Repentance is reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.
63-603: In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific sin or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the soteriological doctrines of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of confession to God or to
126-419: A kapa (cloth) was shaken. Prayers were said. Then, "If the evil spirit suddenly appears ( puoho ) and possesses the patient, then he or she can be immediately saved by the conversation between the practitioner and that spirit." Pukui and others believed kahuna did not have mystical transcendent experiences as described in other religions. Although a person who was possessed ( noho ) would go into
189-514: A trance -like state, it was not an ecstatic experience but simply a communion with the known spirits. Kapu refers to a system of taboos designed to separate the spiritually pure from the potentially unclean. Thought to have arrived with Pāʻao, a priest or chief from Tahiti who arrived in Hawaiʻi sometime around 1200 AD, the kapu imposed a series of restrictions on daily life. Prohibitions included: Hawaiian tradition shows that ʻAikapu
252-468: A drop of water falling from the skies merges with the ocean. Becoming an enlightened person is what is considered salvation in many Taoist beliefs. Some Taoist immortals were thought of as deceased humans whose souls achieved a superior physical form. Enlightened people were sometimes called zhenren and thought to be the living embodiment of the supernatural characteristics of the faith. Shinto and Tenrikyo similarly emphasize working for
315-480: A good life by cultivating virtue or virtuous behavior. In an age that still saw salvation as primarily collective - based on the religion of the family, clan, or state - rather than the emerging province of the individual (as popularized by Buddhism and the mystery religions such as Mithraism ). Hellenistic ruler cults from about 300 BCE sometimes promoted the revering of a king as the savior of his people. Prominent examples included Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt and
378-545: A key role in debates about soteriology. In Catholic tradition, the Church claims soteriological authority. Martin Luther rejected the soteriological authority of the Church . Against this backdrop, the role of Christ's divinity takes so central a place in the theology of Søren Kierkegaard that it provides the basis for the proposition of Christ's power to save, and so in this way of thinking Christology precedes soteriology. In
441-554: A multitude of wahi pana (sacred places), and at small kuahu (altars) in individual homes. Although it is unclear when settlers first came to the Hawaiian Islands , there is significant evidence that the islands were settled no later than 800 AD and immigration continued to about 1300 AD. Settlers came from the Marquesas and greater Polynesia . At some point, a significant influx of Tahitian settlers landed on
504-561: A person repents, Allah rejoices more than one of you who found his camel after he lost it in the desert." (Agreed upon. Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 6309) Islamic tradition has generally held that it is relatively straightforward to enter Jannah (Paradise). In the Quran, God says: "If you avoid the great sins you have been forbidden, We shall wipe out your minor misdeeds and let you through the entrance of honor [Paradise]." However, by direct implication of these tenets and beliefs, Man's nature
567-611: A role in the politics of post-contact Hawaiʻi. In the 1970s the Hawaiian religion experienced a resurgence during the Hawaiian Renaissance . In 1976 members of a group "Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana " filed suit in federal court over the use of Kahoʻolawe by the United States Navy for target practice . Charging that the practice disturbed important cultural and religious sites Aluli et al. v. Brown forced
630-625: A singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity . Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act . Traditional Hawaiian religion is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as " Huna ". Hawaiian religion is polytheistic , with many deities, most prominently Kāne , Kū , Lono and Kanaloa . Other notable deities include Laka , Kihawahine , Haumea , Papahānaumoku , and, most famously, Pele . In addition, each family
693-614: A social hierarchy class that served the King and the Courtiers and assisted the Maka'ainana (Common People). Selected to serve many practical and governmental purposes, Kahuna often were healers, navigators, builders, prophets/temple workers, and philosophers. They also talked with the spirits. Kahuna Kūpaʻiulu of Maui in 1867 described a counter- sorcery ritual to heal someone ill due to hoʻopiʻopiʻo , another’s evil thoughts. He said
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#1732779485737756-567: A spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of guilt , a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible. Repentance ( Hebrew : תשובה , literally, "return", pronounced tshuva or teshuva ) is one element of atoning for sin in Judaism . Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in
819-441: A ‘Supreme Being’ or ‘Creator God’ who is by nature ‘other than’ his creation. They do, however, claim to experience a spirit world in which beings more powerful than they are concerned for them and can be called upon for help." "Along with ancestors and gods, spirits are part of the family of Hawaiians. "There are many kinds of spirits that help for good and many that aid in evil. Some lie and deceive, and some are truthful ... It
