68-559: The Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund was formed in London in 1873 at a time when all hospitals were voluntary - with no government health services. This situation meant that the poor could not always afford treatment and also that hospitals often did not have equipment that they needed. The Lancet suggested to the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Sydney Waterlow, that churches may be able to raise money to help. Sir Sydney called church leaders to
136-521: A de profundis at the tomb of Erkenwald. Later in Hill's mayoralty of (1550) the high altar of St Paul's was removed overnight to be destroyed, an occurrence that provoked a fight in which a man was killed. Hill had ordered, unusually for the time, that St Barnabas's Day would not be kept as a public holiday ahead of these events. Three years later, by October 1553, "Alle the alteres and chappelles in alle Powlles churche" were taken down. In August 1553,
204-574: A building in Tudor Street showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke. Lisa Jardine of Queen Mary, University of London , has written: Wreathed in billowing smoke, amidst the chaos and destruction of war, the pale dome stands proud and glorious—indomitable. At the height of that air-raid, Sir Winston Churchill telephoned the Guildhall to insist that all fire-fighting resources be directed at St Paul's. The cathedral must be saved, he said, damage to
272-624: A cathedral, and suggests there was another one in the Roman period. Legends of St Lucius link St Peter upon Cornhill as the centre of the Roman Londinium Christian community. It stands upon the highest point in the area of old Londinium, and it was given pre-eminence in medieval procession on account of the legends. There is, however, no other reliable evidence and the location of the site on the Forum makes it difficult for it to fit
340-523: A meeting. At that meeting, it was agreed that annually in June the churches would have one Sunday when they held a collection - and that the funds would be used to help the poor access healthcare, and also assist hospitals with equipment.. The Fund was inaugurated at St Paul's Cathedral by Prince Edward the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII ), with his wife, on the fifteenth of June 1873. Queen Victoria
408-485: A place to pick up gossip, topical jokes, and even prostitutes. John Earle (1601–1665), in his Microcosmographie (1628), called Paul's walk "the land's epitome . . . the lesser isle of Great Britain . . . the whole world's map . . . nothing liker Babel". Official attempts to stem the use of St. Paul's for non-religious purposes repeatedly failed. Both Mary I and Elizabeth I issued proclamations against "any of her Majesty's subjects who shall walk up and down, or spend
476-531: A result of this action, Davies and Sapper George Cameron Wylie were each awarded the George Cross . Davies' George Cross and other medals are on display at the Imperial War Museum , London. One of the best known images of London during the war was a photograph of St Paul's taken on 29 December 1940 during the " Second Great Fire of London " by photographer Herbert Mason, from the roof of
544-402: A sermon in response, claiming that the lightning strike was a judgement for the irreverent use of the cathedral building. Immediate steps were taken to repair the damage, with the citizens of London and the clergy offering money to support the rebuilding. However, the cost of repairing the building properly was too great for a country and city recovering from a trade depression. Instead, the roof
612-405: A small amount. On 12 September 1940 a time-delayed bomb that had struck the cathedral was successfully defused and removed by a bomb disposal detachment of Royal Engineers under the command of Temporary Lieutenant Robert Davies . Had this bomb detonated, it would have totally destroyed the cathedral; it left a 100-foot (30 m) crater when later remotely detonated in a secure location. As
680-742: Is an Anglican cathedral in London , England, the seat of the Bishop of London . The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London . It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London . Its dedication in honour of Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present structure, which was completed in 1710, is a Grade I listed building that
748-465: Is said to have bestowed great cost on the fabric, and in later times he almost occupied the place of traditionary, founder: the veneration paid to him is second only to that which was rendered to St. Paul. Erkenwald would become a subject of the important High Medieval poem St Erkenwald . King Æthelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1016; the tomb is now lost. The cathedral
