944-437: Was eventually found killed by his captors, while James Cross was freed after 59 days as a result of negotiations with the kidnappers who requested exile to Cuba rather than facing trial in Quebec. The cell members responsible for Laporte's death were arrested and charged with kidnapping and first-degree murder after they returned. The response by the federal and provincial governments to the incident still sparks controversy. This

4012-668: Was heavily defeated in his own riding by PQ challenger Gérald Godin . He resigned as Liberal Party leader and accepted teaching positions in Europe and the United States. He remained in political exile until he returned to politics by winning the Quebec Liberal Party leadership election on October 15, 1983. On June 3, 1985, he won a by-election in Bertrand . Bourassa resigned as Liberal leader and exiled himself for nine years into academic obscurity. During these nine years, he spent his time overseas. In 1980, Bourassa campaigned in favour of

4080-545: Was killed when he tripped over his loaded rifle while on guard duty and inadvertently shot and killed himself. Outside Quebec, mainly in the Ottawa area, the federal government deployed troops under its own authority to guard federal offices and employees. The combination of the increased powers of arrest granted by the War Measures Act , and the military deployment requisitioned and controlled by Quebec's government gave every appearance that martial law had been imposed. However,

4148-441: Was murdered by the kidnappers. The crisis affected the province of Quebec , especially the metropolitan area of Montreal , and ended on December 28. At the time opinion polls in Quebec and throughout Canada showed widespread support for the usage of the War Measures Act . The response was criticized by prominent politicians such as René Lévesque and Tommy Douglas . After the crisis, movements that pushed for electoral votes as

SECTION 60

#1732772884589

4216-404: Was now envisioned to be the FLQ rather than the Red Army. The October Crisis, much to the dismay of the generals, was used by Trudeau as an argument for transforming the Canadian Forces into a force whose "Priority One" was internal security. Many officers knew very well that the "Priority One" of internal security was "a greater threat than any other potential role." By the end of the 1970s,

4284-768: Was replaced by the Emergency Management Act in 2007). In October 2020, 50 years following the October Crisis, Yves-François Blanchet , the party and parliamentary leader of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois, introduced a motion in the House of Commons demanding an official apology from the federal government, now led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , son of Pierre Trudeau, for invoking the War Measures Act . Robert Bourassa Robert Bourassa GOQ ( French pronunciation: [ʁɔbɛʁ buʁasa] ; July 14, 1933 – October 2, 1996)

4352-496: Was suspended. The Crown could detain a suspect for seven days before charging them with a crime. In addition, the attorney general could order, before the seven days expired, that the accused be held for up to 21 days. The prisoners were not permitted to consult legal counsel, and many were held incommunicado ." Several of those detained were upset by the method of their interrogation. However, most of those interviewed after had little cause to complain, and several even commented on

4420-416: Was the affluent dilettantes of revolutionary violence, cheering on the anonymous heroes of the FLQ. The proclamation of the War Measures Act and the thousands of grim troops pouring into Montreal froze the cheers, dispersed the coffee-table revolutionaries, and left them frightened and isolated while the police rounded up suspects whose offence, if any, was dreaming of blood in the streets". Pierre Laporte

4488-587: Was to remove responsibility for national security from the RCMP and assign it to a new civilian spy agency. This recommendation was followed with the establishment of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) in 1984. The McDonald Commission recommended the War Measures Act be amended to focus on powers necessary during times of war, invasion or insurrection, while other emergencies be dealt with by ad hoc legislation. The McDonald Commission also recommended that

4556-684: Was understood that deploying troops from English-speaking regiments in Quebec as an aid to civil power would be politically problematic. Throughout the operation, the Army made a point of deploying primarily French-Canadian soldiers to guard buildings in Quebec. The Royal 22 Régiment was based in Quebec City, but it was felt that having the "Van Doos" perform guard duty in Montreal, the largest city in Quebec, would be less likely to offend public opinion. The Canadian Army saw no action during its deployment, which lasted until November 12. Only one soldier

4624-658: Was vilified by both groups. In response Trudeau described Bourassa as a “mangeur de hot-dogs” (“hotdog eater”). Bourassa initiated the James Bay hydroelectric project in 1971 that led to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1975 with the Cree and Inuit inhabitants of the region. The Bourassa government also played a major role in rescuing the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal from huge cost overruns and construction delays. Bourassa's government became embroiled in corruption scandals. On 21 March 1974, workers belonging to

#588411