882-580: Is God 's gathering in the people of Israel from their various exiles. This includes the final redemption from the present exile . Judaism does not posit a need for personal salvation in a way analogous to Christianity; Jews do not believe in original sin . Instead, Judaism places greater value on individual morality as defined in the Law and embodied in the Torah —the teaching given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai and sometimes understood to be summarized by
945-486: Is hozer beteshuva ( חוזר בתשובה ) ( lit. , "returning in repentance"). "In a place where baalei teshuva stand", according to halakha , "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand." Repentance is a stage in Christian salvation where the believer turns away from sin . As a distinct stage in the ordo salutis its position is disputed, with some theological traditions arguing it occurs prior to faith and
1008-502: Is a blissful state of existence of a soul, completely free from the karmic bondage, free from saṃsāra , the cycle of birth and death. It is the highest state of existence of a soul, even higher than the gods living in the heavens. In the state of moksha, a soul enjoys infinite bliss, infinite knowledge and infinite perception. This state is achieved through realisation of self and achieving a completely desireless and unattached state. In contemporary Judaism , redemption ( Hebrew ge'ulah )
1071-511: Is a wonderful thing how the spirits ( ʻuhane of the dead and the ‘angels’ ( anela ) of the ʻaumākua can possess living persons. Nothing is impossible to god-spirits, akua ." King Kamehameha the Great died in 1819. Subsequently, two of his wives, Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani , then the two most powerful people in the kingdom, conferred with the kahuna nui , Hewahewa . They convinced young Liholiho, Kamehameha II , to overthrow
1134-538: Is an ancient practice in Hawaiian religion of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with (repentance) prayers. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the South Pacific , including Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditionally hoʻoponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna lapaʻau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within
1197-478: Is considered to have one or more guardian spirits known as ʻaumakua that protected family. One breakdown of the Hawaiian pantheon consists of the following groups: Another breakdown consists of three major groups: Not all ancient Hawaiian believed in deities. Some ancient Hawaiians were atheists , referred to as 'aia'. One Hawaiian creation myth is embodied in the Kumulipo , an epic chant linking
1260-568: Is discussed in Hinduism through its principle of moksha , also called nirvana or kaivalya . "In India", wrote Mircea Eliade , "metaphysical knowledge always has a soteriological purpose." Moksha refers to freedom from saṃsāra , the cycle of death and rebirth. There are various principles and practices that can lead to the state of Moksha including the Vedas and the Tantras being
1323-562: Is fair and just and one should request forgiveness from him to avoid being punished for not doing what God asked of them and for listening to Satan. Muslims believe that they, as well as everyone else, are vulnerable to making mistakes and thus they need to seek repentance repeatedly at all times. Muhammad said, "By Allah, I seek the forgiveness of Allah and I turn to Him in repentance more than seventy times each day." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 6307) God wants his servants to repent and forgives them, he rejoices over it, as Muhammad said: "When
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#17327794857371386-475: Is not natural and gives his disciples clear ethical guidelines that lead to happiness. Lucretius says Epicurus has set the boundaries for the limits of nature. His followers in Roman times developed Epicurus into a cultural hero and revered him as the founding figure of his School, and as the first to have developed a fully naturalistic cosmology that emancipated mortals from all fear-based superstition. Soteriology
1449-543: Is spiritually and morally flawed such that he needs salvation from himself. Finding appreciation, forgiveness, and joy in Allah is the only (or best) practice to be saved from this terrible fate of corruption and meaninglessness. al-Tahreem 66:8 In Jainism , the soteriological concept is moksha , which is the final gunasthana . The Jain theory explains moksha differently from the similar term found in Hinduism. Moksha
1512-524: The kapu system. They ordered the people to burn the wooden statues and to tear down the rock temples. Without the hierarchical system of religion in place, some abandoned the old gods, and others continued with cultural traditions of worshipping them, especially their family ʻaumākua . Protestant Christian missionaries arrived from the United States from 1820 onwards, and eventually gained great political, moral and economic influence in
1575-422: The ʻaumākua bridged the gap between gods and man. The gods possessed great mana ; but man, too, has some mana . None of this may have been true in the time of Pāʻao , but otherwise, the Hawaiian did not seem prostrate before his gods. Heiau served as focal points for prayer in Hawaiʻi. Offerings, sacrifices , and prayers were offered at these temples, the thousands of koʻa ( shrines ),