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#1732776359318816-659: Is the fifth-largest in Great Britain, in terms of number of pipes (7,256), with 5 manuals, 136 ranks of pipes and 137 stops , principally enclosed in an impressive case designed in Wren's workshop and decorated by Grinling Gibbons . Details of the organ can be found online at the National Pipe Organ Register . Paul%27s walk Paul's walk in Elizabethan and early Stuart London
884-712: Is the first non-organist to hold the post since the 12th century. An organ was commissioned from Bernard Smith in 1694. In 1862 the organ from the Panopticon of Science and Art (the Panopticon Organ) was installed in a gallery over the south transept door. The Grand Organ was completed in 1872, and the Panopticon Organ moved to the Victoria Rooms in Clifton in 1873. The Grand Organ
952-551: The Metropolitan Tabernacle . The cathedral survived the Blitz although struck by bombs on 10 October 1940 and 17 April 1941. The first strike destroyed the high altar, while the second strike on the north transept left a hole in the floor above the crypt. The latter bomb is believed to have detonated in the upper interior above the north transept and the force was sufficient to shift the entire dome laterally by
1020-556: The East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown. Christianity was restored among the East Saxons in the late seventh century and it is presumed that either the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was restored or a new building erected as the seat of bishops such as Cedd , Wine and Erkenwald , the last of whom was buried in the cathedral in 693. Earconwald was consecrated bishop of London in 675, and
1088-520: The Fund raised 300,679 pounds from 10,214 collections. The Lancet continued to support the Fund with annual supplements. The 1898 supplement stated that the Fund raised over £41,000 in the previous year. Committee meetings continued to be held at either the Mansion House, London , with the current Lord Mayor as president. or the Guildhall, London . Collected money or individual gifts were sent to
1156-469: The Government. I don’t mean this Government in particular, but any Government which may be in office for the time being. It is six of one and half-a-dozen of the other. I have a very small opinion of the whole lot. There are some things which we should try ourselves to do as long as ever we can; but if we are driven up a corner, it may come to what I fear. Bones must be set, and the sick must be cared for;
1224-529: The Lord Protector's city palace, Somerset House . Crowds were drawn to the north-east corner of the churchyard, St Paul's Cross , where open-air preaching took place. In the Great Fire of London of 1666, Old St Paul's was gutted. While it might have been possible to reconstruct it, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style. This course of action had been proposed even before
1292-462: The Mansion care of the Lord Mayor A well known London Baptist Preacher of the time, Charles Spurgeon , was an enthusiastic supporter. He left us this quote: “We must have more hospitals. I do not know whether we shall not be obliged to make the Government spend something in this direction. I don’t believe in the Government doing anything well. I generally feel sorry when anything has to be left to
1360-662: The Paul's-walking scene of the play as a "satirical nutshell" of London itself, presenting the walking up and down as "an obsessively competitive dance". This view of Paul's walk as a microcosm had already seen print in the cony-catching pamphlets of Robert Greene (1558–1592), who had depicted city rogues and tricksters preying on those who walked the aisles to gossip, smoke, and see the fashions. The playwright Thomas Dekker (1572–1632), in his "Paul's Steeple's Complaint" in The Dead Term (1608) and his Gull's Horn-book (1609),
1428-694: The United Kingdom, after Liverpool Cathedral . Services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Admiral Lord Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher ; jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria ; an inauguration service for the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund ; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars ; the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer ;
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#17327763593181496-633: The anti-capitalist activists would constitute violence in the name of the Church". The Dean of St Paul's , the Right Revd Graeme Knowles, then resigned too. The encampment was evicted at the end of February 2012, by court order and without violence, as a result of legal action by the City of London Corporation . On 10 October 2019, Safiyya Amira Shaikh , a Muslim convert , was arrested following an MI5 and Metropolitan Police investigation. In September 2019, she had taken photos of
1564-428: The boldness to weigh the public but most intrinsic actions of the state, which some courtier or other did betray to this society. Amongst whom divers being very rich had great sums owing them by such as stood next the throne, who by this means were rendered in a manner their pensioners. So as I have found little reason to question the truth of which I heard then, but much to confirm me in it. Standing on Ludgate Hill in