1638-401: The aliʻi , or Hawaiian royalty, to the gods. The Kumulipo is divided into two sections: night, or pō , and day, or ao , with the former corresponding to divinity and the latter corresponding to humankind . After the birth of Laʻilaʻi , the woman, and Kiʻi , the man, the man succeeds at seducing and reproducing with the woman before the god Kāne has a chance, thereby making
1701-654: The Decalogue ( Biblical Hebrew עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים, ʿĂsereṯ haDəḇārīm , lit. 'The Ten Words'). The tannaitic sage Hillel the Elder taught that the Law could be further compressed into the single maxim popularly known as the Golden Rule : "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow". In Judaism, salvation is closely related to the idea of redemption , or rescue from the states and circumstances that destroy
1764-531: The Fathers of the early Christian church. One view is that early Christianity borrowed these myths and motifs from contemporary Hellenistic mystery religions, which possessed ideas such as life-death-rebirth deities and sexual relations between gods and human beings. While Christ myth theory is not accepted by mainstream historians, proponents attempt to establish causal connections to the cults of Mithras , Dionysus, and Osiris among others. Sikhism advocates
1827-660: The Pure Land traditions of Mahayana Buddhism generally focus on the saving nature of the Celestial Buddha Amitābha . In Mahayana Buddhist eschatology , it is believed that we are currently living in the Latter Day of the Law , a period of 10,000 years where the corrupt nature of the people means the teachings of the Buddha are not listened to. Before this era, the bodhisattva Amitābha made 48 vows, including
1890-645: The Reformed theological tradition arguing it occurs after faith. In Roman Catholic theology repentance is part of the larger theological concept of penance . Tawba is the Islamic concept of repenting to God due to performing any sins and misdeeds. It is a direct matter between a person and God, so there is no intercession. There is no original sin in Islam. It is the act of leaving what God has prohibited and returning to what he has commanded. The word denotes
1953-505: The Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic , with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose
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2016-407: The 1930s, American author Max Freedom Long originated a philosophy and practice which he called "Huna" . While Long and his successors represent this invention as a type of ancient Hawaiian occultism , scholars Rothstein and Chai consider it a New Age mix of cultural appropriation and fantasy, and not representative of traditional Hawaiian religion. Traditional beliefs have also played
2079-527: The 19th century describe prayer throughout the day, with specific prayers associated with mundane activities such as sleeping, eating, drinking, and traveling. However, it has been suggested that the activity of prayer differed from the subservient styles of prayer often seen in the Western world: ...the usual posture for prayer – sitting upright, head high and eyes open – suggests a relationship marked by respect and self-respect. The gods might be awesome, but
2142-532: The Hawaiian islands, bringing with them their religious beliefs . Early Hawaiian religion resembled other Polynesian religions in that it was largely focused on natural forces such as the tides , the sky, and volcanic activity as well as man's dependence on nature for subsistence. The major early gods reflected these characteristics, as the early Hawaiians worshiped Kāne (the god of the sky and creation), Kū (the god of war and male pursuits), Lono (the god of peace, rain, and fertility) and Kanaloa (the god of
2205-702: The Island of Hawaii regarding the choosing of Mauna Kea for the site location of the Thirty Meter Telescope . These protests have become known as the Thirty Meter Telescope Protests. Some Hawaiians regard Mauna Kea as the most sacred mountain of Native Hawaiian religion and culture. Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners have repeatedly failed in court to prove that these practices predate 1893 (the threshold for protection under Hawaii State law). Protests began locally within
2268-503: The Kingdom of Hawaii. Most of the aliʻi converted to Christianity , including Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani, but it took 11 years for Kaʻahumanu to proclaim laws against ancient religious practices: Worshipping of idols such as sticks, stones, sharks, dead bones, ancient gods and all untrue gods is prohibited. There is one God alone, Jehovah. He is the God to worship. The hula is forbidden,
2331-545: The Navy to survey and protect important sites, perform conservation activities, and allow limited access to the island for religious purposes. Outrage over the unearthing of 1,000 graves (dating back to 850 AD) during the construction of a Ritz-Carlton hotel on Maui in 1988 resulted in the redesign and relocation of the hotel inland, as well as the appointment of the site as a state historic place. Since 2014 an ongoing series of protests and demonstrations have taken place on
2394-624: The Seleucids Antiochus I Soter and Demetrius I Soter . In the Egyptian context, the deification of a ruler was built on traditional pharaonic religious ideas . Hawaiian religion Hawaiian religion refers to the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of native Hawaiians , also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among