1632-517: The building was deteriorating. The English Reformation under Henry VIII and Edward VI (accelerated by the Chantries Acts ) led to the destruction of elements of the interior ornamentation and the chapels, shrines , and chantries . The Reformation would come to include the removal of the cathedral's collection of relics, which by the sixteenth century was understood to include: In October 1538, an image of St Erkenwald, probably from
1700-544: The cathedral by the suffragettes was attempted on 13 June 1914, however the bomb was again discovered before it could explode. This attempted bombing occurred two days after a bomb had exploded at Westminster Abbey , which damaged the Coronation Chair and caused a mass panic for the exits. Several other churches were bombed at this time, such as St Martin-in-the-Fields church in Trafalgar Square and
1768-510: The cathedral's interior. While trying to radicalise others using the Telegram messaging software , she planned to attack the cathedral and other targets such as a hotel and a train station using explosives . Shaikh pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment . The size and location of St Paul's has made it an ideal setting for Christian services marking great national events. The opportunity for long processions culminating in
1836-412: The comet "is now the only subject almost of our discourse, and not so much as little children but as they go to school talk in the streets that it foreshows the death of a king or queen or some great war towards". Ben Jonson (1572–1637) set a pivotal scene of his play Every Man Out of His Humour (1599) in Paul's walk. As Cavalier Shift enters and begins posting up advertisements, Cordatus introduces
1904-571: The crossing. After the Fire, it was at first thought possible to retain a substantial part of the old cathedral, but ultimately the entire structure was demolished in the early 1670s. In July 1668 Dean William Sancroft wrote to Wren that he was charged by the Archbishop of Canterbury , in agreement with the Bishops of London and Oxford, to design a new cathedral that was "Handsome and noble to all
1972-462: The dean and chapter were cited to appear before Queen Mary's commissioners. Some of the buildings in the St Paul's churchyard were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and booksellers. In 1561 the spire was destroyed by a lightning strike, an event that Roman Catholic writers claimed was a sign of God's judgment on England's Protestant rulers. Bishop James Pilkington preached
2040-475: The dean, three residentiary canons (one of whom is, exceptionally, lay), one "additional member of chapter and canon non-residentiary" (ordained), and two lay canons. Each has a different responsibility in the running of the cathedral. As of October 2022: The Director of Music is Andrew Carwood . Carwood was appointed to succeed Malcolm Archer as Director of Music, taking up the post in September 2007. He
2108-422: The door is £25 for adults (January 2024) but no charges are made to worshippers attending services, or for private prayer. The nearest London Underground station is St Paul's , which is 130 yards (120 m) away from St Paul's Cathedral. The location of Londinium 's original cathedral is unknown, but legend and medieval tradition claims it was St Peter upon Cornhill . St Paul is an unusual attribution for
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2176-460: The dramatic approach up Ludgate Hill, the open area and steps at the west front, the great nave and the space under the dome are all well suited for ceremonial occasions. St Paul's can seat many more people than any other church in London, and in past centuries, the erection of temporary wooden galleries inside allowed for congregations exceeding 10,000. In 1935, the dean, Walter Matthews , wrote: No description in words can convey an adequate idea of
2244-529: The ends of it and to the reputation of the City and the nation". The design process took several years, but a design was finally settled and attached to a royal warrant, with the proviso that Wren was permitted to make any further changes that he deemed necessary. The result was the present St Paul's Cathedral, still the second largest church in Britain, with a dome proclaimed as the finest in the world. The building
2312-484: The fabric would sap the morale of the country. On 29 July 1981, the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer was held at the cathedral. The couple selected St Paul's over Westminster Abbey , the traditional site of royal weddings, because the cathedral offered more seating. Extensive copper, lead and slate renovation work was carried out on the Dome in 1996 by John B. Chambers. A 15-year restoration project—one of