2457-458: The academic field of religious studies , soteriology is understood by scholars as representing a key theme in a number of different religions and is often studied in a comparative context; that is, comparing various ideas about what salvation is and how it is obtained. Buddhism is devoted primarily to liberation from Duḥkha or suffering by breaking free of samsara , the cycle of compulsory rebirth, by attaining nirvana . Buddhism emphasizes
2520-434: The act of being repentant for one's misdeeds, atoning for those misdeeds, and having a strong determination to forsake those misdeeds (remorse, resolution, and repentance). If someone sins against another person, restitution is required. Dharma Shastras and Vedas advocate for self-reflection, repentance paschatapa and atonement prayaschitta. Stories such as that of Ajamila speak about forgiveness by grace of God even to
2583-434: The basic scriptures for guidance along with many others like Upanishads , Puranas and more. Muslims believe that everyone is responsible for their own actions. So even though Muslims believe that Adam and Hawwa (Eve), the parents of humanity, committed a sin by eating from the forbidden tree and thus disobeyed God, they believe that humankind is not responsible for such an action. They believe that God ( Allah )
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2646-519: The bigger picture. In Mahayana Buddhism, one of the most common repentance verses used for reflection is Samantabhadra 's Repentance Verse taken from Chapter 40 of the Flower Adornment Sutra : For all the evil deeds I have done in the past Created by my body, mouth, and mind, From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion, I now know shame and repent of them all. Hoʻoponopono (ho-o-pono-pono)
2709-428: The chant ( olioli ), the song of pleasure ( mele ), foul speech, and bathing by women in public places. The planting of ʻawa is prohibited. Neither chiefs nor commoners are to drink ʻawa. Despite the outlawing of traditional Hawaiian religious practices, a number of traditions survived by integration, through practice in hiding, or through practice in rural communities in the islands. Surviving traditions include
2772-437: The chiefly incest to create the "godly child". Punishments for breaking the kapu could include death, although if one could escape to a puʻuhonua (for example Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park ), a city of refuge, one could be saved. Kāhuna nui mandated long periods when the entire village must have absolute silence. No baby could cry, dog howl , or rooster crow, on pain of death. Human sacrifice
2835-582: The debates over the ancient authorities Christ's divinity and power over salvation are interconnected theological concepts. More than a century after the establishment of the Garden, the school in which Epicurus taught philosophy, some people in the Roman world were calling Epicurus their Savior. The most prominent soul saved by Epicurus was the Roman Empress Pompeia Plotina . Lucretius , author of De Rerum Natura , also depicts
2898-442: The divine lineage of the gods younger than and thus subservient to the lineage of man. This, in turn, illustrates the transition of mankind from being symbols for the gods (the literal meaning of kiʻi ) into the keeper of these symbols in the form of idols and the like. The Kumulipo was recited during the time of Makahiki, to honor the god of fertility, Lono. The kahuna were well respected, educated individuals that made up
2961-423: The family by a family elder, or by the individual alone. Soteriology Soteriology ( / s oʊ ˌ t ɪr i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i / ; Greek : σωτηρία sōtēria " salvation " from σωτήρ sōtēr "savior, preserver" and λόγος logos "study" or "word" ) is the study of religious doctrines of salvation . Salvation theory occupies a place of special significance in many religions. In
3024-435: The first child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani being deformed so they buried him in the ground and what sprouted became the first kalo , also known as taro. The Hawaiian islands are all children of Papa, Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani so basically meaning that they are older siblings of the Hawaiian chiefs. Second child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani became the first Aliʻi Nui , or "Grand Chief". This came to be called Niʻaupiʻo ,
3087-460: The future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation. A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a baal teshuva ( lit. , "master of repentance" or "master of return") ( Hebrew : בעל תשובה ; for a woman: בעלת תשובה , baalat teshuva ; plural: בעלי תשובה , baalei teshuva ). An alternative modern term
3150-450: The good nor evil. For example, the writer of the Book of Ecclesiastes tells the reader: "The dead know nothing. They have no reward and even the memory of them is lost." For many centuries, rabbis and Jewish laypeople have often wrestled with such passages. In the mystery religions , salvation was less worldly and communal, and more a mystical belief concerned with the continued survival of
3213-512: The importance of the individual's meditation practice in this process, and their subsequent liberation from samsara , which is to be enlightened . Thus, the fundamental reason that the precise identification of these two kinds of clinging to an identity – personal and phenomenal – is considered so important is again soteriological. Through first uncovering our clinging and then working on it, we become able to finally let go of this sole cause for all our afflictions and suffering. However,