2380-426: The fire. The task of designing a replacement structure was officially assigned to Sir Christopher Wren on 30 July 1669. He had previously been put in charge of the rebuilding of churches to replace those lost in the Great Fire. More than 50 city churches are attributable to Wren. Concurrent with designing St Paul's, Wren was engaged in the production of his five Tracts on Architecture. Wren had begun advising on
2448-593: The first bishop to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king, Sæberht . Sæberht's uncle and overlord, Æthelberht , king of Kent , built a church dedicated to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new bishop. It is assumed, although not proved, that this first Anglo-Saxon cathedral stood on the same site as the later medieval and the present cathedrals. On the death of Sæberht in about 616, his pagan sons expelled Mellitus from London, and
2516-574: The heart of the City of London , St Paul's Cathedral was well placed to be a hub of news. The cathedral had once been among the greatest in Europe, but a decline set in after the Reformation and by the end of the sixteenth-century, it had lost its steeple and was falling into disrepair. The cathedral and its surrounding St. Paul's Churchyard was a centre of the booksellers ' trade, a venue for sellers of pamphlets, proclamations, and books. St Paul's
2584-528: The house of the Lord." The first regular service was held on the following Sunday. Opinions of Wren's cathedral differed, with some loving it: "Without, within, below, above, the eye / Is filled with unrestrained delight", while others hated it: "There was an air of Popery about the gilded capitals, the heavy arches ... They were unfamiliar, un-English ...". St. Paul's was the target of two suffragette bombing attacks in 1913 and 1914 respectively. This
2652-460: The king was "very earnest to set it forward, and they begin hotly enough" but feared it would prove "as they say, Paul's work". King James was aware of Paul's walk and referred to it in his poem about a comet, seen in 1618, which was talked of as signalling doom for the monarchy: "And that he may have nothing elce to feare/Let him walke Pauls, and meet the Devills there". Chamberlain reported that
2720-600: The largest ever undertaken in the UK—was completed on 15 June 2011. In October 2011 an anti-capitalism Occupy London encampment was established in front of the cathedral, after failing to gain access to the London Stock Exchange at Paternoster Square nearby. The cathedral's finances were affected by the ensuing closure. It was claimed that the cathedral was losing revenue of £20,000 per day. Canon Chancellor Giles Fraser resigned, asserting his view that "evicting
2788-604: The launch of the Festival of Britain ; and the thanksgiving services for the Silver , Golden , Diamond , and Platinum Jubilees and the 80th and 90th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth II . St Paul's Cathedral is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as of images of the dome surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz . The cathedral is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services. The tourist entry fee at
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2856-440: The legendary stories. In 1995, a large fifth-century building on Tower Hill was excavated, and has been claimed as a Roman basilica, possibly a cathedral, although this is speculative. The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Paul's Cathedral. Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during
2924-411: The majestic beauty of a solemn national religious ceremony in St Paul's. It is hard to believe that there is any other building in the world that is so well adapted to be the setting of such symbolical acts of communal worship. National events attended by the royal family, government ministers and officers of state include national services of thanksgiving , state funerals and a royal wedding . Some of
2992-406: The most notable examples are: St Paul's Cathedral is a busy church with four or five services every day, including Matins , Eucharist and Evening Prayer or Choral Evensong. In addition, the cathedral has many special services associated with the City of London, its corporation, guilds and institutions. The cathedral, as the largest church in London, also has a role in many state functions such as
3060-473: The poor must not be left to die, in order not to have to go to the Government for help. So let us all try to give what we can. It is your duty to give, not merely as Christians, but as men. I like the Hospital Sunday movement, for all Christian people can meet, as we are met here to-night, on one platform.” As well as churches, the Fund collected generally. The most significant early financial supporter
3128-479: The repair of the Old St Paul's in 1661, five years before the fire in 1666. The proposed work included renovations to interior and exterior to complement the classical facade designed by Inigo Jones in 1630. Wren planned to replace the dilapidated tower with a dome, using the existing structure as a scaffold. He produced a drawing of the proposed dome which shows his idea that it should span nave and aisles at
3196-443: The scene with the words: "O, marry, this is one for whose better illustration we must desire you to presuppose the stage the middle aisle in Paul's, and that [pointing to the door on which Shift is posting his bills] the west end of it". The west end of the aisle was where advertisements, known as siquisses , were posted; those interested wrote a suggested meeting time and place at the bottom. According to Ostovich, Jonson conceived
3264-568: The service celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The cathedral is generally open daily to tourists and has a regular programme of organ recitals and other performances. The Bishop of London is Sarah Mullally , whose appointment was announced in December 2017 and whose enthronement took place in May 2018. The cathedral chapter is currently composed of seven individuals:
3332-541: The shrine, was delivered to the master of the king's jewels. Other images may have survived, at least for a time. More systematic iconoclasm happened in the reign of Edward VI: the Grey Friar's Chronicle reports that the rood and other images were destroyed in November 1547. In late 1549, at the height of the iconoclasm of the reformation, Sir Rowland Hill altered the route of his Lord Mayor's day procession and said
3400-421: The site of St Paul's Cross . The cathedral is one of the most famous and recognisable sights of London. Its dome, surrounded by the spires of Wren's City churches, has dominated the skyline for over 300 years. At 365 ft (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1963. The dome is still one of the highest in the world. St Paul's is the second-largest church building in area in
3468-416: The start of a sermon. A bomb was heard ticking and discovered as people were entering the cathedral. It was made out of potassium nitrate . Had it exploded, the bomb likely would have destroyed the historic bishop's throne and other parts of the cathedral. The remains of the device, which was made partly out of a mustard tin, are now on display at the City of London Police Museum . A second bombing of
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#17327763593183536-421: The statues on the roof added in the 1720s. In 1716 the total costs amounted to £1,095,556 (£207 million in 2023). On 2 December 1697, 31 years and 3 months after the Great Fire destroyed Old St Paul's, the new cathedral was consecrated for use. The Right Reverend Henry Compton , Bishop of London, preached the sermon. It was based on the text of Psalm 122 , "I was glad when they said unto me: Let us go into
3604-439: The time in the same, in making any bargain or other profane cause, and make any kind of disturbance . . . during divine service . . . [on] pain of imprisonment and fine". Scholar Helen Ostovich has called St. Paul's at this time "more like a shopping mall than a cathedral". The letter writer John Chamberlain (1553–1626) walked to St. Paul's each day to gather news on behalf of his correspondents. His main purpose in his letters
3672-458: The works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire, and Camden's hypothesis is no longer accepted by modern archaeologists. There is evidence for Christianity in London during the Roman period, but no firm evidence for the location of churches or a cathedral. Bishop Restitutus is said to have represented London at the Council of Arles in 314 AD. A list of the 16 "archbishops" of London
3740-521: Was Mr George Herring. The Sunday Fund idea reached as far as Geelong in Victoria, Australia. The Fund continues to exist, changing its name in 2002 to London Catalyst Each monarch following Queen Victoria has been the patron of the Fund, with King Charles III its current patron. St Paul%27s Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral , formally the Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle ,
3808-665: Was as part of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign between 1912 and 1914, in which suffragettes from the Women's Social and Political Union , as part of their campaign for women's suffrage , carried out a series of politically motivated bombings and arson nationwide. Churches were explicitly targeted by the suffragettes as they believed the Church of England was complicit in reinforcing opposition to women's suffrage. Between 1913 and 1914, 32 churches across Britain were attacked. The first attack on St. Paul's occurred on 8 May 1913, at
3876-549: Was burnt, with much of the city, in a fire in 1087 , as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . The fourth St Paul's, generally referred to as Old St Paul's , was begun by the Normans after the 1087 fire. A further fire in 1135 disrupted the work, and the new cathedral was not consecrated until 1240. During the period of construction, the style of architecture had changed from Romanesque to Gothic and this