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#17327794857373276-441: The individual soul after death. Some savior gods associated with this theme are dying-and-rising gods , often associated with the seasonal cycle, such as Osiris , Tammus , Adonis , and Dionysus . A complex of soteriological beliefs was also a feature of the cult of Cybele and Attis . The similarity of themes and archetypes to religions found in antiquity to later Christianity has been pointed out by many authors, including
3339-610: The main lines dividing the various Christian denominations , being a point of disagreement between Eastern Orthodoxy , Roman Catholicism and Protestantism (as well as within Protestantism, notably in the Calvinist–Arminian debate ). These lines include conflicting definitions of depravity , predestination , atonement , and most pointedly, justification . Christian soteriology ranges from exclusive salvation to universal reconciliation concepts. Christology plays
3402-544: The ocean). As an Indigenous culture , spread among eight islands, with waves of immigration over hundreds of years from various parts of the South Pacific , religious practices evolved over time and from place to place in different ways. Hawaiian scholar Mary Kawena Pukui , who was raised in Kaʻū, Hawaii , maintained that the early Hawaiian gods were benign. One Molokai tradition follows this line of thought. Author and researcher Pali Jae Lee writes: "During these ancient times,
3465-474: The only 'religion' was one of family and oneness with all things. The people were in tune with nature, plants, trees, animals, the ʻāina , and each other. They respected all things and took care of all things. All was pono ." "In the dominant current of Western thought there is a fundamental separation between humanity and divinity. ... In many other cultures, however, such differences between human and divine do not exist. Some peoples have no concept of
3528-583: The pursuit of salvation through disciplined, personal meditation on the Naam Japo (name) and message of God, meant to bring one into union with God. But a person's state of mind has to be detached from this world, with the understanding that this world is a temporary abode and their soul has to remain untouched by pain, pleasure, greed, emotional attachment, praise, slander, and above all, egotistical pride. Thus their thoughts and deeds become nirmal or pure, and they merge with God or attain union with God, just as
3591-500: The salvific power of philosophy, and of his Scholarch Epicurus, by employing literary devices like the "Broken Jar parable" (where the Scholarch is credited with helping mortals to easily enjoy pleasure), poetry, and imagery. The salvation of Epicurus has no otherworldly connotations whatsoever. Judging from his Principal Doctrines and Letter to Menoeceus , he salves his disciples from supernatural fears and excessive desires for what
3654-533: The value of human existence. God, as the creator of the universe, is the source of all salvation for humanity (provided an individual honors God by observing God's precepts). So, redemption and/or salvation depends on the individual. Furthermore, Judaism stresses that one's salvation cannot be obtained through anyone else, invoking a deity, or believing in any outside power or influence. Some passages in Jewish religious texts assert that an afterlife exists for neither
3717-473: The vow to accept all sentient beings that called to him, to allow them to take refuge in his Pure land and to teach them the pure dharma . It is therefore considered ineffective to trust in personal meditational and even monastic practices, but to only trust in the primal vow of Amitābha. In Christianity, salvation, also called "deliverance" or " redemption ", is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences. Variant views on salvation are among
3780-416: The worship of family ancestral gods or ʻaumākua , veneration of iwi or bones, and preservation of sacred places or wahi pana . Hula , at one time outlawed as a religious practice, today is performed in both spiritual and secular contexts. Along with the surviving traditions, some Hawaiians practice Christianized versions of old traditions. Others practice the old faith as a co-religion . In
3843-419: The worst sinners. The Buddha considered shame over doing wrong ( Pali : hiri ) and fear of the consequences of wrongdoing (Pali: otappa ) as essential safeguards against falling into evil ways and further as extremely useful in the path of purification . Also recommended was the regular practice of self-assessment or wise reflection (Pali: yoniso manasikara ) on one's own actions in relation to others and
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#17327794857373906-449: Was an idea led by the kahuna in order for Wākea, the sky father, to get alone with his daughter, Hoʻohokukalani without his wahine, or wife, Papa, the earth mother, noticing. The spiritually pure or laʻa , meaning "sacred" and unclean or haumia were to be separated. ʻAikapu included: Other Kapus included Mālama ʻĀina , meaning "caring of the land" and Niʻaupiʻo . Tradition says that mālama ʻāina originated from
3969-519: Was not unknown. The kapu system remained in place until 1819 (see below). Prayer was an essential part of Hawaiian life, employed when building a house, making a canoe, and giving lomilomi massage . Hawaiians addressed prayers to various gods depending on the situation. When healers picked herbs for medicine, they usually prayed to Kū and Hina, male and female, right and left, upright and supine. The people worshiped Lono during Makahiki season and Kū during times of war. Histories from
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