3944-534: Was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . The cathedral's reconstruction was part of a major rebuilding programme initiated in the aftermath of the Great Fire of London . The earlier Gothic cathedral ( Old St Paul's Cathedral ), largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard , being
4012-466: Was exceeded in length only by the Abbey Church of Cluny and in the height of its spire only by Lincoln Cathedral and St. Mary's Church, Stralsund . Excavations by Francis Penrose in 1878 showed that it was 585 feet (178 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet (88 m) across the transepts and crossing ). The spire was about 489 feet (149 m) in height. By the 16th century
4080-498: Was financed by a tax on coal, and was completed within its architect's lifetime with many of the major contractors engaged for the duration. The "topping out" of the cathedral (when the final stone was placed on the lantern) took place on 26 October 1708, performed by Wren's son Christopher Jr and the son of one of the masons. The cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament on 25 December 1711 (Christmas Day). In fact, construction continued for several years after that, with
4148-542: Was recorded by Jocelyn of Furness in the 12th century, claiming London's Christian community was founded in the second century under the legendary King Lucius and his missionary saints Fagan , Deruvian , Elvanus and Medwin. None of that is considered credible by modern historians but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop Restitutus or Adelphius at the 314 Council of Arles seems to have come from Londinium . Bede records that in AD 604 Augustine of Canterbury consecrated Mellitus as
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#17327763593184216-409: Was reflected in the pointed arches and larger windows of the upper parts and East End of the building. The Gothic ribbed vault was constructed, like that of York Minster , of wood rather than stone, which affected the ultimate fate of the building. An enlargement programme commenced in 1256. This "New Work" was consecrated in 1300 but not complete until 1314. During the later Medieval period St Paul's
4284-602: Was repaired and a timber "roo"’ put on the steeple. In the 1630s a west front was added to the building by England's first classical architect, Inigo Jones . There was much defacing and mistreatment of the building by Parliamentarian forces during the Civil War , and the old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed. During the Commonwealth , those churchyard buildings that were razed supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as
4352-425: Was the Fund's first patron, and gave a hundred guineas toward the Fund. On the first Sunday 16 June 1873 the total collections from all places of worship was 27,000 pounds. This included collections at Synagogues, Roman Catholic churches, Unitarian church, Church of England and Baptist. Sermons for the Fund were preached at almost 1,100 places of worship The amount raised varied, but over the 14 years from 1873 to 1886
4420-494: Was the fashion of those times, and did so continue till these . . . for the principal gentry, lords, courtiers, and men of all professions not merely mechanic, to meet in Paul's Church by eleven and walk in the middle aisle till twelve, and after dinner from three to six, during which times some discoursed on business, others of news. Now in regard of the universal there happened little that did not first or last arrive here...And those news-mongers, as they called them, did not only take
4488-475: Was the name given to the central nave of Old St Paul's Cathedral , where people walked up and down in search of the latest news. At the time, St. Paul's was the centre of the London grapevine . " News - mongers ", as they were called, gathered there to pass on the latest news and gossip, at a time before the first newspapers . Those who visited the cathedral to keep up with the news were known as "Paul's-walkers". According to Francis Osborne (1593–1659): It
4556-403: Was the place to go to hear the latest news of current affairs, war, religion, parliament and the court. In his play Englishmen for my Money , William Haughton (d. 1605) described Paul's walk as a kind of "open house" filled with a "great store of company that do nothing but go up and down, and go up and down, and make a grumbling together". Infested with beggars and thieves, Paul's walk was also
4624-494: Was to relate news of events in the capital to his friends, especially those posted on the continent, such as Ralph Winwood and Dudley Carleton , who both spent much of their political careers at the Hague . Chamberlain proved the perfect source for Carleton and others because of his willingness to "walk Paul's" for the news. He was made a member of a commission to refurbish St. Paul's but was cynical about its chances. He wrote that
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